In the context of the formation of a multipolar world order, the Italian Republic is facing a number of new challenges and opportunities. This work is devoted to the analysis of Italy's foreign policy strategy in the context of shifting centers of economic and political influence, the transformation of transatlantic relations and the strengthening of regional actors. The issues of strengthening positions in the European Union, the use of "soft power" and participation in international organizations as tools for promoting national interests are considered. The work is of interest to specialists in the field of international relations, political science, economics and anyone who is interested in Italy's foreign policy and its role in the modern world.

This article is devoted to the evolutionary theory of mental types developed by N.A.Rozhkov, a prominent Russian historian, within the framework of his historical and sociological concept. The influence of the ideas of J.S. Mill, K.Marx and F.Engels on Rozhkov's works is shown. At the same time, the innovative nature of his methodology is emphasized, which has proven effective in analyzing the biographies of famous historical figures and characters in fiction. The author substantiates Rozhkov's significant contribution to the study of the historical process based on an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account the dialectical interaction of all factors of social development.

This article examines the First All-Russian Congress on Public and Private Charity held in 1910 as a key event in the formation of the public sphere of social policy in late imperial Russia. Special attention is paid to the institutionalization of expert knowledge in the field of social assistance, the emergence of a professional community, and the shaping of shared approaches to charity. The congress is analyzed as a venue for discussing the forms and limits of social responsibility, and for negotiating the distribution of obligations among the state, civil society, the Church, and local self-government. The article concludes that the congress functioned not only as a form of professional self-organization but also articulated a growing demand for public participation in shaping the principles and forms of social policy.

The article examines M.M.Kovalevsky's position on the issue of women's equality based on an analysis of his scientific works, journalism and political activity. It is shown that the characterization of the scientist as an anti-feminist has no basis, and his views, which do not fit into the Procrustean bed of political trends, reflect the specifics of Russian liberalism of the early twentieth century as an original phenomenon.

The conducted research allows us to conclude that the widespread use of extortion in the structures of power in the 80–90s of the 16th century was caused by the following reasons. 1. The struggle for power between the heirs of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, frequent changes in the composition of the government, exile of opponents, impunity of supporters and, ultimately, the weakening of control of the supreme power over the activities of the administration. 2. The active rapprochement of the Moscow state with the countries of Western Europe, which caused serious changes in the daily life of the ruling class, its craving for comfort and luxury. 3. A decrease in the moral level of the ruling elite, replenished after the coup of 1689 by participants in the military games and amusements of Peter I. The article also examines various types of official crimes and the government's attitude to them; special attention is paid to the abuses of the Siberian administration.

The article considers the development of domestic commercial education after the adoption of the "Regulations on Commercial Educational Institutions" proposed by the Minister of Finance S.Y. Witte in 1896. The analysis of the implementation of the proposals and recommendations contained in the "Regulations" is carried out through consideration of the process of organizing the Educational Committee, its composition, the subject of activity and its specific work. The characteristics of the Committee members are given, their high professional qualifications are noted, which ensured objective control over the quality of education in newly created commercial educational institutions of various levels.

Cultural policy, which "transmitted" ideology to the masses, was one of the mechanisms for fostering a communist attitude to work. In this process, the active involvement of the workers themselves in literary work seems to be an important stage. An analysis of the draft program of the CPSU(b) (1947) reveals that the strategy of building a communist society was associated by the party leaders with a breakthrough to the forefront of innovative technologies. The reaction of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) to K. M. Simonov's report at the XIII Plenum of the Board of the Union of Soviet Writers demonstrates the correlation of cultural policy with the modernization strategy.

The article examines the campaign to clean up the state apparatus at the end of 1929 in one of the main institutions managing the economy of the NEP – the People’s Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. The research reveals a connection between specific measures to purify the state apparatus and the targeted goals that reflect a revival of the utopian model for constructing an ideal society, in which there should be no apparatus at all – instead, a conscious socialist individual will act in place of any coercive organ. The overarching intention of this utopian consciousness is identified, which envisions violence as a means of transforming society on communist foundations.

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The author, a former young lecturer at the Department of General History of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute, shares his experience of professional development and his vision of life at the Faculty of History and Philology. The author widely uses the memoirs of history students of that time. Of the featured stories, we will highlight three. The first is students doing agricultural work. The second is public and group sentiments among students during the Brezhnev era and the fight of state security agencies against dissent. The third is the decision of the board of the Ministry of Education of the Ukrainian SSR on the subject matter and content of the original plan of the author’s doctoral dissertation («Menshevik Historiography in Russia»).