The article is devoted to the problems of the formation of cooperative associations in the USSR in the 1920s. With the end of the civil war, the objective need to restore and establish the activities of cooperation urgently required economic science to analyze the place and functions of cooperation in the national economy of the country. The discussions around the question are analyzed – does Soviet cooperation belong to the socialist type of enterprises or not? The place of cooperative property in the economic system of the Soviet state is analyzed, the tendency in the formation and development of the idea of less maturity of cooperative property compared with the state is considered.

This article is devoted to the evolutionary theory of mental types developed by N.A.Rozhkov, a prominent Russian historian, within the framework of his historical and sociological concept. The influence of the ideas of J.S. Mill, K.Marx and F.Engels on Rozhkov's works is shown. At the same time, the innovative nature of his methodology is emphasized, which has proven effective in analyzing the biographies of famous historical figures and characters in fiction. The author substantiates Rozhkov's significant contribution to the study of the historical process based on an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account the dialectical interaction of all factors of social development.

This article examines the First All-Russian Congress on Public and Private Charity held in 1910 as a key event in the formation of the public sphere of social policy in late imperial Russia. Special attention is paid to the institutionalization of expert knowledge in the field of social assistance, the emergence of a professional community, and the shaping of shared approaches to charity. The congress is analyzed as a venue for discussing the forms and limits of social responsibility, and for negotiating the distribution of obligations among the state, civil society, the Church, and local self-government. The article concludes that the congress functioned not only as a form of professional self-organization but also articulated a growing demand for public participation in shaping the principles and forms of social policy.

During the administrative-territorial reform of the second half of the XVIII century. There was a process of not only creating a large number of cities, but also creating with them the infrastructure necessary for the execution of cities assigned to him administrative functions (city reform). Reformers who implemented this task on the ground were everywhere faced with a lot of difficulties. The need to look for funds and buildings. Administrators were constantly looking for a compromise between software requirements and the opportunity at their disposal. However, the infrastructure created at that time formed the basis of a modern management system and often continues to fulfill these tasks today. The work on the basis of archival documents analyzed the process of implementing plans for the reform of the city on the example of Moscow.

The economic and educational activities and scientific views of the outstanding agrarian of the late XIX – early XX century I.N.Klingen are considered. The article notes the significant contribution of I.N.Klingen to the synthesis of advanced agricultural science and agricultural practice in Russia, as well as to the development of agricultural education and domestic agronomy in general.

The article is devoted to the ideological reasons for the creation of projects and the construction of communal houses in the 1920s in a Soviet country. The article describes how the predecessors of scientific communism – Campanella, Thomas More, Fourier and others – imagined the city-commune. The article analyzes the architectural and planning ideas of the first years of Soviet power, the architects' rationale for the advantages of collective organization of settlement and life, and explores attempts to create new types of housing and public institutions, taking into account the specific historical conditions and tasks facing the country.

The economic and educational activities and scientific views of the outstanding agrarianО of the late XIX – early XX century I.N.Klingen are considered. Special attention is paid to his advanced scientific and practical developments to solve key agricultural problems in Russia; the researcher's significant contribution to the development of a number of agricultural sectors and domestic agricultural science is noted. Conclusions are drawn about the specific scientific, practical and social significance of the long-term activities of a number of leading Russian agricultural innovators of the XIX – early XX century.

Modern market presents a wide choice of watches and clocks with clear back lid and front cover (“skeletons”). There are quite numerous examples of clocks of the 17−18th centuries with special windows for observing the work of mechanism. Five clocks of this type from the Lomonosov’s museum MAE (Kunstkamera) RAS are under consideration in the article. Exhibiting them with reliable historical information can be successful in modern complicated conditions of competition for visitors’ attention.

The article opens a series of historical and biographical publications dedicated to the agrarian innovators of Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article comprehensively analyzes the economic views and long-term economic and educational activities of the outstanding landowner-innovator of pre-reform Russia, E.S.Karnovic.

