This article is devoted to the evolutionary theory of mental types developed by N.A.Rozhkov, a prominent Russian historian, within the framework of his historical and sociological concept. The influence of the ideas of J.S. Mill, K.Marx and F.Engels on Rozhkov's works is shown. At the same time, the innovative nature of his methodology is emphasized, which has proven effective in analyzing the biographies of famous historical figures and characters in fiction. The author substantiates Rozhkov's significant contribution to the study of the historical process based on an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account the dialectical interaction of all factors of social development.