[{"id":1,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c: \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Between Utopianism and Fatalism: Russian Elite as a Participant in the Euroatlantic Expansion"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430.","en":"In recent years, Moscow's relations with Nato evolved along a vicious cycle of love and hate: musings about potential Russian membership in the Alliance were followed by Nato's eastward enlargement and mutual animosity. This essay analyzes Russia's internal debate on its relations with Nato over 1990s and the reasons behind Russia's contradictory policies on Nato expansion. These were determined to a large extent by Russia's authoritarian modernizers' craving for a seat in the Alliance perceived as a military-political equivalent of \"the West\" and of the center of the world system. This holistic image neglected the controversial status of Nato and its expansion within Western world, not to speak of the rest of the global community, and the intensity of debates between Euroatlantic expansionists and their domestic opponents. This misperception, along with the Kremlin's short-term interests, enabled Western expansionists to engage Russia on their terms in a bargaining process, which made the bulk of Russia's foreign policy elite an often unconscious participant of Nato expansion and intervention. Russia's policies oscillated between utopian embrace of a North Atlantic community from Vancouver to Vladivostok (which, if ever achieved, might lead to an institutionalization of the North-South divide, thus pitting Russia against its own southern neighbors), and, on the other hand, fatalistic resignation before an enlargement that was perceived as inevitable, however unpleasant, geopolitical development. In addition, Moscow's approach to Nato was driven by internal cold war between Russia's authoritarian reformers and the parliament, which was not to be allowed to set the agenda and emerge as a decision-making force in foreign policy. This helps explain Moscow's consent that the Nato-Russia Founding Act be in fact an executive agreement rather than a legally binding treaty. These internal and self-imposed constraints on Russia's diplomacy helped to shape an outcome that, judging by Western sources, was far from predetermined."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439-\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Glinski-Vassiliev Dmitriy Yurievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0410\u041d.","en":"historian and political scientist, senior specialist of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":1,"author_id":53}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c?","en":"The Russian Civilization: Utopia or Reality?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0422\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0431\u0438, \u0428\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f - \u044d\u0442\u043e \"\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\" \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \"\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\" \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 - \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b - \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e (\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e) \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\", \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u2014 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"In contradistinction to A.J.Toynbee, O.Spengler and S.Huntington, the author maintains that the civilization is the culture's \"body\" while the culture is the civilization's \"soul\". Russia's main search for the idea consists in overcoming of the gap between the civilization and culture and the principal aim of the country consists not of becoming a part of the West or achieving and defining its essential difference from the West but, in collaboration with the West, to create an universal human supranational civilization which is the only alternative to the dissociation of civilizations. According to the author, \"the society of culture\" is the sole acceptable model of the global civilization."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"no"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":175,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mezshuev Vadim Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":2,"author_id":175}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438","en":"On the Eurasian Idea as the Culture-centered Weltanschauung"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, 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\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432.","en":"The Eurasian idea which emerged as a reaction of the Russian national conscience to upheaval of 1917 in Russia involved in its orbit prominent figures of the Russian culture and aristocracy who emigrated from Russia. The proponents of the Eurasian idea were distinguished by a clear understanding of the fact that the power of Russia was determined by its culture while a habit to pay attention to external achievements of civilization (in an attempt to catch up with the West) would lead to a gross undervaluation. That, in its turn, made Russians doomed to the blind imitation of foreign samples and models. All that would bring about the degradation of culture. The proponents of the Eurasian idea saw the Russian culture creators' irresponsibility, their predisposition to imitation, their inability to evaluate the Russian originality properly as the principal cause of the Russian revolution. The Eurasians did not accept changes of the political order or fundamental ideas if these changes were not accompanied and even caused by cultural changes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"no"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":3,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u044b","en":"Russian-Crimean Relations in the \"Times of Trouble\""},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"Taking relations between Russia and the Crimean khanate in the early 17th century as an example, the author demonstrates the importance which the Tsars of Russia imparted to contacts with the world outside of Russia. The period under consideration was characterized by the exceptionally difficult situation inside Russia. In ten years five supreme rulers succeeded each other in Russia, yet each of these autocrats (including the so-called \"impostors\", or false Tsars) devoted a great attention to the foreign policy. The author considers all messengers and embassies sent to the Crimean khanate as well as the reciprocal diplomatic missions and demonstrates the importance these relations had for Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"no"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":152,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Liseytsev Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in history, researcher of the Russian History Institute, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":4,"author_id":152}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440","en":"The Sixth Soviet Prime-Minister"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u041d.\u0410.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 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\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \"\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b\" \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435), \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author considers the carrier of N.A.Bulganin who ascended from a security guard at a provincial manufacturing plant to the position of the chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. The author also considers the wreckage of this brilliant carrier which happened after the attempt to demise Khruschev when Malenkov, Molotov and Kaganovich, members of the so called \"anti-Party group\", succeeded in winning Bulganin over. The author points out that Bulganin was one of the most educated members of the government of those times (anyway he graduated from the \"real\" public school) but did not plume himself on his superiority, was loyal to comrades and was not avid for leading positions."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aksutin Yuri Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":5,"author_id":5}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1945: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441","en":"1945: The National Interest as Viewed by Americans"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \"\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\"","en":"As World War II was drawing to a close, U.S. policymakers, diplomats and publicists worried about the future of the international system but, even more than that, about the American national interest in each of its components. Given their country's overwhelming power, they now expected to refashion the world in America's image and establish \"the American century\". They intended to promote world peace, foster international stability, safeguard national security, perpetuate American power and prosperity in spite of the growing strength of the Soviet Union and its new role in the European affairs and geopolitical situation as a whole. The Hamilton Armstrong's memorandum for the Secretary of State (E.Stettinius), written on the eve of the Yalta conference, reveals the new global view of the American foreign policy ideologists, convinced in the superiority of the American values, as well as economic and military power."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"no"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":6,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The Russian Political Economist of the 19th Century (translated by I.Diakonova)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041d.\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XI\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443. \u0422\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u2014 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u2014 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"The author deals with N.Mordvinov, the thinker and statesman. It is unknown to the general public that as early as in the very beginning of the 19th century there were Russian scientists who contributed to the world economic science. Having meticulously studied works of foreign economists, Mordvinov applied their discoveries to Russian reality and developed these discoveries, with the Russian peculiarities taken into consideration. According to the author, Mordvinov's essay on private provincial banks is of particular interest, for Mordvinov in that work stated his opinion on the monetary system and budget, i.e., on the issues which were within the sphere of his official duties (for some time Mordvinov was the chief of the State Economy Department of the Russian State Council)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"no"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":128,"authors":[{"id":162,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u041a\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u044c\u044e\u0437\u0435\u043d","en":"McCaffray Susan P."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0412\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Professor of Russian History, University of North Carolina at Wilmington (USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":7,"author_id":162}}],"issue":{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2000,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440","en":"The Dinamometer"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e 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\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c.\n\n\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0418 \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"Analyzing the key problems of the Russian political process (a possible position of Russia in the contemporary world, politicians' striving for a personal success absolutely separated from the social result of politicians' activities, confrontations among the elite corporations, Chechnya war issue, threat posed by the terrorist Islam, the power's attempts to change control of the elite for surprise assaults upon the elite groups), the author demonstrates that the Russian authorities still lack an understanding of the realistic strategy and aims, i. e., the power in Russia still lacks qualities intrinsic to any power subject.\n\nBeing unable to mobilize the society for enhancement of its own might the power erroneously suppose that the social inertness and the opposition's weakness ensure security of the power. Moreover, the power tries to control by applying pressure against its enfeebled opponents. But this kind of pressure throws the opposition in the enemies of Russia arms, makes the social and elite consolidation impossible and weakens the power even more.\n\nThe state without the society is dead. And we have to undertake whatever we can to change this situation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":8,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b","en":"The Making of the Soviet Industrial System"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 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\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author examines logic and mechanisms employed in the course of the Soviet industrial system's two modernizations which were undertaken in 1930s and in 1950-1960s. The first modernization represented the economic component of a peculiar supernational social macro-project which integrated values of the Soviet society and was a response to the crisis of the Western civilization model. The second modernization provided for adaptation of the Soviet industrial system to new conditions of the Soviet society development which emerged in the post- WWII period. The examination is carried from interdisciplinary positions. The conventional economic analysis is strengthened with examination of social and cultural dimensions of the Soviet modernization and of the structure of the Soviet world economy etc.\n\nThe model of the Soviet industrial system which resulted from the two modernizations up to 1970s provided for dynamic economic growth within which the standards of living visibly improved, large scale defensive programs were initiated and developed and manufacturing was being switched to new generations of technologies. The same model predetermined the limits of evolutionary self-development of the Soviet industrial system as regards aims and targets of the self-development and the systemic resources employed."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u044d\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Beloussov Andrey Removich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Ph. D. in economics, the director of the Center for macroeconomic analysis and short term forecasting"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":9,"author_id":24}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u00bb","en":"\u00abThe Obstinate Patriarch\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"Large-scale changes in a state and a society always put the problem of relationship between the secular and spiritual authorities. That is why the confrontation between Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich was not an accident. \"Case of Nikon\" was a way to resolve the problem of the two authorities' co-existence in the period of the absolute monarchy making. That way was a very painful one but it to a great extent predetermined \"no conflict\" scenarios of subsequent confrontations between the secular and Church authorities."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Andreev Igor L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u041f\u0423","en":"Ph. D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":10,"author_id":11}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u2014 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442? \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430","en":"Yalta \u2014 Who Is to Blame?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0427\u0430\u0440\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 40\u201360-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439? \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0424\u0414\u0420, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u042f\u043b\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The publication of little known working notes on background of Yalta conference by Charles E.Bohlen - a prominent American diplomat of 1940-1960-s and an active participant of Yalta proceedings sheds new light on the old debate about Franklin D.Roosevelt policy toward the Soviet Union. Was Yalta an honest mistake, a betrayal of American interests, or a realistic compromise? Which side was primarily responsible for Yalta's unfulfilled promise? Bohlen's case for FDR's realism, while quite convincing in some respects, goes too far in absolving the US from any responsibility for the collapse of the Grand Alliance. Yalta's ambiguous legacy remains an important lesson for future American-Russian relations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":11,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"On Justice"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The author asserts that standards of justice are prerequisite for survival of the Russians and normal existence of any society. In some fundamental sense, all the Russians need is the restoration of the very notion of justice. Events of the past 15 years, the miserable results of these events and the current deplorable situation which seems to be hopeless are caused by apostasy from the principle of justice which has been effectively corrupted by the Soviet and post-Soviet elite."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":10,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":12,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1953: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f?","en":"1953: Was the Deportation of the Soviet Jews in Prospect?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 1953 \u0433. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041d.\u041d.\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c.","en":"The author examines the version that the \"voluntary yet compulsory\" resettlement of Jews who, due to I.V.Stalin's order, were planned to be moved from the European part of the USSR to distant parts of Siberia and Far East. This version has been widely spread in the literature for several decades. Principal components of this version, sources on which it is based and queries it raises are summed up. The attention is focused on discussion of this problem at the international symposium \"The late Stalinism and the Jewish question\" which was held in June, 1998, at Eistatt Catholic University, FRG. Arguments and counterarguments adduced in presentations of G.V.Kostyrchenko and V.P.Naumov, the Russian participants of the symposium.\n\nThe author draws the conclusion that both parties of this protracted dispute have solid arguments as well as less convincing ones. According to the author, the question put in the title of this article cannot be answered unequivocally as yet.\n\nThe facts given in the postscriptum and ascertained after the symposium confirm this conclusion."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":2,"authors":[{"id":158,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Madievski Samson Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433. \u0410\u0430\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043d, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D. Sci, historian, Aachen, Germany"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":13,"author_id":158}}],"issue":{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Pushkin Square"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 100-\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412.\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430, 100 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, 100 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\", \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\".