The article examines the economic views and long-term economic and cultural management activities of the outstanding forester of pre-reform Russia F.H.Mayer. Special attention is paid to the book by F.H.Mayer's “The Experience of rural improvement, or the police” (Moscow, 1835), which has earned wide national fame, however, still has not become the object of a comprehensive analysis by modern scientists.

The article examines the socio-cultural views and economic activities of the outstanding Russian poet of the XIX century A.A.Fet. The innovative nature of the economic undertakings of A.A.Fet as a prominent landowner-innovator is noted; the relationship of his long-term work to improve the economy of his own estate with the important conclusions he made concerning the agrarian and socio-cultural evolution of the entire post-reform Russia.

The focus is on the demographic situation in the Ural village: the share of its population is in the total number of rural residents of Russia and in comparison with other regions; common and specific features inherent only to rural residents of the Urals are traced. Conclusion: in the conditions of the economic revival of the 2000s, healthy trends were already operating in the rural population of the Urals (in fertility, natural population growth and the volume of rural migration).

The economic and educational activities and socio-cultural views of the outstanding agrarian innovator of the late XIX – early XX century A.P.Mertvago are considered. Special attention is paid to the rationalization initiatives of A.P.Mertvago (closely related to the activities of his mentor A.N.Engelhardt), as well as his distinctive socio-cultural views related to the history and culture of Russia.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the biography and journalism of N.V.Shelgunov in the 1850s. His journalistic articles on forestry and forest management are the focus of this research. N.V.Shelgunov's articles and the discussion around them illustrate the ideas of Russian foresters about their professional jurisdiction, about the meaning and status of forest science.

The text is based on the author's memories of a personal meeting in the summer of 1971 with L. N. Termen – physicist, inventor, musician, intelligence officer. The author reveals some details of the conversation that took place then with the legendary personality, in whose biography there are still many “blank spots”.

The article examines the views of V. P. Vorontsov (1847–1918) on the situation of handicraft industry and the discussion that developed around this issue between narodniks and Marxists. The subject of the dispute was the degree of development of domestic capitalism, the prospects for preserving the small-scale way of life and its use in creating an alternative model of the economy.

Lyubov Pisarkova and Anna Goryacheva publish a document from the Russian State Historical Archive (the fund of the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), which contains information from the late 1880s on the number and class composition of urban vowels of 612 Russian cities where the City Regulations of 1870 were in effect. These data make it possible to study the composition of provincial and sheading city dumas at the regional level; compare the state of urban public administration in different provinces; get an idea of the level of economic development of Russian cities, taking into account their administrative status.

The article analyzes the views of V.P.Vorontsov (1847–1918) on the state of handicrafts in the 1870s–1880s. His attention was drawn to specific issues: handicraft production and cooperation, the sale of handicrafts, commercial and industrial capital, credit for artisans, their work at home, the quality of handicrafts, the connection of crafts with agriculture. The study of statistical data led Vorontsov to the conclusion about the stability of traditional forms of production to destructive capitalist tendencies.

It is complicated to evaluate the role of foreign specialists in Russian modernisation and the transfer of European knowledge and technologies into the country’s metallurgical and armament industries. For almost three centuries, these industries were marked by a symbiosis of state protectionism, private initiative, foreign entrepreneurship, and the interaction of heavy and light production. To understand the economic and acculturational processes involved, it is essential to compare the experience of industrial regions in Russia and Western Europe. Small independent craft workshops developed as alternatives and supplements to mass factory production. Analysing the interrelation of Russian and European experiences can clarify the role of foreign entrepreneurs and specialists in Russian heavy industry while also demonstrating the positive or negative role of the state.

St.Petersburg Kunstkamera stored besides other rarities presents of Russian monarchs. Following this tradition Alexander I handed over to the museum a unique clock, made by naval lieutenant E.S.Ovtsin during his leisure time. Its mechanism did not require winding up, had a rotating dial, sliding on a glass plate, and a fixed hand in the form of cupid. The fate of that extraordinary object in 20–21 st centuries remains a mystery.

