This article examines the milestones in the consolidation of the role of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the interaction between the United States and the islamist organisation. The paper analyses key aspects of Washington's policy towards Cairo during the Arab Spring and after Hosni Mubarak's ouster. The authors consider the specifics of Egypt's domestic politics under Mohamed Morsi and American strategy. The article concludes pragmatic nature of Washington's actual cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood.

The article examines the key stages of developments in Egypt after the revolution of 2011 and after the military coup of 2013. It analyses the steps taken by M. Morsi's government, which led to a new wave of destabilisation in the country and the subsequent military coupled by A. F. al-Sisi. The authors examine US approaches to Cairo against the backdrop of the revolutionary events in the country, taking into account Egypt's geopolitical and strategic importance in the Middle East and B. Obama's officially declared commitment to democratic values.

This article examines the underlying causes of the emergence of the Kurdish conflict in Iraq. It analyzes the key ethnic, social, political, and economic causes that have led to growing tensions between Iraq's Kurdish population and the central government in Baghdad. The article explores the main stages of the formation of the Kurdish movement led by the Barzani clan, as well as the reasons for divergences between Barzani and Talabani. The conclusion is drawn that the Kurdish movement in Iraq was the result of growing internal contradictions at the root of Iraqi statehood.

The article discusses key events in the development of the Kurdish movement during Saddam Hussein's dictatorship. It analyzes the underlying reasons for the exacerbation of relations between Baghdad and the Kurdish population. With the complication of Iraq's geopolitical regional and international situation and the deterioration of the internal political situation in the country, the Kurdish question has naturally worsened again. The article also discusses the background of the creation of the Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR) and the implications for the Kurdish movement in Iraq.

The article discusses key developments in Iraq since the 2003 U.S. military operation. It analyzes the main contradictions between ethnic and confessional groups in the country, as well as the role of the Kurdish population in the formation of the new Iraq. It examines the steps of Kurdish leaders and their position in the face of the occupation of Iraq, Washington's interaction with the Kurds and Turkey's role in Iraqi Kurdistan. The author concludes the further destabilization of the situation in Iraq, as well as the prospects of the Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR).

This article discusses the underlying reasons for the start of the U.S. military operation in Iraq in 2003. It analyzes the key ideological, energy, economic, and political aspects that led the Bush Jr. administration to decide to invade the Iraqi state. The authors examine the influence of neoconservative figures, the role of oil, and the official motives of the White House. The article concludes the discrepancy between the declared American reasons for overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime and the most likely drivers of the military operation.

The article reviews the fundamental causes of social tension in Cuba, which led to the revolution. The objective prerequisites and motives for formation of the movement led by Fidel Castro are analyzed. The features of development of domestic and foreign policy in revolutionary events in Cuba are being investigated. It is concluded that the Cuban Revolution became an impulse to the change of the situation in international relations in Latin America in the context of the bipolar confrontation of the Cold War. At the same time Castro’s movement laid the foundation for the synthesis of new ideological platforms for Latin American peoples.