\n\n\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \"\u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\" \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435\" \u2013 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0438 \"\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0435\", \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \"\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439\".","en":"The author sums up results of the first 100 days of Putin\u2019s tenure, of 100 days euphoria burning out, of 100 days of choice between action and pretence of action. The author introduces the notion of \u00abthe Family\u00bb and defines it as the damaged, maimed section of the Russian society. He calls for undertaking whatever is possible to localize this section and to prevent the society as a whole from transformation into \u00abthe Family\u00bb.\n\nThe author refers to the recent Pushkin Square explosion and, having considered arguments brought forward in favor of the \u00abChechen trace\u00bb of the tragedy, makes the principal emphasis on the ascending power of the 21th century, Islam which is slowly consolidating mass, just awaken from its lethargy due to the shock of colonization, and on \u00abthe System\u00bb, i.e. the section of Islam which agreed to become an instrument for certain Western forces' strategy of \u00abthe Big Game\u00bb \u00abthe Big Elite\u00bb plays."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":14,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Making of the Soviet Industrial System (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f 50-60-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0443. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445.","en":"The subjects of the article\u2019s concluding part are the modernization of the Soviet industry over the 50s and 60s and the subsequent events which brought about its structural crisis. It is noted that this modernization marked one of the most successful periods of the Soviet economy development. Peculiarities of the Soviet world-economy and the peculiar forms of maintenance of its structural and technological balance are demonstrated. According to the author, the reason for the Soviet industrial system\u2019s structural crisis is the conflict between attempts to maintain high rates of the Soviet world-economy's structural core development and maintenance of the structural and technological frameworks for the economic growth. The author emphasizes that this conflict emerged due to competition with the West which went along in the military as well as in the consumption spheres."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u044d\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Beloussov Andrey Removich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Ph. D. in economics, the director of the Center for macroeconomic analysis and short term forecasting"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":15,"author_id":24}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0438 \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043c. \u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"GULAG and Aushwitz: The Comparative Research's Meaning and Function"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 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\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \"\u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043c \u2013 \u0413\u0423\u041b\u0410\u0413\". \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \"\u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043c 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\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\".\n\n\u0423 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\" \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \"\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\" (\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438 \"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\" ).\n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043c, \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u0413\u0423\u041b\u0410\u0413 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438.","en":"The East-European change of regime found his ideological legitimation in the identification of fascism and \u00abcommunism\u00bb in which the main discourse of this epoch concentrated. In the centre of this ideological legitimation there stands the Auschwitz-Gulag analogy. The author shows the political and ideological motivations, function and arguments of the newly actualised analogy of \u00abAUSCHWITZ AND THE GULAG\u00bb. The origin of this analogy was determined by the political aims of different political forces in the period of Cold war. After the change of regimes the identification of AUSCHWITZ AND THE GULAG became a rightist-conservative \u00abnarrative\u00bb in the historiography and in the streamline official political discourse. The function of this identification is to push out to the periphery of existence the system-critical thinking and movements as \u00abextremes\u00bb.\n\nThe totalitarianism as a \u00abtheory\u00bb today has only one function in the historiography: the total criminalization of the history of the Soviet Union and \u00abCommunism\u00bb (see for example: \u00abThe Black Book of Communism\u00bb).\n\nThe author shows that Auschwitz (Endl\u00f6sung) and Gulag had different reasons and different aims, and also that to deny these differences means the historical relativization of the Endl\u00f6sung. The author argues for the depolitization of this subject, which means to take seriously the archival research and scientific elaboration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0448","en":"Kraus Tamash"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0430 \u041b\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Eotves Lorand Budapest University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":16,"author_id":136}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Peter I, Catherine II and the Shaping of Foundations of Russian Foreign Policy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0435 I \u0438 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 II. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XVII \u0432. \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \"\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\" \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435.","en":"The article focuses on the formation of basic trends in Russian foreign policy under Peter I and Catherine II. In the author\u2019s view, the spectacular rise of Russia from a negligible international entity at the end of the 17th century to a great power status by the close of the 18th century was due not as much to objective factors as to personal qualities of Russian rulers. Only those who proved capable of conceptual thinking and of imposing their will on others managed both to secure the country\u2019s vital interests through territorial gains and to obtain a prestigious role of Europe\u2019s balance-holder."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":17,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? (\u0428\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0443 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\" \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 III)","en":"Secret Service Versus the Imperial Chancellery: Myth or Reality?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\", \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \"\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0436\u0435\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438\". \u041d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \"\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\", \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439\". \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\", \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article deals with the creation and activities of the \u00abHoly retinue\u00bb which was the secret organization of the court Russian aristocracy. According to the conventional story, its aim was to defend the Emperor\u2019s family and to fight \u00abrevolutionary false doctrines\u00bb. However, the analysis of this body\u2019s activities and prospects set forth by the body\u2019s members demonstrates that in fact the body was set up to carry out the political control over the secret services. The author points out the similarity of the \u00abHoly retinue\u00bb and the ideological counterintelligence inside the KGB of the USSR. The author thinks that the issues he raised in respect of the \u00abHoly retinue\u00bb history, relationships between the KGB and the Soviet Communist Party\u2019s elite cannot but be a subject of interest for the contemporary Russian politicians."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":202,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Novikov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u041e\u0424 \u042d\u0422\u0426","en":"post-graduate student of Moscow state pedagogical University, employee of \u00abECC\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":18,"author_id":202}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430","en":"The Last Days of the Third Republic of France"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 (\u0421\u0428\u0410) 15 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 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\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 (1914\u20141918 \u0433\u0433.), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, 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(\u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442). \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u0421\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 1939 \u0438 1940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \"\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\" \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Herewith is digest of confidential meeting of the Council on Forein Relations (USA, New York City), July, 15, 1940 with count Carlo Sforza\u2019s report on the last days of the Third Republic in France. The principal point of the eyewitness review of the generally known Italian politician and diplomat sounded like that: the basic reason for the collapse of France in June 1940 is not German tank divisions, Stuka dive bombers or espionage. These weapons assisted in the defeat but they were not fundamental. The real explanation is psychological. In contrast with the First World War (1914\u20141918) which unified France, the beginning of World War II divided the nation into two camps. It is the existence of these two Frances, Carlo Sforza argues, which more than anything else explains the collapse of the postversailles France. Generally speaking the lower and middle classes regarded Germany as the great enemy and believed in fighting to the bitter end. On the contrary the upper classes were implacably opposed to any kind of war with Germany for they were hipnotized by one danger and only one: Bolshevism. \u00abThey would have welcomed a war with Russia any time\u00bb. That was the most essential Sforza\u2019s account concerning the higher priority interests of the French upper classes during the crucial years of 1939 and 1940. The tragedy of France told by Carlo Sforza brings us to a historical parallel with the breakup of the Soviet Union in the course of which \u00abthe Petain syndrome\u00bb played almost the decisive role."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":19,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"On Overcoming the Economic Crisis in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c.","en":"In the short essay the author deals with issues related to the urgent measures that are to be taken to come out of the crisis and to promote right tax and budgetary policies, administrative reform and reform of pensions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":3,"authors":[{"id":149,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lakhtounov Vadim Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"mathematician, post-graduate of Lomossov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":20,"author_id":149}}],"issue":{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439","en":"The Escape from Goals"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u0424\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0443\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e.","en":"The author expresses his deepest concern with disappearance of the Developing humankind\u2019s unity principle. The Yalta system is decaying and the Unity of the world principle, as it was stated by Stalin and F.D.Roosevelt, is following the suit. The manifesto of sustainable development was the direct challenge to the Unity of the world principle. New globalists are interested in a situation within which it would be possible to increase the cash flow irreversibly and only in the single point of the financial space. The financial grip is getting more and more tough and ready for the real global duel. Imitations, diversions are elements of hostilities. A system is the totality of elements integrated by an aim. Aid to the developing countries is not even discussed within framework of the new model of the world organization. The aim is not even declared within this framework. Escape from the aim is tantamount to escape from the Humankind\u2019s unity principle. History is the generator of new aims. However an aim tends to turn into a dead dogma and that leads a system to become a power which impedes and even paralyzes appearance of the new. If a form is getting stiff and starts to kill, not to develop its content, such form should be driven in its proper place."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":4,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":21,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435","en":"Why the neo-liberal economic policies have no prospects"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \"\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\" \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442.\u0435. \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \"\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439\", \u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.","en":"Adducing rich empirical data the author demonstrates that the central tenet of neo-liberal policy, the proposition that a market economy is able to perform in self- regulating manner is just an illusion. The state regulation is the permanent requirement and only when (and if) the economy is well adjusted it is possible to control pace of growth and rates of inflation. Only under these circumstances an \u201copenness\u201d of economy, i.e. ability of an economy to function in the absence of the state\u2019s protection is possible. A weak economy, if it is \u201copen\u201d, is inevitably becoming a donor for the developed countries."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":4,"authors":[{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Anisimov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., economist, Head specialist of the Central Institute of the Economic and Mathematical Methods of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":22,"author_id":12}}],"issue":{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 (1856\u20141871). \u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445","en":"Russia and the Crimean System (1856\u20141871). Who Won and Lost?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u2013 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 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\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438. \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c: \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432 1856 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"The article deals with the factors underlying the origin of the so-called Crimean system \u2013 the great powers casting which came into being in the wake of Russia`s defeat in mid 1850`s. In contrast to conventional views, the author holds that despite the policy of \u00abreceuillment\u00bb caused by the Crimean debacle Russia continued to exert a considerable, even if not overwhelming, influence on the international affairs. Since Russia was a major guarantor of the Vienna settlement her self-removal from the European scene after 1856 brought about a series of drastic changes in the continental balance of power. To regain a semblance of order and to save their own interests first France and then Germany were left with no other alternative than to resort to Russian help. In the end it occurred that those who, in 1856, posed as winners failed to create a mechanism to protect theirs gains in Europe and elsewhere. Instead they triggered a radical diplomatic revolution just to regret its unintentional consequences."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":4,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":23,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043e. \u0413.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (\u041e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438)","en":"Vladimir Soloviov and Father G. Florovski"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0413.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430\". \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044e \u0412.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b, \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.","en":"\u201cFaith and Reason of Soloviov\u2019s philosophy\u201d, the article by G. Florovski which is published here contains the criticism of V. Soloiov\u2019s religious philosophy. The author who assessed spiritual phenomena with the exceptionally high criteria asserted that Soloviov was a liberal permeated with the utilitarianism of 1860s. As the author insists, liberalism is intolerable in a theologian. The author admitted unquestionable merits of Soloviov including Soloviov\u2019s success in making religious themes worthy of discussion, in arousing religious sentiments and in rehabilitating Christianity from accusations of political and social reaction. The author emphasized that the further development of the Russian philosophy was possible not along Soloviov\u2019s lines but along the lines that would mean overcoming Soloviov\u2019s positions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":4,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":24,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u041a\u043e\u0441\u044b\u0433\u0438\u043d","en":"The eighth Soviet Prime-minister Kosyghin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0410.\u041d.\u041a\u043e\u0441\u044b\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 1965 \u0433. \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442.","en":"The author records the principal events of A.N.Kosyghin\u2019s life. Particular attention is given to reforms of the economic mechanism started in 1965 under Kosyghin\u2019s leadership. These reforms included improvement of the defense industries\u2019 management, management of industries and construction management, planning of the national economy and methods of economic activities. The author describes difficulties A. Kosyghin had to overcome in order to introduce the minimum market shifts and self-management into the Socialist environment."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":4,"authors":[{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aksutin Yuri Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":25,"author_id":5}}],"issue":{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d. \u0413\u043e\u0434 \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Putin. A Year at the Helm"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u2013 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u043d, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445. \u0410\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The state in Russia has always been an instrument for realization of a certain universal project. The great power notion is incompatible with the new Russian tradition and culture because there is no link between the statehood and a universal project in these tradition and culture. The author notes that in choosing sides between antagonists of statehood and supporters of statehood whose main plank, patriotism plus globalism is alien to him, he nevertheless takes the side of the latter. The idea of entering the New world order which conquered minds of the overwhelming majority is absolutely suicidal for Russia. A considerable humanistic potential for forced spiritual growth which was accumulated within the Soviet civilization is much needed now for Russia as well as for the whole world and the more so than ever in the past. The author thinks that strengthening of the President\u2019s power vertical is required but he sees no actual steps in the right direction. It is impossible to build the power vertical in a society which lacks verticals of meanings, values, ideas."