The article is devoted to the history of relations between Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and the head of the Moscow municipality K.V.Rukavishnikov. They collaborated in the field of charity from 1893 to 1915. Elizabeth Fеdorovna and her husband Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich provided Rukavishnikov a patronage of the royal couple, which led to his cooperation with Empress Alexandra Fеdorovna in the charitable sphere. The closest contacts between Elizabeth Feodorovna and Rukavishnikov occurred in 1900–1905, when he headed two organizations of the Grand Duchess: the Elisabeth Charitable Society and the Commission for accommodation of wounded soldiers, evacuated from the Far East. After 1905, Elizabeth Fedorovna repeatedly turned to Rukavishnikov for help in developing the strategic programs of her new organizations. In fact, Rukavishnikov can be called the mentor of the Grand Duchess.

The start of ore mining at Pavlovskoye occurrence on the island Novaya Zemlia is planned on 2021. There is some data known since the 16-17th centuries that it is possible to mine at that place zinc, silver and lead. Since the time of Ivan the Terrible there were several expeditions to search the treasures of the North. Was it possible to start mining 200 years earlier? What difficulties did the sailors face? The study of navigation instruments, they could use, is just one aspect of that problem. However even this only aspect is an important key for better understanding the processes of the acquisition of the North and development naval technologies.

The article deals with the history of origin and attempts to implement the idea of A.A.Bogdanov about the Proletarian University as one of the means of mastering the proletarian culture by working class. The task of Proletarian University is not to provide students with fragments of knowledge, but to give them a general idea about the system of modern scientific knowledge, to show the interrelation of different branches of science, to teach basic methods of cognition. The idea of the Proletarian University was first formulated by A.A.Bogdanov in 1911, and the first attempt to implement it and at the same time its first prototype was the party schools for workers in Capri and Bologna.

Sundials are the most ancient scientific instruments, but their earliest examples made in Russia and stored at museums are the ones made in the 18th century. The article is devoted to the sundials presented at the exposition “The first astronomic observatory of Academy of science” at МАЕ RAS (Kunstkamera). In the introductory part of the article the author tells how and why sundials became an important object by the beginning of the 18th century and why portable varieties gained popularity. Further the history of their usage and improvement is under consideration, as well as inviting foreign masters and appearance of Russian ones. Special attention is paid to each of the exhibits of Kunstkamera as a unique object, giving us a chance to study the history of science and technique.

The article deals with the history of origin and attempts to implement the idea of A.A.Bogdanov about the Proletarian University as one of the means of mastering the proletarian culture by working class. After the revolution of 1917 proletarian universities were organized not only in Moscow and Petrograd, but also in many provincial towns. However, they were quickly closed down. Party and state leaders felt that the declared intention of the organizers of the Proletarian University to bring up a new man and train new leaders from the proletariat itself means, in fact, in the near future, that they will be replaced by a new generation of leaders – independent ones who are able to think and analyze and not only repeat slogans.

The abridged version of a chapter taken from recollection of Natalia Menchinskaya, an architect and a writer relates peculiarities of atmosphere and creative life in a major architecture and designing institution, “Giprovouz” where the author worked for 30 years. Like major part of similar institutions, “Giprovouz” ceased to exist upon the perestroika.

The name of M.V.Lomonosov holds a significant place in Russian symbolic space, plays an important role in forming national identity and self-consciousness. His image was partially formed under the influence of mass-media and official ideology. Not always the ideas promoted by the power and press fell on the fertilized soil. Historical memory is selective and variable. This article is the first attempt to show the transformation of M.V.Lomonosov’s image on the materials of press.

Since the 19th century there is a common belief in the historiography that the period of Catherine II’s reign was the time when the policy of forest protection (started by Peter the Great`s as the wood was an important recourse for long-term development of navy and industry) was stopped. Indeed Catherine II supposed it necessary to develop private initiative, and state monopolies unpromising for economical development. However the materials taken under consideration in this article show that this judgment is lop-sided and not quite correct. At the time of refuse of repressive methods, Catherine II paid much attention to the problems of forestry – organization of preservation, descriptions, studies, creation of new regulation. Chopping wood really increased during her reign. But the reason for it was due to not only the changes in legislation and connivance as the growth of population and practice of interpretation.

