On the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries a modernization project was in progress in Russia. This project was aimed at Russia’s approximation to the Western industrial nations. Thus the project caused the rapid development of the most modern industries. The trade unions, workers' organizations modeled along the lines of similar organizations that existed in the West were in making. However, since forms of industrialism different from the European forms continued to develop the industrial plants' committees (workers' organizations based upon the peculiar domestic traditions) began to appear. Tension between modernist and traditionalist trends in the revolutionary movement found their manifestation in the rivalry between trade unions and industrial plants' committees. The struggle among the political parties also added fuel to the rivalry: originally trade unions followed the moderate Socialists while the industrial plants' committees underwent Bolshevization. Finally the trade unions' bureaucracy imposed itself on the industrial plants' committees and that meant the workers' self-government system was subjugated by the State and integrated within it.