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":26,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Why the neo-liberal economic policies have no prospects (part 2)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435: \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0442\u043e\u043d-\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b 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\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0442.\u0435. \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u044b, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u2013 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430.","en":"In this part of the article the author describes the process of the world economy\u2019s transformation in the neoliberal vein: demise of Bretton-Woods agreements and development of system of characteristics within the Washington consensus as well as the post-Washington consensus program. The author expounds the essence of the neoliberal transformation of economy and shows that the strong economies are affected by these transformations rather mildly and efficiency of such economies can be greatly enhanced due to efforts taken by the state as a regulator of economy. On the contrary, a weak economy is quite vulnerable and if it is entering the neoliberal regime it is susceptible to pressures of the old negative as well as of new negative factors. At the same time all compensatory mechanisms that existed earlier cease to act. Thus the neoliberal model produces only minuses, one of which is a tendency to increase the mass of shadow and criminal economy. The author\u2019s conclusion is that only a regulated mixed economy may be really efficient."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Anisimov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., economist, Head specialist of the Central Institute of the Economic and Mathematical Methods of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":27,"author_id":12}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u041a\u043e\u0441\u044b\u0433\u0438\u043d (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The eighth Soviet Prime-minister Kosyghin (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e 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\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e. \u0421 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b.","en":"In part II of his article the author dwells at length on consideration of the events which brought about deceleration of the economic reform in the USSR and then to its curtailment and its ultimate suspension. The author also considers the Prime-Minister\u2019s international activities and demonstrates how Kosyghin was gradually driven aside despite his several major achievements. The author notes that Kosyghin\u2019s political and physical demise coincided with the moment when it became clear the Soviet military-mobilization system could not be modernized. The real international rapprochement was over, a new round of the cold war began which the USSR would lose."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aksutin Yuri Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":28,"author_id":5}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440","en":"Lenin as a Manager"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 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\u0418\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article deals with analysis of the state government ways that were peculiar for V. I. Lenin. The author also considers Lenin\u2019s ideas of the state apparatus\u2019 efficiency. The analysis is based on the correspondence Lenin carried on as the leader of the Soviet government. The analysis demonstrates that Lenin completely disregarded all formal characteristics of the state such as its organization model, functional specialty or level of competence. Lenin understood the state apparatus as a combination of persons distinguished not by their posts or positions within the structure but by their individual abilities. For Lenin, the statesmanship consisted in free manipulation with individuals which was combined with imposing the absolute responsibility for everything on the appointed commissioners extraordinary. At the end of the article the author compares Lenin\u2019s methods of government with the methods peculiar to the present day Russian government."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":291,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Frumkin Konstantin Grigorievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0424\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"economist, specialist in culture, commentator of the \u00abThe Financial Russia\u00bb newspaper"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":29,"author_id":291}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"The Museum and the Historical Conscience"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 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\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e.","en":"The author deals with issues related to the current situation and prospects of historical museums\u2019 development in the Russian society as a phenomenon of social, political and cultural life. According to the author, a museum which reproduces models of the past with the help of genuine remnants of the tradition and culture serves not just preservation of the heritage but helps to a critical analysis of the social norms and values and to their authentic reproduction. This fact explains a museum\u2019s bent for rational scientific methods of interpretation of the heritage. That is why a museum is an important vehicle to maintain the historical conscience. The collapse of the Communist ideology brought about disintegration of the Greater Russian national state tradition which crumbled into multitude of particular local archaic traditions that once had been constituent parts of the Greater tradition. The same trend caused disintegration of integral exhibition into array of different ones. The author contends that cognitive assumptions implied in a museum allow to perceive the historical process as a whole."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Balakirev Alexander Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"historian, senior specialist of State Central Museum of Modern Russian History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":30,"author_id":20}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435","en":"The \u00abSecond Moldavian Republic\u00bb and the Dniester Republic"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author deals with the process of a parliamentary republic making in Moldova and the impact of the process on Moldova's foreign policy including relations with Russia and Transnistria (Dniester Republic) problem. Although the political life of all \u00abpost-Soviet space\u00bb except the Baltic republics is dominated by the presidential power strengthening, recent changes in Moldova's political system indicate that a parliamentary republic is in making. These changes have caused certain shifts in Moldova's foreign policy: development of relations with the European Union and the initiative of some Moldavian political parties to establish an intergovernmental union with Romania. This policy can undermine the balance of power in the region, system of the Russian regional interests in particular. Russia's policy towards Moldova is focused on the search of balance between president P.Luchinskii, Moldavian Communist party which has the biggest fraction in the Moldavian Parliament, and the government of Dniester Republic. Under new political circumstances the support Russia provides for the single political power in Moldova, the Communist party and its leader P.Voronin is neither effective nor realistic option. The relations between Russia and Transnistria can also become complicated by new political struggle in this Republic. Without the multidimensional approach which takes into due account all players and analysis of new political situation in this region Russia's ability to protect its own interests here will be seriously curtailed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Vassiliev Alexander Viacheslavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of Chair Department of European and American Studies of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":31,"author_id":41}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The Russian-Persian Diplomatic Contacts and the \u00abCaucasian Question\u00bb in the Early 17th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 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\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0410\u0431\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0430 I \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"Even during the Troubled times when Russia experienced a painful and profound crisis, Moscow state tried to maintain contacts with Persia and to protect its interests in the Caucasian region. On his part, the Shah of Persia was looking for chances of rapprochement with Tsars of Moscow, Boris Godunov, Dmitri the False I and Vassily Shuiski. Shah needed their support in his struggle with the empire of Osman Turks. This consideration did not prevent Shah from planning annexation of southern Russian lands at the culmination of the Troubled times. Only restoration of the state and order in Moscow made Shah Abbas I to repudiate such plans and helped to revival of friendly relations between Russia and Persia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":5,"authors":[{"id":152,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Liseytsev Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in history, researcher of the Russian History Institute, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":32,"author_id":152}}],"issue":{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\" \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abThe Striped Raid\u00bb or on What Is Going on with the Power in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \"\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\" \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c. \u0412\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u0447\u044c\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043c. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0442.","en":"The present day fuss about \u00abthe crisis of power\u00bb is based on the fundamental incongruence between the content of the political process in Russia and the political language which is used to describe the process. The whole culture of human process is leaned upon the image of a hero who performs extreme efforts. In post-Soviet Russia everything was sold for a convenience. However no life can be constructed on the basis of such sales. The idea of convenience does not generate a convenience. This idea is a by-product of heroic efforts made by somebody. The country may be a place for whatever you may like but not a place for convenience because it is a place for convenience it will become a macroAushwitz. The country is being built not by the Kremlin but by the misfortune. And take note: the making is to be by far more long process then what is going on."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":33,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Why the Neo-liberal Economic Policies Have no Prospects in the 21th Century (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \n\n\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443 19 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 30\u201340 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \n\n\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430 25 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 400 \u0442\u0440\u043b\u043d. \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b., \u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u2013 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 90 \u0442\u0440\u043b\u043d. \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b., \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \n\n\u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0442\u043e\u043d-\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.","en":"The author considers differences between the classic market economy and the market economy of the neo-liberal type. The author demonstrates that the transition from the system of regulated market economy to the economy of the neo-liberal type did not bring the modern economy any closer to the 19th model. On the contrary, the present day economy is at greater distance from the 19th model. The author points out that the neo-liberal economy is not the economy of growth: it is the economy of redistribution. Due to its inherent properties the neo-liberal economy\u2019s life expectancy is quite limited. The neo-liberal economy is doomed to disappear in 30-40 years. According to estimates, the neo-liberal experiment in 25 years cost 400 trillion dollars to the world economy and 90 trillion dollars to the US economy. These staggering losses have undermined the American economy\u2019s capacity to compete with the East Asian economies, in particular with the economy of China which is the principal systemic competitor to the global neo-liberal market system. The author presents arguments in favor of position according to which the return to a market economy system characteristics of which will be similar to those of Bretton-Woods System era world economy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Anisimov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., economist, Head specialist of the Central Institute of the Economic and Mathematical Methods of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":34,"author_id":12}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435","en":"Bureaucrasy and Oligarchy in Historical and Political Perspective"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \"\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\" (\"\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439\") \u0438 \"\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\". \n\n\u0412 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 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\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c. \n\n\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f , \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \"\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439\" \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \"\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\". \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The author investigates interrelationships between the types of society development and the political elites formation models. The author proceeds from availability of two paradigms of development: the mobilization paradigm and innovative paradigm. Both paradigms predetermine formation of distinctively different models of elite formation: \u00abbureaucratic\u00bb (or \u00abservice\u00bb) one and the \u00aboligarchic\u00bb one. Under the mobilization model of development the higher echelon of administrative-political bureaucracy performs the functions normally performed by the political elite while economically dominant groups act as the subject of the innovative development. The author provides, on the basis of the comparative analysis of political development in Russia and the US, a detailed analysis of factors that help to diversify models of development and political forms which correspond to these models. The author points out that the prolonged, in historical terms, period when the mobilization methods of development dominated caused the fact that the model of elite formation which evolved under mobilization development conditions functioned for a long span of the Russian history. In the course of the 1990s social reforms the old \u00abservice\u00bb principle has been succeeded by the \u00aboligarchic\u00bb principle. The contemporary stage of the Russian society development is characterized by a complicated interaction between pluralistically organized political-financial groups and political-administrative bureaucracy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d-\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gaman-Golutvina Oksana Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., political scientist, Professor"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":35,"author_id":49}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"The Only Reality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, 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\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \"\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\" \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442-\u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \"\u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u0433\u043e\" \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f.","en":"The problem of historical sources\u2019 interpretation is coming out in the spotlight of the contemporary humanitarian sciences. This is caused by the onward development of theoretical sources\u2019 study which nowadays defines the search for the most correct and unbiased ways of texts interpretation as its principal task. As this is done, the object of historical study is no more the likely past \u00abreality\u00bb but an opinion of an author who created the source. So peculiar subject-subjective relationship between a scholar and the \u00abother person\u2019s\u00bb conscience fragments of which are embodied in monuments of the past are established. In this case the very historical text comes out in capacity of the singular likely reality which is the most important integral part of the cognitive process. However this position cannot be accepted as a whole with no accompanying reservations. The article is devoted to the theoretical disputes in the contemporary humanitarian sciences."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":36,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0435","en":"Struggle and Immortality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 XIX \u0438 XX \u0432\u0432. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"Theosophy of Charles Baudler, the outstanding French poet, comes out in Europe as the most important stage of the neo-romantic conscience making. The article is devoted to the philosophical principles and ethical and aesthetic meaning of Baudler\u2019s works reception in neo-romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries. The author attempts to find out what did constitute the main regularities of this continuity. The typological affinity of Baudlerianism and the neo-romantic thought as such emerges in result of the creative assimilation of theosophical first principles and aesthetic strategies of Modernism and Post-Modernism related to these first principles. While Modernism recognizes philosophical individualization of a subject, Post-Modernism denies such individualization. That determined the brightest features in the positivist thought of the past century evolution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":311,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Shevyakina Elena Stanislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435","en":"Ph.D., philologist, assistant Professor, the author of scientific works on French and Spain speaking literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":37,"author_id":311}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u0434\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430","en":"Khodynka"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II. \u0425\u043e\u0434\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 1896 \u0433. \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u2013 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u2013 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article deals with one of the most tragic events of Nicolas II reign. Khodynka disaster became a menacing warning, but the power did not derive any benefit from the event. The coronation celebrations of 1896 lost any sense. Instead of spiritual unification of the power and the people a monstrous massive self-destruction occurred. One could say that it was a fatal concurrence of circumstances, but it has developed in a prophesy, in a kind of a regularity of history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":6,"authors":[{"id":150,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Levandovski Andrey Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Department of Lomonossov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":38,"author_id":150}}],"issue":{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2000,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441","en":"Orchaization and Progress"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0414\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0425.