St.Petersburg demanded a great amount of wood starting from the very first years of its existing. High prizes for firewood became an acute problem for the first habitats of the young city. Reasons for it and ways of solving the problem are under consideration in the article – attempts of state regulation of wood-sale, limitation of export, enlightening publications, suggestions to use special constructions of stoves and alternative fuels. Special attention is paid to the commission of 1783, created to solve the problem of firewood expensiveness in St.Petersburg.

Today, the profession of a tailor, masters of their craft and artist in one person to become prestigious. But long before this trend existed in St. Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century. How changing social and economic situation tailors in Petersburg for this time? The impact of fashion on the development of Handicrafts? What fashion trends, found its dissemination with the Westernization of Russia after the reforms of Peter the great. Petersburg as a European capital, famous for its luxury, attracted many tailors masters from Europe, which has led to a remarkable symbiosis and the flourishing of the tailor’s craft in the 19th century.

The history of Imperial Russia began not only with new army and navy, but also with the new clothes. Growth to the new capital of the Russian Empire, St. Petersburg, on the one hand, absorbed the Moscow experience of cooperation with foreign experts from the German Slobode of the 17th century, on the other hand, was an experimental space in which to generate new knowledge and experience sharing to a new level. The tailors of Petersburg were supposed to supply the population of a large city with European clothes: nobility, burghers, craftworker and merchants, the Royal court, the army and navy. The presence of many foreign tailors in St. Petersburg strongly influenced the development of tailor’s and resulted in a major fashion center in Russia in the 18th century.

The article deals with the solution of the problem of integration of educational institutions in a estate society of Russian empire, proposed in the projects of I.I.Shuvalov and M.V.Lomonosov at the turn of 50−60-ies of XVIII c. Shuvalov and Lomonosov in 1760−1761 were in a situation of confrontation. For Lomonosov educational institutions should strive to teach gifted children, regardless of their social status. According to Shuvalov, the planned system of schools and gymnasiums was intended only for the children of the nobility, because they were supposed to govern due to their noble birth.

The article is devoted to the problems of forest exploitation and protection at the North of Russia in the 18th century. During this period the region got the reputation of the greatest exporter and employer of forests, hard to be held under the control of central power. Though the research based on statistics data and proving that conclusions like that are a mistake, is more than 50 years old, the questions why this stereotype was formed stays without an answer. The materials used for this article provide us with the opportunity to say that the attention to the problems of local forests during the 18th century was constantly drawn by reports and complaints of local people, who used the rhetoric of official forest-protecting official documents, to gain own aims.

The introduction of guilds in Saint Petersburg in 1722 played an important role in the growth of the city’s handicrafts and corporate self-administration. With signs of development in the middle of the nineteenth century, a civic consciousness appeared in the guilds. Initiatives of the guild masters during the period of reform, demanding the right to choose permanent and non-permanent masters, were not supported by the state, which brought about institutional stagnation, in spite of considerable growth of guilds up to 1914.

Sytin was one of the most important figures of the publishing business at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. This article gives us not only an analysis of his biography, but also shows the process of the development of the book publishing business and Sytin’s key role in it. The personality of the entrepreneur is considered in the complex and difficult historical context.

Volga region woods had strategic meaning for Russian Empire in the 18th century. Its ship groves provided the material for Russian navy. No wonder it was the region where Russian forestry started. Volga region was experienced the most of Peter 1st's restrictions, the hardness of procurement obligations. Forests of Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod, Voronezh provinces were the best known, the best specialists were sent there, the most attention was paid to keep these forests in order.

The author examines contribution of early 20th century Russian scientists and publicists who belonged to the Liberal-Centrists to making of the business social responsibility conception and characterizes main sources that prompted these people to accept the public mission of entrepreneurs. The author also analyzes these people’s notions of distribution of roles in the sphere of social responsibility within participants of «triangle» consisting of the power, business and society. The author’s attention is focused on persons who formed the circle that emerged around the «Vestnik Evropy» magazine and the «Russkie Vedomosti» newspaper and some other periodicals. The particular attention is devoted to views of V.G.Yarotsky and A.M.Rykachev whose names are emerging from the historical oblivion nowadays. Original and innovative character and relevance of the Russian Liberal-Centrists' opinions on importance of businessmen in Russia’s development is emphasized.

The purpose of the article is generalization of the basic results of research of the author over the last 5 years. The article defines historically developed motives of charity in Russia, allocates problems of development of charity connected mainly with standard-legal regulation of this activity, for assistance of development of corporate charity some recommendations are offered. The analysis of charity practice in Russia shows that charity starts to be used more and more as an element of the corporate strategy aimed to increase capitalization of companies. The merciful nature of charity keeps the value, but key features in modern charity are connected with «responsibility» and «efficiency».

In this article the author makes an attempt to portray different stages of the Arctic policy of Russia, to show that Russia was historically deeply interconnected with the Arctic region, and to demonstrate continuity and novelty elements in the Russia’s Arctic policy. The author analyzes the Arctic policies of the Russian Empire, of the Soviet Union and of the Russian Federation.

The paradoxical expression «superfluous people» introduced into the literature by I.S.Turgenev was widely used by the Russian literary critics and in the Russian culture history became the generally accepted, even stereotyped term. In this article this notion is used to show-up the extraordinary personality and amazing destiny of G.I.Sokolski, an outstanding representative of the mid-19th century medical science and professor of the Moscow University. The authors for the first time involved in their analysis such sources as letters written by Sokolski and other persons who played decisive roles in his destiny. These letters are kept the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts (RGALI), manuscripts department of the Russian State Library and in department of written sources of the State Historical Museum. The authors also draw in numerous materials of memoir literature that characterize not only the very hero of their narrative but also the university and urban environment.

This part of the article is devoted to investigation of circumstances and reasons of G.I.Sokoloski's unexpected discharge from the university, his life as a popular Moscow private practitioner and the dull final of his life which ended up in a quarter of century long desolation. Unraveling barely visible tangle of university plot in accordance with the detective stories' laws the authors come to the conclusion that not debacle of universities during «the Nicholas reaction», not the banishment of ‘the spirit of materialism and freethinking' from universities but the restless mind, innovative and creative ambitions, a peevish, ‘thorny' characters, that is the very personality of Sokolski made him an inconvenient, unwanted figure for the higher authorities and predetermined his premature resignation. According to the authors, Skoloski belonged to a peculiar psychological type of natural scientists that were in a permanent discordance with the surrounding ambient. These were the out-of-season people. Such persons belong to the Future but are unwanted by the Present.

The authors consider a key aspect of globalization, i.e. peculiarities of emergence of so called «glocal» territorial formations that are by far more integrated into the world economy than they are integrated in a national economy. It is noted that this trend will inevitably affect Russia. Thus the trend is to be taken into account in the long-term strategy of economic development right now. It is stated that as of now such strategy is virtually non-existent. The authors provide substantiation to the thesis that a balanced and progressive advance of Russia cannot be based exclusively on knowledge-intensive branches. The authors offer their definition of branches that can accumulate a considerable part of population under circumstances of economic activity liberalization and a drastic aggravation of international competition. Tourism which is the basis of social and economic development of many local formations (regions) as well as of states and has a powerful multiplicative effect on development of a number of related sectors is explored as one of such branches.

The article deals with the process of civic self-organization which takes place in Moscow at the beginning of the 20-th century. It examines the formation and activity of tens of societies with different aims, including scientific and technical, literary and educating, health service and philanthropic, etc. It gives the scientific classification of Moscow societies, characterizes the main directions of their activities, relations with the authorities, their influence on social-cultural atmosphere of the city and self consciousness of the citizens, formation of the public (obschestvennost`). The article is based on a wide variety of sources (archive documents, periodics, memoirs of state and public persons, intellectuals).