\u0410.\u041d\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, \"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0444\", \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0414\u0436.\u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u044d\u0441\u044d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0435\". \"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a\" \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440. \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0416\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The author presents the analysis of \u00abDavid and Goliath\u00bb, the article by H.A.Noukhaev, former chief of intelligence under General Dudaev and, at the present time, the head of the Caucasian common market. Mr.Noukhaev blatantly rejects such values as the national state and asserts that the civilization and the city as the child of the civilization are the abomination which must be fought while barbarism and tribal relations are praised and glorified. The author presents convincing arguments against Noukhaev\u2019s propositions and emphasizes that these propositions are particulary dangerous because they neatly find their place in G. Bush new administration\u2019s global policy. Nazi ideas, principles of \u00abAnnanarbe\u00bb SS institute, though in a very strongly transformed form, which does not make them less venomous, exist within the present day American establishment. The \u00abnew world order\u00bb of this type propagates de-industrialization, archaization, substitute religiosity etc. for everyone except the elite core of the humankind. The most brutal epoch we are coming in, the post-modernity is an instrument of governing the world and its transformation into anti-humanity, even more abominable than the fascism. The only possible way to resist this trend is to achieve a greater understanding of statehood and to implement this greater understanding."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":39,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0440\u0443","en":"The Entry into the Nuclear Age"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435.","en":"For more than forty years the Soviet \u2013 American nuclear arms race broken out of the confrontation of the two superpowers of the postwar world dominated the world politics. However the atomic aspects of the Soviet domestic and foreign policy was shrouded in secrecy. Now after the disclosure of secret files it is possible to answer many questions that have intrigued scholars and the public for years and which are fundamentally important for the understanding of moving factors of the Soviet foreign policy in the first years of the Cold War, its motives and peculiarities. The main question is: what was the decisive factor in Stalin\u2019s behaviour and what steps he took to counter U.S. atomic diplomacy. Based on a vast array of russian and american sources this original and formidable work of history discloses how and why the Kremlin proved to be able to mobilize the human factor and built the atomic bomb in a very short time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":40,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438","en":"Will Eruption Democracy as the Highest Form of Democracy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b 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\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439.\n\n\u041d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u0418 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0439.","en":"The author considers some tendencies of the Russian political conscience and the Russian public politics degradation. The author thinks that these trends have brought about emergence of peculiar though not unique form of democracy, the will eruption democracy (or democracy of ecstasy, the ecstatic democracy). This type of democracy is so much different from the traditional, Western democracy that one cannot describe it as a deviation from the Western standard. Making of the ecstatic democracy is going on with no resistance. Moreover, this democracy has already spilled beyond the Russian boundaries and begun its triumphal march all over the world. Since the West and the USA in particular still cling to the archaic traditional democracy (though they contribute to making of ecstatic democracy elsewhere, in such countries as Russia and Serbia) Russia is far ahead of the whole world again."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":10,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":41,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041e\u0442\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430","en":"Otto von Bismark as a Young Man"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421.\u0412.\u041e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b XIX \u0432. \u041e.\u0444.\u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \n\n\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435.","en":"The author presents the political portrait of Otto von Bismark, one of the most influential and famous European statesmen of the 19th century. She makes an attempt to look at Bismark through the prism of his youth when the basic professional qualities as a politician and diplomat and his character were taking their peculiar shape. The author refutes, step by step, some stable stereotypes including myths produced by the Soviet historical science, unravels intricacy and contradictory nature of Bismark's personality and policies. As the author points out, as the unification of Germany was completed Bismark set forth, as the target of his foreign policy, preservation of the peace in Europe, not initiation of the war. However Bismark succeeded in prevention of the all-European war at the expense of growth of militarism and enhancement of animosity among the European states. That finally brought about the World War I. Bismark led the empire successfully but when he departed from the scene he left the nation deprived of the political education and the political will. Having achieved the unification of Germany Bismark made a genuine historical breakthrough but later he had to leave the political scene because of his futile attempts to construct obstacles on the way of the powerful tide of novelties."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":205,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Obolenskaya Svetlana Valerianovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, head specialist of the Institute of World History RAS, explorer of the German and Russian history"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":42,"author_id":205}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"Christianity and Steinerianism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420.\u0428\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0428\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440. \u0421.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \"\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\", \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0420.\u0428\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \"\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439\". \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \"\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\". \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \"\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439\".","en":"The essay is devoted to comparison of the Christian spiritual doctrine and R.Steiner's doctrine. The author investigates the fundamental discrepancies of the two creeds. In the first place, it relates to the Gospel's religious essence as Steiner understood it. S.Bulgakov concludes that Steiner's doctrine has nothing in common with the \u00abdeepening of Christianity\u00bb. In fact, Steiner's doctrine becomes the substitute for Christianity, the anthroposophic distortion of the traditional dogmatics. R.Steiner's cult based on ideas of non-Christian Oriental mysticism proves to be a \u00abreligious fake\u00bb. Within Steiner's doctrine there is no place for any of the most sacred for Christianity \u00abtreasures of the faith\u00bb. The peculiarity of the doctrine S.Bulgakov subjects to criticism consists of the fact that Steiner makes a system of the occultism. However, the appearance of scientific approach and understanding in this case conceals one of the most dangerous delusions, \u00abthe superstition of our days\u00bb"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (1871\u20131944 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"russian religious philosofer, Professor of theology, writer (1871\u20131944)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":43,"author_id":35}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430","en":"The Heritage of Potsdam"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 1991 \u0433. \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\". \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 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\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f.\n\n\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0436\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0436, \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443.","en":"The author focuses the attention on the Russians' inability to define their attitude to the \u00abSoviet heritage\u00bb. The author points out that this inability is quite typical for the political self-conscience of contemporary Russia. Having begun its own development with the avalanche-like, ideologically motivated rout of the Soviet heritage (the greatest rage was brought down on results of the World War II) nowadays the contemporary political conscience faces grave problems of both the social and political (the destruction of the national-historical identity) and the state and legal nature. This array of problems includes, in particular the problem of definition of the territory Russia imposes its sovereignty. This problem, in its most acute form, arises in respect of the territories the Russian Federation owns only as the successor to the USSR, the power which won the victory in the World War II. Obviously, the Russian Federation's titles to such territories are justified only to the extent to which the Russian Federation embraces the idea of the succession as an element of the basis of its new statehood being."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":7,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":44,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0422\u0412 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435","en":"NTV et Al"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u041d\u0422\u0412, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. 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\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u044b \u043a \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.","en":"Considering conflict of the state authority and NTV the author exposes the general trend of political process in Russia. Contrary to what some people suspect, the content of the game around of NTV is not the nationalization but the transition of this comprador yet national TV company to the international domain. In fact, the TV heritage is being divided among international entities that are going to control the population. Self-conscious and active part of the national community cannot perform within the environment created in the country. All fragments connected to the elite reproduction structure act as parasites that get their nourishment from the remnants of the Soviet heritage. The coercive shutdown of NTV nudges these parts of society to establish direct connections with the West since if the country is a part of the megasystem then it is apparently much better to serve the megasystem directly, with no intermediary. NTV connected to the West and quasi civic society are getting to be very dangerous. Of all liberal theories the one chosen in Russia is the theory which implies and encourages atomization, i.e., the utter fragmentation of the society into a sum of separate individuals. However the society can exist only if it elite is not atomized but consolidated. If the elite as well as the society is permeated with the gangsters' spirit, if secret services people who are deprived of the idea of service but still possess the super professional skills become arrant bandits then the state is transforming itself into an analog of medieval pirates' states. And if at the same time the image of the state which somehow rules the gangsters' nation is being created then other states are prompted to raise calls for genocide of gangsters' nation. Thus, the principal task for today is to demonstrate a different way and type of life."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":45,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Controversial Issues of the National Economic Security Concept"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The crisis of 1990s attracted the attention of many Russian economists to the problems of economic security. Now we have a vast body of literature on this topic. However, there remain important problems of a conceptual nature: alternative definitions of the economic security are often contradictory, analytical instruments are quite vague, whereas the range of phenomena considered as belonging to the sphere of economic security tends to expand ad infinitum (from the questions of the planetary scope to the personnel management practices at the enterprise level).\n\nIn the recent article, we survey competing approaches to the economic security based on its understanding in terms of national or public interest, economic stability, and economic independence. It is argued that the definition in terms of stability of national and international economic systems allows one to evade various conceptual difficulties peculiar to the alternative definitions, at the same time providing an opportunity to analyze important practical issues. We interpret threats to the national economic security as endogenous and exogenous shocks of economic and political origin leading to the destabilization of the national economy, and use this approach to describe major problems facing the economy of post-communist Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Afontsev Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph. D. in economics, senior specialist of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":46,"author_id":18}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u0428\u0430\u043b\u0443\u043d\" \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \"\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b\"","en":"A \u00abFrolic\u00bb against Whims of the Ugly Despotizm"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 1762 \u0433. \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 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\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\". \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430.","en":"After the manifesto on the gentry\u2019s liberties was issued in 1762 the Russian society was vigorously developing notions of \u00abfreedom\u00bb and \u00abliberty\u00bb. The official state ideology offered a quite limited understanding of these notions as the \u00abnegative freedom\u00bb, i.e., \u00abfreedom from\u2026\u00bb, emancipation from responsibilities to the society and the authorities. The notion of liberty as the unbridled debauch, absolute license and behavior offensive to the dominant public morals and manners gained popularity among the metropolitan gentry, officials and officers. After accession of Paul I (who reigned from 1796 to 1801) reforms aimed at restriction of the gentry\u2019s liberties understood as the \u00abfreedom of morals\u00bb were launched in the Russian empire. Paul made an attempt to carry out \u00abpreventive counterrevolution\u00bb of a sort. Paul assumed that the gentry\u2019s liberties uncontrolled by the state would inevitably bring about revolutionary convulsions. Thus he was going to destroy the system of privileges which emerged under Catherine II and which he considered to be the principal source of the \u00abliberal threat\u00bb. The gentry reacted to Paul\u2019s innovations with protest which found manifestations in semiotic forms and later with the overt rebellion which came to the end with assassination of the emperor and repudiation of his policies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":287,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044e\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u0447","en":"Filyushkin Alexander Il'ich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Chair of St.-Petersburg State Politechnical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":47,"author_id":287}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0430","en":"The Raznochinetz Syndrome"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0435 \"\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\", \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \"\u043e\u0442\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\", \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 19 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \"\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\", \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \"\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0439\".","en":"The author deals with the phenomenon of the 19th century Russian raznochinetz intelligentsia, i. e., intellectuals who did not belong to the gentry. The author examines the very term \u00abintelligentsia\u00bb, analyses the emergence of this peculiar social and spiritual community and emphasizes the stubborn unwillingness to accept the realities of the Russian life as the peculiar and rigid propensity of the intelligentsia. According to the author, permanent \u00abapostasy\u00bb, alienation of the intelligentsia from the Russian reality was the principal cause for its confrontation with the authorities. The author focuses on the most vivid manifestation of this confrontation in the 19th century: the revolutionary narodniks' uncompromising struggle which led to assassination of Alexander II. The author considers a possible alternative (so called \u00absmall deeds\u00bb) and concludes that peaceful positive activities were incompatible with mentality of the intelligentsia which was doomed to \u00abthe eternal fight\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":150,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Levandovski Andrey Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Department of Lomonossov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":48,"author_id":150}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u0416\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\" \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430","en":"The \u00abKikes and Masons' Conspiracy\u00bb from the History of Myth Perception"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 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\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author considers the Russians' attitudes to the notorious myth about the world conspiracy made by Jews and masons. The myth emerged at the end of the 19th century within the stream of the Russian conservatism evolution and proved to be the result of the deliberate myth-making. Prior to the revolution of February, 1917, the rightist monarchist organizations tried to use the myth as an instrument which helped them to enhance their influence on the ruling groups. Later the myth acquired the anti-Communist trend and became an explanation of the old regime collapse. In the USSR the myth\u2019s revival occurred in the years when Stalinism reached its climax. However, nowadays the myth is disseminated by and finds its adherents among those who returned to the initial, pseudo patriotic version of the myth. Tracing back peculiarities of each phase of the myth existence and considering the environment in which the myth was perceived the author relates and collates mythologems to the real history of the Russian masonry, the significance and role of which in the events of the early 20th century are obviously exaggerated."