This article is devoted to one of imperial Russia’s learned societies, the Society of Friends of Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, or OLEAE by its Russian initials, and to its most visible enterprise, the Moscow Polytechnical Museum. Based primarily on the minutes of the meetings of OLEAE and of the museum organizing committee, the article attempts to rescue from oblivion both OLEAE and the Polytechnical Museum. The article examines the mission of the founders of OLEAE, the relationship between OLEAE and the government, and the role of a private association in the foundation of an enterprise on the scale of the Polytechnical Museum. The first part of the article places OLEAE and the museum in a larger European context. The grand museums of science, industry and the arts were a hallmark of the modern city and a vehicle for the dissemination of science, what economic historian Joel Mokyr calls the «industrial enlightenment.» They came about owing to the mobilization of resources by governments, associations, municipalities, the business community, and private philanthropists. To many contemporaries, such museums displayed the wonders of applied science and industrial design to the public. The second part of the article establishes the origins and mission of OLEAE. Founded in the heart of the Era of the Great Reforms by professors at Moscow University, OLEAE stated that its goal was public science, the «democratization of science.» Like many learned societies in imperial Russia, OLEAE received the endorsement and patronage of the government. For its part, OLEAE thought of its goals and those of the government as one in the same—the betterment of Russia. The last part of the article examines the founding and early years of the Polytechnical Museum, founded in 1872. The Polytechnical Museum became one component of a rapidly growing «scientific potential» of Russian society. The founders of the museum strove to disseminate applied knowledge by means of visibility and publicity. In the conclusion, I argue that the Polytechnical Museum was an ambitious enterprise that not only helped stimulate public science. Founded by scientists who framed their projects in terms of a public, the museum helped create a public. In the eyes of its founders, the Polytechnical Museum was a patriotic endeavor that enhanced national prestige and civic pride. It enabled Moscow to display distinction and gain recognition as a center of industry and learning. Finally, although OLEAE functioned within a very restricted framework, its many scientific enterprises encouraged private initiative. As the product of collaboration between private associations, the municipality, and the state, the museum was an example of a budding civil society in action.

The author presupposes that a woman is in the center of the «material space» though sometimes she deviates from this position. Her immanent sovereign senses and power as well as responsibility, linked to it, are investigated in the article. In the first part of the article the author interprets the parable about Adam and Eve as a reflection of the fact that Adam placed Eve higher then God and His will. It is emphasized that a woman plays the key-role in religions, and that women cult communities have the initial and closed status. A woman has the leading role in keeping fire, domestication animals and plants, staying away from men’s feasts and regulating the conjugal relations. She realizes humanitarian function that is a real «nerve of a culture». A lot of questions are analyzed: the polygamy as a men’s effort to escape from women’s reign, inferior springs of feminism, the difference between women’s problems in developed and developing countries. The author defines the family as a unit where the man’s mission is to serve woman and woman’s mission is to care about her man and support him.

In the second part of the article the author affirms that a woman «makes» a man and then takes the responsibility for him in the society. A child is her exclusive field of creation. It is necessary to settle back in people minds the idea that children are not the burden but happiness and blessing itself, that bringing them up is a very important work. A woman cannot abandon her duties for a long time because the comfort of a man and children depend on her. If this comfort gets misbalanced a family and the activity of men and children come to the deep crisis. The «masculinisation» of women strengthens the processes that let the world upside down, provoke the transference of the sexual poles and finally lead mankind to death. The author reckons that the target of any revolution is to break a woman. The suffragettes’ leaders, pursuing interests of their families, achieved the enslaving of other women with the help of the labor market. The happenings of 1991 in Russia brought back in our life the basic female values. It is important for a woman now to realize anew her responsibility and to use the modern opportunities of her creative activity.

The article which is based primarily on materials that are brought in scientific turnover for the first time is devoted deals with one phase of Saint-Petersburg (nowadays Russian) Academy of sciences which still remains practically unstudied. At the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century an attempt of a major scale reform of this oldest scientific establishment of the country was undertaken. K.K.Romanov, the president of the Academy, initiated the reform in 1890. The essence of the reform consisted in replacement of the Academy’s obsolete charter of 1836 with a new legal act which could invigorate activities of the 'primary scientific estate'. It was planned to represent new disciplines in the Academy, increase number of «chairs» and scales of the budget financing, make the election process more democratic etc. The document was being elaborated for more than 12 years and only in 1912 the single result was achieved: the Academy got a new budget but it was obtained only at the expense of scholars' refusal to proceed with a radical reorganization of the Academy.