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":49,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0443","en":"Appeal to Reason"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, 120 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f 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\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c. \n\n\u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \"\u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\" \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0443. \u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \"\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0435\", \u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 1946 \u0433. \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \"\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f\"","en":"In the commemoration tribute to Irakli G. Tsereteli who was born 120 years ago the author points out that Tsereteli, the Social Democrat, a prominent public activist and statesman of Russia, a founding father and a leader of the first independent Democratic Republic of Georgia, is one of those figures whose deeds and achievements are still judged in terms of the previous epoch official historiography stereotypes and myths. Because of the current political needs not insignificant part of the present day political scientists and historians prefer rather to rely upon these stereotypes and myths than to repudiate them. Tsereteli\u2019s fate is amazing. He was adamant in his belief that all \u00abalive forces of the nation\u00bb might consolidate at the moment of a social revolution and made this belief the guiding principle of his activities from the time when he formulated his position as the leader of the Social-Democrats fraction in the Second State Duma to his consistent attempts to implement the politics of consolidation after the February revolution, 1917. Tsereteli appealed to reason even at moments when passions were reigning supreme around him. Though everything Tsereteli strove to build proved to be a \u00aba construction based on sands\u00bb his own experience of revolutionary activities let him as early as in 1946 proclaim \u00abthe protection of personal rights and the free development of personality\u00bb as the principal value of Socialism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":8,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":50,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438","en":"In the Teeth of Necessity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u0441 \u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432: \u0414\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u041d\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u042f\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440., \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0411\u0436\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \n\n\u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \"\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f\" \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0422\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u044b\u0445\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430.","en":"If one gets understanding of the objective laws that govern social processes one gains an ability to predict the character of some macrosocial trend. The author deals with the gloom tendency which manifests itself in the outrageous disregard of the historical memory whether it is related to the Great Patriotic War of 1941\u22121945 or to the Battle on Kulikovo field which recently has become the favorite target of those who attacks the historical memory with particular vehemence. The author indicates that this deplorable tendency is connected, first and foremost, to activities of the Eurasians: Doughin, Hukhaev, Yakhimchik et al. Activities of these persons is aimed at destruction of Russia and correspond to ideas of Brzezinski. \u00abEurasia\u00bb movement presided by Doughin is, in fact, the horse of Troy which some forces are going to employ in order to make a loose conglomeration of the centralized Russian state. That is why President Putin\u2019s state-consolidating activities are so important for the country. At the same time the author argues that the support of the patriotic electorate is the most important for Putin."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":51,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Controversial Issues of the National Economic Security Concept (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \n\n\u041c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The crisis of 1990s attracted the attention of many Russian economists to the problems of economic security. Now we have a vast body of literature on this topic. However, there remain important problems of a conceptual nature: alternative definitions of the economic security are often contradictory, analytical instruments are quite vague, whereas the range of phenomena considered as belonging to the sphere of economic security tends to expand ad infinitum (from the questions of the planetary scope to the personnel management practices at the enterprise level).\n\nIn the recent article, we survey competing approaches to the economic security based on its understanding in terms of national or public interest, economic stability, and economic independence. It is argued that the definition in terms of stability of national and international economic systems allows one to evade various conceptual difficulties peculiar to the alternative definitions, at the same time providing an opportunity to analyze important practical issues. We interpret threats to the national economic security as endogenous and exogenous shocks of economic and political origin leading to the destabilization of the national economy, and use this approach to describe major problems facing the economy of post-communist Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Afontsev Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph. D. in economics, senior specialist of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":52,"author_id":18}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"The Terrible Mistery of Russian Inflation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 90-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0418\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c) \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author doubts whether the persons who define economic policies of the Russian cabinets since early 1990s up to now are monetarists. The real economic policies of these cabinets (and their monetary policies in particular) obviously contradict the basic tenets of monetarism and logic of the doctrine, in fact negate them. From this fact one should not come to a conclusion that policies of the Russian \u00abmonetarists\u00bb are void of any meaning. On the contrary, these policies have quite definite meaning and are consistent. The essence and the intention of these policies are the irreversible destruction of Russia. And inflation serves as an instrument (and quite effective one) to achieve the goal."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":53,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 41-\u0439: \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e?","en":"The Fatal 1941: Did the USSR Prepare Aggression against Germany"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e \"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\" \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1941 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \n\n\u041d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.","en":"The author investigates the version about the \u00abpreventive\u00bb nature of German attack on the USSR in 1941. Recently the version has gained a considerable popularity in historical literature and in mass media. On the basis of numerous facts and documents the author demonstrates that the Kremlin had no intention to attack Germany and in the case of war the combat capabilities of the Red Army did not allow to achieve a success in a massive strategic offensive against the Wehrmacht which was the world\u2019s strongest army at the time.\n\nThe author argues that the Soviet failures at the beginning of the war were due to the inadequate appraisal of the international situation by the Soviet political leaders, miscalculations of the Red Army high commanders, their misjudgments about the nature of the forthcoming war and the foe\u2019s strength. Underdevelopment of the USSR which just recently had taken the path of industrialization and still lagged behind the developed capitalist states also had its negative impact on the preparation of the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":207,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlov Alexander Semyonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, academician of Russian Academy of the Natural Sciences, principal researcher of the Institute of the Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":54,"author_id":207}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"Hitler's Politic of Misinformation before the Attack against the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"On the basis of the German documents the author examines the special operation of the Hitlerite secret services aimed at misinformation of the USSR political leadership and military high command in regard of Germany\u2019s military and political intentions on 1941 and possible terms of the German attack against the USSR. The author investigates various options of misinformation and methods of misleading and offers an answer to the question why did the Soviet leaders were so slow with giving the order to the along the border military districts' troops to get ready for combat."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Vishlev Oleg Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior specialist of the Institute of World History RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":55,"author_id":44}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430","en":"Kept in Secret from Berlin and London"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432 1940\u20131941 \u0433\u0433. \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1939 \u0433. \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 1939 \u0433. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e 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\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 18 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1941 \u0433., \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"Contacts of the Soviet and Czechoslovakian intelligence services in 1940\u221241 constitute an absolutely unknown to the Russian readers chapter of the Soviet intelligence services and the Soviet-Czechoslovakian relations history. The cooperation of thew Soviet and Czechoslovakian intelligence services began to develop quite successfully after Czechoslovakian recognized the USSR de-jure in 1935. This cooperation was interrupted after occupation of the Czech lands by Nazi Germany in March, 1939, and conclusion of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact in August, 1939. However, restoration of this cooperation began since summer of 1940. Secret negotiations were held in Prague, London, Bucharest, Istanbul and then in Moscow. The negotiations were held when no official Soviet-Czechoslovakian relations existed and were kept in secret from London and Berlin. The negotiations' significance lies in the fact that they, undoubtedly, helped to restore and mend the Soviet-Czechoslovakian cooperation after beginning of Nazi Germany aggression against the USSR and paved the way for Czechoslovakian-Soviet agreement signing on July 18, 1941, and for formation of the Czechoslovakian military unit on the territory of the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":56,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438","en":"Passion as the Overriding Driving Force: on the History of the Idea"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u043a \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author analyzes reasons for popularity of the theory advanced by L. Goumiliov who suggested that every ethnic group at some early stage of its development is motivated by and is driven by an ability to suppress the instinct of self-preservation in order to achieve some aim which sometimes may be a quite illusionary one. Besides analysis of reasons for the theory\u2019s popularity the author provides a survey of possible theoretical sources which the theory may have in the humanitarian thought. The author also discusses the mutually single-valued correspondence between the \u00abpassion-like\u00bb movement of a society and an individual who has psychological inclination and striving for such movement. Thus, Goumiliov provided a straight answer to the question put by the best minds of the humankind. Among the Western spiritual predecessors of Gumiliov the author points out Hume, Schweizer, Bergson and Nitsche while Tolstoi, Dostoevski, Rozanov and Veresaev are mentioned among Goumiliov\u2019s Russian predecessors. Goumiliov\u2019s theory is meticulously compared to M. Weber's theory of charizma. The author comes to the principal conclusion: Goumiliov\u2019s theory is irrefutable for it belongs to historiosophy and it can be applied when appropriate or it can be ignored altogether."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":9,"authors":[{"id":291,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Frumkin Konstantin Grigorievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0424\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"economist, specialist in culture, commentator of the \u00abThe Financial Russia\u00bb newspaper"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":57,"author_id":291}}],"issue":{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430: \u041c\u0438\u0444 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c?","en":"Devaluation of dollar: a Myth or a Reality?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435\", \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441. \n\n\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0432 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\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442, \u0442.\u043a. \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0443. \u0410 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The authors offer analysis of the situation related to a possibility of the dollar\u2019s devaluation and provide a detailed examination of \u00abnatural-objective\u00bb and subjective-active factors that have impact on the process. The authors also deal with games played by other centers of economic power and try to overcome their dependence from the USA. Various scenarios of \u00abthe dollar\u2019s crash\u00bb and consequences such event may have for Russia are examined. The authors analyze the current conditions of the American economy and factors that impede and cushion a crash. At the same time it is emphasized that at the present time there are no conceptual models, no theories, no theoretical paradigms that allow a strategic forecasting. Theoretical framework for such efforts does not exist. Moreover, there is an obvious lack of reliable data for such forecasting. The authors' own position is that no serious war or attack against the dollar or the USA economic supremacy will happen because weakening of the dollar and the USA will inevitably bring about a global crisis. No country or party will profit from such crisis. If it erupts, it will pose a particular danger for Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":58,"author_id":39}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":58,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\" \u041d.\u0427\u0430\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u2014 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432","en":"The \u00abPeculiar Line\u00bb of Cheaushesku: Foreign Policy under the Limiting Factors' Impact"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 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\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.","en":"For many decades Rumania successfully employed methods of maneuvering in its foreign policy and, due to this success, gained the maximum advantages from discord between the world centers of power. Preconditions of the \u00abpeculiar line\u00bb emerged in the late 1950s and manifested themselves in Rumania\u2019s departure from the position common for the WTO countries and in attempt to get rid of the petty, narrow-minded supervision of the USSR. Ideologically the \u00abpeculiar line\u00bb was based upon the theses that the \u00absuperpowers\u00bb performed negative role and the national interests had priority over the class ones. The \u00abpeculiar line\u00bb policy consisted of gaining specific economic and political advantages and benefits by means of traditional maneuvering between the centers of power involved in confrontation. Bucharest succeeded in achieving principal aims of this policy though many political dividends were left unutilized."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Vassiliev Alexander Viacheslavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of Chair Department of European and American Studies of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":59,"author_id":41}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u0430\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430","en":"Industrial Plants' Committees and Trade Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Conflict\u2019s Nature"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XIX-XX \u0432\u0432. \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 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\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 1917 \u0433. \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0447\u0451\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f.","en":"On the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries a modernization project was in progress in Russia. This project was aimed at Russia\u2019s approximation to the Western industrial nations. Thus the project caused the rapid development of the most modern industries. The trade unions, workers' organizations modeled along the lines of similar organizations that existed in the West were in making. However, since forms of industrialism different from the European forms continued to develop the industrial plants' committees (workers' organizations based upon the peculiar domestic traditions) began to appear. Tension between modernist and traditionalist trends in the revolutionary movement found their manifestation in the rivalry between trade unions and industrial plants' committees. The struggle among the political parties also added fuel to the rivalry: originally trade unions followed the moderate Socialists while the industrial plants' committees underwent Bolshevization. Finally the trade unions' bureaucracy imposed itself on the industrial plants' committees and that meant the workers' self-government system was subjugated by the State and integrated within it."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":306,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Churakov Dimitriy Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph. D., historian, assistant Professor of History Department of Moscow State Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":60,"author_id":306}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b","en":"In Search of the Lost Alternative: the New \u00abParadigm\u00bb and Paradoxes of the Historical Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \"\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\" \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b (\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0430 (\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c) \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.","en":"The author deals with a questionable direction in the contemporary historical science, i.e., theory of the lost alternatives and virtual role-games. The author investigates epistemologic problems (problems of the humanitarian disciplines' method) as well as the specific content of the alternative studies. The attention is focused on the problem of the modern historical science\u2019s ethos (its moral standards). What is the social responsibility of a historian, how far are we to go in our search of the truth, what is the ethics of an interpretator who reconstructs a non-existent historical reality \u2014 the author offers his answers to these and other questions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":61,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Witte, an Autocracy and an Empire: Dreams in the Late 19th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u041e\u043d \u0436\u0438\u043b \u0432 \"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\" \u2013 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0425\u0425 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, 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\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430, 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\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e. \n\n\u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"Sergei Witte has been described variously as statesman, industrializer, bureaucrat, careerist. Yet, like so many other Russians in the late 19th century, Witte was a dreamer. He lived in the European Age of Empire - a time before the chaos of twentieth-century war and revolution, when instead global expanses, new technologies, powerful national states, and evolving cultures seemingly made all things possible. This article examines three intertwined dreams that entranced Witte in these years. The first was a dream of a powerful Russian Empire, its vast Eurasian space subjugated by transcontinental railroad, global commerce, and Russian civilization. The second, especially apparent when he remembered the reign of Emperor Alexander III, was a dream of a Russian autocracy whose monarchical authority was legitimate because it guaranteed imperial power, social order, and popular welfare. The third, necessary if the first two were to be sustained, imagined the unity of an imperial nation, created by a powerful commercial-industrial economy out of the disparate ethnic communities that constituted the Russian Empire. The article speculates that these dreams motivated much of Witte's action in end-of-the-century Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u0423.","en":"Wcislo Francis W."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041d\u044d\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043b, \u0422\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Associate Professor of History of Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee, USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":62,"author_id":48}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043a \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443","en":"On Eurasians' Attitude to the Nazism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430, \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430-\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u0421.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c.","en":"The publisher resolutely reject some researchers' allegations about rapprochement of the Eurasianism and the Nazis. The Eurasianism which emerged among the Russian emigrants of the first wave was created not by politicians but by the prominent, outstanding representatives of the Russian culture and was absolutely incompatible with the Nazism. The political ideas of the Eurasian movement cannot be understood if they are considered not within their proper culture-centered and religious context. The letters which are published here demonstrate beyond any doubt that all attempts of Meller-Zakomelski who took pains to attract Eurasians to the Nazis' side failed because they were definitely rejected by N.S.Trubezkoi, one of the Eurasianism\u2019s founding father."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":10,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":63,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":10,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439","en":"The Terrorists Attacks on the USA. The Systemic Analysis of Events and their Consequences"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 11 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 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\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 11 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u2013 \u041f\u0422\u0426.","en":"Since reactions of the society to the terrorist acts committed in the USA on September 11, 2001, revealed a lack of intellectual and methodological ability to comprehend the quality of the new world reality which is emerging right before our eyes the author tries somehow to make up this deficiency of understanding. The terrorist attacks are considered as a secret operation of a new kind, as injection of specific \u00abactivities clusters\u00bb into our world. These activities are carried on in another world and are governed with other laws. To analyze these activities the author introduces the notion of \u00abparallel terrorist civilizations\u00bb (PTC). In doing so the author does not mean anything paranormal or \u00abalien\u00bb, exported from other worlds. The author argues that the PTC is the terrorist mega-structure. Nowadays a person can adequately react to the current of events and make sense of it only if he\/she grasps this mega-structure logic and technology. Having done the systemic analysis of the terrorist operation of September 11 and having evaluated its scale, duration, quality and degree of conspiracy closeness the author comes to conclusion the PTC is the most probable organizer of the attack."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":11,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":64,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438","en":"The Structural Shifts in Economies of the Central Asia Countries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u0445\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The author investigates the profound social and economic shifts that have occurred in the Central Asian countries 1990s, i.e., in the course of transition from the centrally planned economy to the market economy. The author notes a partial agrarization, de-industralization and de-urbanization, the drastic curtailment of investment process, the relative and even absolute decrease of educational, medical, scientific and technological potentials of these countries. All these trends are evidence of the increasing predominance of traditionalization and sometimes even primitivization and archaization of the Central Asian countries' economies and social structures. At the same time these trends co-existed with development of structures and institutions of the new, modern market nature. Such co-existence could be only contradictory, for new structures and institutions are typical for societies that undergo modernization, for small and big social groups as well as for individuals. As the Central Asian countries are gradually integrating into the world economic relations system dynamics and content of which are determined by the developed countries the modernization elements are becoming more active. As a result of that all aspects of the everyday life of people who live in Central Asia, whether they live in the countryside or are city dwellers, are characterized by exceptionally difficult interaction, co-existence and \u00abstruggle\u00bb of utterly contradictory trends: the traditional v. the modern, the chaotic v. the disciplining, the regressive v. the progressive. In the future transition to the accelerated economic growth along the lines of the \u00abcatching-up\u00bb development will inevitably and quite soon require a comprehensive support of public education and health systems, preservation and development of the real scientific potential and, finally, a reasonable policy of industrialization and services development which will help to increase performance of all branches of national economies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":11,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":65,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, 1905\u20131914","en":"Theory and Practice of the Peasants' Backwardness: the Rural Economy, Social Agronomy, and Co-operatives in Russia, 1905-1914"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u0438 \"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a\" \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, 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\"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435\" \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0427\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"This article asks whether the Old Regime in Russia was capable of bridging the cultural and legal gaps between the estates. It argues that the agricultural cooperative movement \u2014 which was meant to create an integrated society \u2014 was an example of the deep crisis affecting Russian society on the eve of the Revolution, since even the most \u00abprogressive\u00bb thinkers and activists in rural affairs (the generation of agronomists typified by Aleksandr Chaianov) shared with their employers in local and central government grave doubts about the capacity of peasants to integrate into Russian society as legitimate actors."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":11,"authors":[{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441 \u042f\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0441","en":"Kotsonis Yannis"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"historian, Professor of the History Department of N.Y. University, USA"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":66,"author_id":134}}],"issue":{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The Power of the Science and the Science of the Power in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 20 \u0432. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440.","en":"Given article is devoted to the consideration of one from principal problems in the history of the Russian science. This problem is relations between the science and autocracy in the beginning XX century. The author draw a conclusion, that in this time as the scientific association was a part of the tsarist bureaucracy, such the tsarist bureaucracy, through the bureaucratic elite, was a part of the scientific association. The social ground of this situation is the dissolution of the bureaucratic elite in the Russian intelligentsia, the institutional ground \u2014 the fact, nearly all scientists was the officials. Within the bureaucratic elite the representative of the humane sciences had a majority as compared with the representative of the technical sciences. Therefore, in point of view of the author, the autocracy of the beginning XX century was a form of the political supremacy of the humane scientific subculture. The author thinks that a conflict between the science and autocracy had inside-system character."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":11,"authors":[{"id":141,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kulikov Sergey Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., historian, junior researcher, Department of the Modern History, St.-Petesrburg branch of the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":67,"author_id":141}}],"issue":{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b","en":"Mystifiers for the Sake of Defense"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\" \u2013 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\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\" \u041f.\u041f.\u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \"\u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445\", \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\" \u0438 \"\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439\" \"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b\". \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \"\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439\", \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u041c.\u041f.\u0414\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u044b\" \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\" \u0413.\u041f.\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u0443 \u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445.","en":"The author deals with one of the most intriguing episodes in the \u00abHoly troop\u00bb activities: the attempt P.P.Shuvalov, a leader of this organization which was created as the elite\u2019s response to the murder of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, to subject a part of the Russian emigration to his influence by virtue of false, fake newsapapers, liberal \u00abVol'noie slovo\u00bb and ultra-revolutionary \u00abPravda\u00bb. The author analyzes the complicated relationshps of Shuvalov and his agents with their \u00abclients\u00bb abroad, in particular, with M.P.Dragomanov, and tells the story of the conflict between Shuvalov and his opponents in the highest circles, particularly with G.P.Sudeikin, the \u00abgenius of criminal investigation\u00bb, who succeeded in taking personal advantage of Shuvalov\u2019s enterprise."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":11,"authors":[{"id":150,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Levandovski Andrey Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Department of Lomonossov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":68,"author_id":150}}],"issue":{"id":11,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435","en":"Interests Groups: the Historical Retrospective"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. 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\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430 XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to analysis of the peculiar phenomenon, i.e., interests groups as subjects of politics and emergence of them in this peculiar capacity in Russia. Investigating approaches to the problem that exist in the scientific literature author comes to conclusion that scholars have to pay the greatest attention to those interests groups that exert influence on power structures in order to realize their interests without direct claims for the political power. Such groups deserve the appellation of \u00abpressure groups\u00bb. Retrospective analysis of political role played by pressure groups created in big business stratum prior the October revolution allows isolate two stages in history of the state and big business relationships development in Russia: the period of Alexander II reforms and the period of industrial upsurge at the end of 19th and early 20th centuries. As the author demonstrates, there were two main obstacles to realization of the Russian bourgeoisie pretensions to power: lack of capital among the Russian businessmen and the political weakness of the Russian bourgeoisie."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d-\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gaman-Golutvina Oksana Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., political scientist, Professor"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":69,"author_id":49}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0445","en":"Contemplating Aloud"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 - \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432.","en":"Contemplating on what the 20th century gave to the humankind the author comes to the conclusion that there is no reason to praise the century. Russia has particular and very strong reasons to be restrained in this respect. The problem is not just that the great state has disintegrated. The single legal, economic and socio-cultural space has disappeared. All bridges that had connected the past and the present have been burned. The unrestrained, boundless liberalization for Russia is even a greater absurdity than socialism building in a single isolated country. No reforms from above will transform Russia into the civil society where everyone will find conditions of self-expression. Politicians must offer the program in which the majority will see reflection of their own interests and aspiration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":279,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Falin Valentin Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0427\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":70,"author_id":279}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Power of Science and the Science of Power in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 20 \u0432. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 - \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 - \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 20 \u0432. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440.","en":"Given article is devoted to the consideration of one from principal problems in the history of the Russian science. This problem is relations between the science and autocracy in the beginning XX century. The author draw a conclusion, that in this time as the scientific association was a part of the tsarist bureaucracy, such the tsarist bureaucracy, through the bureaucratic elite, was a part of the scientific association. The social ground of this situation is the dissolution of the bureaucratic elite in the Russian intelligentsia, the institutional ground \u2014 the fact, nearly all scientists was the officials. Within the bureaucratic elite the representative of the humane sciences had a majority as compared with the representative of the technical sciences. Therefore, in point of view of the author, the autocracy of the beginning XX century was a form of the political supremacy of the humane scientific subculture. The author thinks that a conflict between the science and autocracy had inside-system character."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":141,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kulikov Sergey Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., historian, junior researcher, Department of the Modern History, St.-Petesrburg branch of the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":71,"author_id":141}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\"","en":"\u00abVoltaire's\u00bb El Dorado"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 80-\u0445 - 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The author examines origins of scandalous tint of Savater\u2019s fame and tries to reconstruct the principal features of his concept of a man of society on the basis of the most important works written by Savater in 1980s and early 1990s. The author detects the origins of Savater\u2019s scandalous fame in Savater\u2019s attempts to reanimate the Derridan utopia and the ideal of \u00absuperman\u00bb inherent to this utopia. Both concepts rise and decline simultaneously. The problem of Derridan philosophy reanimation is treated as an attempt of orthodox post-modernism to enforce its Messianic and missionary positions in response to development of neo-Romanticism which was transforming ethics and aesthetics of post-modernism and emergence of other competitive ideological paradigms, neo-Catholicism in particular. According to the author, tendencies so vividly manifested in Savater\u2019s works serve to be a vehicle for formation of not only \u00abelitist\u00bb conscience but the \u00abmass\u00bb conscience too."