Given article is devoted to the consideration of one from principal problems in the history of the Russian science. This problem is relations between the science and autocracy in the beginning XX century. The author draw a conclusion, that in this time as the scientific association was a part of the tsarist bureaucracy, such the tsarist bureaucracy, through the bureaucratic elite, was a part of the scientific association. The social ground of this situation is the dissolution of the bureaucratic elite in the Russian intelligentsia, the institutional ground — the fact, nearly all scientists was the officials. Within the bureaucratic elite the representative of the humane sciences had a majority as compared with the representative of the technical sciences. Therefore, in point of view of the author, the autocracy of the beginning XX century was a form of the political supremacy of the humane scientific subculture. The author thinks that a conflict between the science and autocracy had inside-system character.

Given article is devoted to the consideration of one from principal problems in the history of the Russian science. This problem is relations between the science and autocracy in the beginning XX century. The author draw a conclusion, that in this time as the scientific association was a part of the tsarist bureaucracy, such the tsarist bureaucracy, through the bureaucratic elite, was a part of the scientific association. The social ground of this situation is the dissolution of the bureaucratic elite in the Russian intelligentsia, the institutional ground — the fact, nearly all scientists was the officials. Within the bureaucratic elite the representative of the humane sciences had a majority as compared with the representative of the technical sciences. Therefore, in point of view of the author, the autocracy of the beginning XX century was a form of the political supremacy of the humane scientific subculture. The author thinks that a conflict between the science and autocracy had inside-system character.

The author examines logic and mechanisms employed in the course of the Soviet industrial system's two modernizations which were undertaken in 1930s and in 1950-1960s. The first modernization represented the economic component of a peculiar supernational social macro-project which integrated values of the Soviet society and was a response to the crisis of the Western civilization model. The second modernization provided for adaptation of the Soviet industrial system to new conditions of the Soviet society development which emerged in the post- WWII period. The examination is carried from interdisciplinary positions. The conventional economic analysis is strengthened with examination of social and cultural dimensions of the Soviet modernization and of the structure of the Soviet world economy etc. The model of the Soviet industrial system which resulted from the two modernizations up to 1970s provided for dynamic economic growth within which the standards of living visibly improved, large scale defensive programs were initiated and developed and manufacturing was being switched to new generations of technologies. The same model predetermined the limits of evolutionary self-development of the Soviet industrial system as regards aims and targets of the self-development and the systemic resources employed.

The subjects of the article’s concluding part are the modernization of the Soviet industry over the 50s and 60s and the subsequent events which brought about its structural crisis. It is noted that this modernization marked one of the most successful periods of the Soviet economy development. Peculiarities of the Soviet world-economy and the peculiar forms of maintenance of its structural and technological balance are demonstrated. According to the author, the reason for the Soviet industrial system’s structural crisis is the conflict between attempts to maintain high rates of the Soviet world-economy's structural core development and maintenance of the structural and technological frameworks for the economic growth. The author emphasizes that this conflict emerged due to competition with the West which went along in the military as well as in the consumption spheres.

The author deals with issues related to the current situation and prospects of historical museums’ development in the Russian society as a phenomenon of social, political and cultural life. According to the author, a museum which reproduces models of the past with the help of genuine remnants of the tradition and culture serves not just preservation of the heritage but helps to a critical analysis of the social norms and values and to their authentic reproduction. This fact explains a museum’s bent for rational scientific methods of interpretation of the heritage. That is why a museum is an important vehicle to maintain the historical conscience. The collapse of the Communist ideology brought about disintegration of the Greater Russian national state tradition which crumbled into multitude of particular local archaic traditions that once had been constituent parts of the Greater tradition. The same trend caused disintegration of integral exhibition into array of different ones. The author contends that cognitive assumptions implied in a museum allow to perceive the historical process as a whole.