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":311,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Shevyakina Elena Stanislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435","en":"Ph.D., philologist, assistant Professor, the author of scientific works on French and Spain speaking literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":72,"author_id":311}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0435 (1906-1917 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"The Ukrainian Question in the State Duma"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b 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\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0445 1-\u0433\u043e \u0438 2-\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0445 3-\u0433\u043e \u0438 4-\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433 \u0432 IV \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\" \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The Ukrainian question was of great importance for the multi-ethnic Russian empire for, besides the threat of considerable deterioration of Russia' geopolitical situation in case of Ukraine\u2019s secession, it undermined the ideological pillars of the \u00abtrialistic Russian nation\u00bb, i.e., it was a factor which prompted the crisis of the Russian self-identification in the beginning of the 20th century. The authors note the inertness and amorphism that were specific characteristics of the Group of Ukrainian members of the 1st and the 2nd State Dumas. Members of the group normally were members of other factions, i.e., factions of Social Democrats, Labor, Constitutional Democrats and even the Union of October, 17. In the 3rd and the 4th State Dumas Ukrainophils did not establish a group of their own but tried to act through factions of the Labourists and the Constitutional Democrats. The Ukrainian question came to the fore and acquired the extreme acuteness in the 4th State Duma, especially during the World War I. Being unaware that their tactics potentially led to the fundamentals of the Russian statehood undermining the Constitutional Democrats and the Socialists used it as a minor card in their struggle against the government."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bondarenko Dmitriy Jakovlevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442)","en":"Ph. D. in history, assistant Professor, the Chair of Russian history and law, the Moscow Institute of a radio engineering, electronics, automatics (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":73,"author_id":30}},{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Krestovskaya Natalia Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u0418.\u041c\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph. D., historian, assistant Professor of Odessa National I.I.Mechnikov University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":73,"author_id":137}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"On the Centuries' Break Point"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 100-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f 1-\u0433\u043e \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e 29 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f (12 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\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0442\u0435\u043c: \"\u041e\u0442\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\", \"\u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\", \"\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\", \"\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\", \"\u0413\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0439\", \"\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\", \"\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435?\" \u041e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \"\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438\". \u0418 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 100 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432 \u0435\u043f.\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the 100-year anniversary of the first Religious-philosophical assembly held on November 29 (December 12), 1901, in Saint-Petersbourg. The author traces the Assemblies' pre-history and notes that these gathering marked a shift in the intelligentsia\u2019s moods from positivism, materialism and atheism to idealism and religion. The \u00abnew religious conscience\u00bb phenomenon is described and movements in poetry, musical art, politics that evolved in parallel to the \u00abnew religious conscience\u00bb are mentioned. The Religious-philosophical assemblies were meetings of God-seeking Russian intelligentsia and representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church. Assemblies were presided by Serghi (Stargorodski, then a bishop and would-be Patriarch). The Church was represented by so bright personalities as archimandrite Antonin (Granovski), Bishop Innokenti (Usov), protopresbyter I.L.Yanyshev, hieromonk Mikhail (Semenov), righteous M.A.Novoselov, V.A.Ternavtsev, professor A.I.Brilliantov, A.A.Kireev, V.M.Skvortsov et al. On behalf of the intelligentsia \u00abThe Merezhkovskis' circle\u00bb (D.S.Merezhkovski, Z.N.Ghippius, D.V.Filosofov, N.M.Minski, A.V.Kartashev, V.V.Rosanov) proved to be influential at the Assemblies. Discussions arouse around such themes as \u00abExcimmunication of Leo Tolstoi\u00bb, \u00abThe Church and the authority\u00bb, \u00abFreedom of conscience\u00bb, \u00abThe Christian marriage\u00bb, \u00abChristianity and violence\u00bb, \u00abIs the dogmatic movement possible?\u00bb, \u00abN.Gogol and Father Matthew\u00bb. The Assemblies made a tremendous contribution to improvement of apologetics samples of which were given by many \u00abChurch people\u00bb who took floor at these meetings. Bishop Serghi\u2019s appeal for unity of the Church and the intelligentsia remains to be important even a hundred years later."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":222,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Polovinkin Sergey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., philosopher, Assistant Professor of the chair of russian philosophy history of Russian State Humanitarian University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":74,"author_id":222}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443","en":"Heroes of the Battle for Moscow"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1941-1945 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 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\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0417\u043e\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0418\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The memory about the Great Patriotic war of 1941\u221245 and its heroes was sacred in our country. So much the worse that in the course of 'reform' history of this war has been subject to desecration, abuse, and defamation. Publications have appeared where it is argued that the well known examples of heroism and courage of the Soviet people are mere fictions produced by the Stalinist propaganda. Therefore, it is important to examine the total mass of information on the war and to avoid suppression of some secondary details of the heroes' biographies. For authors of the abusive books mentioned above use these minor facts are as their principal data for their distortions of the history. Familiarization with archive data on Natasha Kovshova and Masha Polivanova who names are not so widely known as Zoya Kosmodem\u2019yanskay and Aleksandr Matrosov cannot leave anybody unimpressed. Their heroic deed is but one example of heroism manifested by the Soviet people on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gorinov Mikhail Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c. \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u00bb","en":"Ph.D., historian, vice-director of the Centre of Scientific Use and Publication of Archive Foundation of Association \u00abMosgorarchive\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":75,"author_id":57}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0414.\u0414.\u0428\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0441 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u0434 1942","en":"D.D.Shostakovich's Correspondence with Americans. Year 1942"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 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\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \n\n\u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0428\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 7-\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0428\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 9 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1942 \u0433. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0443\u043c\u044b, \u0437\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440.","en":"The publication of some documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation offers much fascinating material testifying to the deep sympathy between the outstanding representatives of the cultural elites and artistic communities of the USSR and USA during the World War II. This sympathy has arose from the identical understanding of the common danger \u2014 the world fashism, which brought the horrors and tremors of War to the peoples of both countries. These understanding and spiritual closeness found their embodiment in the short correspondence between the great soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich and the world famous conductor of the New York philharmonic orchestra Arturo Toscanini emerged from the genuine historical occasion in the history of the antifashist Resistance during WWII \u2014 the first performance of the Shostakovich\u2019s symphony \u2116\u20097 in the USA on 19 July 1942. It was a passionate call for solidarity of the two great nations in their struggle against the brown plague and for a better world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":12,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":76,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2001,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Intellect, elite and government"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\" \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435.","en":"Crisis of the Modern civilization and the revolution in Weltanshaaung form the essence of the 20th century. The world was divided, secularized to a greater or lesser extent and nationalized. The author investigates the elites' impact on the surrounding world status, \u00abthe regal triad\u00bb (\u00abthe elite \u2014 the club \u2014 the government\u00bb) and the process of the world\u2019s postmodernization. By 1970s ability of the elite to influence the course of events reached a new level or quality. From that time one may speak of the influence on processes of the global scale, i.e., about making of a new course of the history. A new and perspective subject of history is emerging: the postcolonial world. A \u00abnew class\u00bb is asserting itself in the society. This class is different from the elite of the past. The preliminary results of \u00abthe better future formation\u00bb process, i.e., outlines of a new global order are gradually getting visible. Russia deprived of the strategic planning system of its own as well as of conceptual intelligence finds itself to be a hostage to alien strategies, an object of the game played all over the global chess board."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":77,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439","en":"The Apology of Political Technologies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 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\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article deals with so called political technologies that are not just a component of the contemporary Russian politics but its vital component. Political technologies' significance cannot be overestimated for they ensure reproduction of the political, economic and social structure of post-Soviet Russia by far more effectively than traditional institutions of suppression. At the same time political technologies form a thriving business the gross and net turnover of which amounts to millions of dollars. Unfortunately, this business is subject to widespread criticism which seems to be unjust because critics are deeply involved in politics created and maintained by political technologists and often resort to political technologies and even to political technologists' services. The author identifies basic functions political technologists perform, describes these functions and appraises them. Finally, the author reveals the roots of ambivalent attitudes to political technologists and concludes that were the Russian public conscience consistent the political technologists would have been praised, awarded admired and adored. Instead of that political technologists are despised and even hated. Ironically, political technologists reap what they have sown for they contributed a lot to driving public conscience into the current schizophrenic condition."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":78,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Ukraine and the Rusins' movement. Dialogue or confrontation?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, 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\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author deals with some aspects of the Rusins' national movement in the present day Ukraine. Proceeding from the ethnic peculiarity of the region, its historical, cultural and geographic characteristics the activists of the movement assert that the East Slavonic population of the Trans-Carpathian area and of some adjacent territories of Slovakia, Hungary and Poland is formed not of Ukrainians but with peculiar nation, i.e. Rusins. Being quite serious about this assumption the activists call for a status of ethnic minority for this nation within the contemporary Ukrainian state with all consequences such status will bring about. The Rusins' movement is not a phenomenon which emerged just in the past decade. It has a long history and passed through several phases common for other similar movements. Initially it set only cultural aims and later brought forward political aims up to demands to create an independent state of the Rusins in Carpathian region. It is interesting to note that there are certain intriguing parallels in the ideology, history, development and character of the Ukrainian and the Rusinian national movements. Now the Rusins' movement has the same meaning for contemporary Ukrain as the Ukrainian national movement used to have for Russia. The Rusins' movement provokes a nervous reaction of certain Ukrainian ruling circles as well as of the Ukrainian nationalists and constitutes a serious obstacle on the way to introduce and impose the ethnic concept of the Ukrainian nation\u2019s making and development."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":79,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b","en":"The Russian liberalism of the 19th century: formula of the destiny"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 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\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435: \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 1861 \u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u0412 1860-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The Russian liberalism emerged throughout the 19th century. The Russian society or, rather, some segments of it assimilated the Western system of liberal values by fragments because the destiny of liberalism depended on the traditions of the Empire-building. It should be emphasized that the Russian liberalism developed in conflict with this tradition and, at the same time, in interaction with it. Attempts to exercise the European ideals of political and civil freedom in Russia brought about strengthening of authoritarianism which made up for immaturity of the society. In the autocracy (samoderzhvie) liberals found not only the suppressing might but also an ally able to reside over restructuring and reform of the society. It was a realistic perception of situation. The Peasant reform of 1861 was carried out precisely due to the might of the autocracy. In 1860s the society finally emerged as an active agent of the political life and by the end of the 19th century liberalism transformed from a program for autocracy into a program for society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":244,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sekirinski Sergey Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"D.Sci., Professor, the Head of department of \u00abThe Russian History\u00bb journal"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":80,"author_id":244}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439","en":"Mongols in the wirlwind of centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 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\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 XVIII-XX \u0432\u0432. \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445.","en":"The author deals with a set of problems related to formation of empires as super-ethnic entities. The author accepts cultural and linguistic diversity and co-existence of religions as indispensable properties of empires. However the crucial property of an empire is the single ideology and strictly regulated state cult. In all epochs an empire as a fact of the world history presupposes the domination of a single idea, one universal mythology. The author points out that with no answer to the question what was the specific essence of the Mongolian empire and the ulus system which emerged all over the Central Asian space it is impossible to understand the subsequent development of separate states that existed with the Mongolian sphere. To answer the question one has to reconstruct the very mythology of the Mongolian empire. Religious toleration and ability to integrate more and more tribes and nations within the sphere of the Mongolian empie\u2019s influence were determined by enormous impact Tengrianism had as the state religion and a complex cult. Mongols of the Middle Ages perceived the earthly and celestial worlds as the indivisible unity which could not be decomposed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":198,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nikitin Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"post-graduate of the faculty of Archives Studies of Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":81,"author_id":198}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Street Hooligans in 18th Century Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435: \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c) \u2013 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\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0431\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441.","en":"Street hooligans is a phenomenon well known to lodgers both of large cities and small towns around the world nowadays and ages ago. But while now the police mostly punishes the hooligans by itself outside the courtroom, it was different in the mediaeval and early modern time when their cases were usually put on a trial and not the deeds of the hooligans but violation of honour was looked into. Using examples from the life of the town Bejetsk in 1760-s the article aims at showing that opposite to widely spread perceptions, an individual was defended in an archaic type of community organization even better than in modern society by the very fact of his inclusiveness in the community. The community considered violation of honour of one of its members to be an insult to the whole community. There also existed certain limits in which one\u2019s behaviour could deviate. The violation of these limits was taken as a threat to community\u2019s stability by destroying its collective reputation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamenski Alexander Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., Professor, the Head of Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":82,"author_id":108}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042e.\u0412.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"Yu.V.Andropov on resignation of 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\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\".","en":"The article is a comment to the document which is being published for the first time. It is a record of a conversation which was held between Yu.V.Andropov, then a Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, and Pavlovski, the Ambassador of Czechoslovakia to Moscow, on October 24, 1964, and was related t\u043e reasons of N. Kruschiov's deposition from position of the First Secretary of the CPSU CC and the Chairman of the USSR Council of ministers in October, 1964. The document witnesses that at that time the new leaders of the CPSU preserved the line which presumed the necessity to inform the Soviet allies about most significant actions of the USSR in its domestic and foreign policies. The letter contains certain information about the way in which the CPSU CC letter on Kruschiov\u2019s resignation was discussed in the USSR and reactions the event caused in of the party organizations of various levels. The document also contains some information on the reaction caused by Kruschiov\u2019s deposition in Czechoslovakia. In the introductory comment to the document the Soviet leader is presented as a politician who cannot be reduced to a simple one-dimensional interpretation. Though Kruschiov was spotted with all birthmarks of the system which had nurtured him he undertook efforts to improve the system. However, the reformer\u2019s good intentions paved the way to his fall from the political Olympus. Demise of Kruschiov put the end to the period of so called \u00abKruschiov's thaw\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":83,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438","en":"Politics seen through prism of poetry"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439: \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \n\n\u0421\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b\", \"\u041a\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\", \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b (\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0423\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430), \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445. \n\n\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b.","en":"There are two types of perception of historical events: investigation and personal experience or perception by feeling. The political lyrics as opposed to rhymed rhetoric emerged on if an event is experienced by a poet, felt by a poet and is appropriated by a poet as a fact of his own spiritual life. Pushkin\u2019s verses devoted to historical and political events are precisely the political lyrics. Therefore, political declarations proclaimed in these verses may be considered only in the context of their lyrical content. If we look at such Pushkin\u2019s verses as \u00abStances\u00bb and \u00abTo the slanderers of Russia\u00bb from such standpoint we see that political opinions and appraisals proclaimed in these verses are, to a considerable extent, determined by politically neutral reasons. In a similar way, pamphlets and epigrams (on Vorontsov and Uvarov) can be explained not only by the poet\u2019s unfriendly feelings to these persons or by his political position but, rather, by his concepts of art and poetry. The politics seen through the prism of poetry acquires another appearance and reveals aspects that might be irrelevant for contemporaries but have a great historical meaning and significance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":13,"authors":[{"id":186,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Murav'yeva Ol'ga Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D, philologist, senior research assistant of the Institute of Russian Literature, Department of Pushkin Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":84,"author_id":186}}],"issue":{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Humanism and Post-modernist Degeneration of Politics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442. \n\n\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a 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\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c (\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f), \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \"\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\" \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.\n\n\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0435 \"\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\", \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0414\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0414.\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The author expounds his opinion of neo-Eurasian movement, its participants and those who oppose it. At the present time the neo-Eurasian movement can be considered as an experiment aimed at synthesis of Islam and Teutonic component. Its main potential danger for the contemporary Russia consists in the fact that from a marginal doctrine it may emerge as the state ideology. The history of neo-Eurasian movement starts in the 1960s when people who looked for alternative to the Communist ideology emerged within the Russian elite. After collapse of the USSR new participants joined veterans. These newcomers arrived from the circle of those people who previously were pretty satisfied with the Soviet official ideology. The author emphasizes that despite their obvious anti-Semitism (which is particularly strong among the Islamic part of the movement) the present day Eurasians are ready to embrace Jewish \u00abzealots\u00bb in order to legalize their doctrine with the help of Jewish participation. The danger posed by this rapprochement is beyond any doubt for the author.\n\nReaction of A. Dugin, a leader of Eurasians, to the article which was initially published in Tel-Aviv newspaper \u00abVesti\u00bb and rejoinder by D. Kontorer form the logical conclusion of the publication."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":126,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0414\u043e\u0432","en":"Kontorer Dov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb (\u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c)","en":"the political observer of \u00abVesti\u00bb newspaper, Tel-Aviv, Israel"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":85,"author_id":126}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0445\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435?","en":"Does a serf need the art of fencing?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \"\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\", \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0442\u043e \u044d\u0434\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 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\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e \"\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e\", \"\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e\", \"\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\" \u0438 \u043f\u0440. \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u043b, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u0415\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c.\n\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \"\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\" \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u2013 \"\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\" \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u0423\u0417; 12-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \"\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\" \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0434\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"The author emphasizes that the word \u00abreform\u00bb permanently used in various combinations long ago has severed from any specific meaning. So called \u00abreform of education\u00bb is no exclusion. The fact is that under Eltsin the branch experienced major changes that touched millions of people (pupils, their parents, teachers). However a future historian will in vain investigate official documents, verbatim accounts and materials of discussions in search of the concept of transformations. He will discover just a set of general, senseless words about \u00abdemocratization\u00bb, \u00abhumanitarization\u00bb, \u00abadvanced experience of other countries\u00bb etc. all of which are practically irrelevant to the real politics. Nobody has substantiated or explained the real politics in the sphere of education. Nobody has discussed the real politics at pedagogical councils. It was simply implemented.\n\nThe author demonstrates that the last combination of moves promoted by the Ministry of education (the single exam for the school-leaving certificate and for admission to the higher educational institution; 12 years term of secondary schooling; tests instead of traditional exams and the state financial obligations towards those particular persons who perform superbly) is not some new politics developed under Putin and subject to his aims but the direct continuation of the politics developed under Eltsin. A researcher sometimes has to reveal the true aims of this politics by comparing declarations with the specific actions and extracting information between the lines of official documents and interviews given by ministers and other high officials. It is precisely what the author undertook in the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":86,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430","en":"The Story of One Compromise"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 (\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439) \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \n\n\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XIX-XX \u0432\u0432. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 1890 \u0433. \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041a.\u041a.\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u0421\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 1836 \u0433. \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \"\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\". \n\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\", \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 12 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 1912 \u0433. \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article which is based primarily on materials that are brought in scientific turnover for the first time is devoted deals with one phase of Saint-Petersburg (nowadays Russian) Academy of sciences which still remains practically unstudied. At the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century an attempt of a major scale reform of this oldest scientific establishment of the country was undertaken. K.K.Romanov, the president of the Academy, initiated the reform in 1890. The essence of the reform consisted in replacement of the Academy\u2019s obsolete charter of 1836 with a new legal act which could invigorate activities of the 'primary scientific estate'. It was planned to represent new disciplines in the Academy, increase number of \u00abchairs\u00bb and scales of the budget financing, make the election process more democratic etc. The document was being elaborated for more than 12 years and only in 1912 the single result was achieved: the Academy got a new budget but it was obtained only at the expense of scholars' refusal to proceed with a radical reorganization of the Academy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":254,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Soboleva Elena Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of St.-Petersburg State Marine Technical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":87,"author_id":254}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438","en":"Comments on the Lyrical Poetry"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443\", \"\u0434\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\", \"\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\" \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b \"\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430\", \"\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\", \"\u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\". \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \"\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439\" \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0418 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0418\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u044b\u043b, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \"\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\", \u0438 \"\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\": \u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c\" \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \"\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\" \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \n\n\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.","en":"Poets are not done, they are born but in all times there are multitudes of those who are eager to pass for poets. The author undertakes an attempt to demonstrate what the spirit of true poetry is and in what way one may discover paths that allow become closer to the poetry. The author is sure that many our contemporaries who offer their intellectual experiments as innovations understand the poetry as a sort of intellectual industry for making a human being a more noble creature. On the contrary, the author thinks that the progress in the sphere of poetry is the cultivation of artistic intuition which connects us to out ancestors. At the same time the author does not call us back to caves but protests against dehumanization, degeneration of a human being and lack of spirituality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":168,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Markovich Iakov Semionovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442","en":"poet"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":88,"author_id":168}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c... \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438...\u00bb","en":"\u00abThe Slavic tsar\u2026 will establish the Socialist form of the life\u2026\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f. 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\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"Just a few persons know of forecasts of Russia\u2019s future that were done by the Russian conservatives long before collapse of autocracy. As the author demonstrates, Konstatin Leontieff whose works were many times republished and still is unread was by far more deep and far-sighted than his (and some our) contemporaries. Being aware of inevitability of the social revolution Leontieff tried to find in Socialism some conservative traits and to combine it with the monarchy with the framework of Orthodox religion. Leontieff proposed to settle the social issue by the existing authorities without changing the established social and economic order. Leontieff planned to devote a special work to Socialism but died before he could carry out his intention and his followers (one may wonder whether he had genuine followers) proved to be less original. Leo Tikhomirov was one of a very few of those who understood but did not accepted 'conservative Socialism' annunciated by Leontieff. \u00abPatriarchal\u00bb defenders of autocracy depleted themselves in their struggle against the Socialist idea and did not understand a concealed typological affinity to Socialism. Affinity which, besides all other things, implied presence of the common enemy presented by liberalism and capitalism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":89,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Solitude of Leo Tikhomirov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 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\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The author tries to clarify the situation around Leo Tikhomirov and elucidate, from a new angle, his role and place in the political life of Russia. Peculiarity of Tikhomirov\u2019s position was determined, first of all, by the fact that in the revolutionary camp he was perceived as a \u00abconservative\u00bb of a sort because he advocated traditional values while in the monarchist camp he was perceived as a \u00abrevolutionary\u00bb \u2014 and not just by the label attached by ill-wishers but due to his inner conviction in necessity of serious transformations, decisive movement along the path to construction of the ideal monarchy. This image of \u00abthe conservative revolutionary\u00bb made him repugnant to contemporaries. Though Tikhomirov really and essentially was \u00aba man of Alexander III reign\u00bb he might be called a fore-runner of the European (German) conservatove revolution and of the Russian Eurasians. Leo Tikhomirov\u2019s destiny reflected complex and contradictory tendencies of the Russian social and political thought development. As a prominent ideologue, talented publicist and very attentive, sensitive observer Tikhomirov left a rich literary heritage."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":315,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044e\u043a \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u0428\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u044e\u043a \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041a.\u0410.\u0422\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041a.\u0410.\u0422\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0430"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":90,"author_id":315}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430: \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445","en":"Etiology of Sin: the Popular Morals in the Folklore Legends"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\" (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1999). \u042f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430. \n\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b (\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b), \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 (\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442) \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0443 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443, \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \"\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\" \u0438 \"\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\", \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0435. \n\n\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e \"\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445\" \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438) \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.","en":"The article has been initiated by materials presented for discussion at the scientific conference \u00abConcept of sin in the Slavic and Jewish cultural tradition\u00bb (the conference was held at the Institute of Slavic studies, the Russian Academy of science, in November, 1999). Being one of the main concepts that were actively comprehended and interpreted within the framework of century-old Judeo-Christian intercultural dialog \u00absin\u00bb, as investigators of the both traditions demonstrate, represents a multitude of its aspects: as a violation of taboo system, as a concealment of the truth, as \u00abnatural\u00bb or \u00abethnic\u00bb quality and as some material substance which might be calculated, measured, estimated and even sold. The Slavic material (the folklore legends and beliefs, system of taboos and prescriptions, rites and rituals) shows, the popular morality as well as the popular religion expands and at the same time makes the Christian concept of sin more specific, i.e., materializes the concept. The author analyses traditional society\u2019s attitude to the original sin and incest, to concepts of \u00absin\u00bb and \u00absoul\u00bb, to the problem of atonement of the sin or to the issue of the sin allowed from the above. A separate layer of the Slavic folklore is composed by legends about \u00absinful\u00bb animals, plants and whole nations, about sin (violation of prohibitions related to the traditional rites and the subsequent punishment)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":14,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":91,"author_id":22}}],"issue":{"id":14,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c","en":"The Struggle on Two Fronts. The Conceptual and Analitical Memorandum"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 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\u0442.\u043a. \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430-\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0443\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \n\n\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \n\n\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u043b, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \"\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\". \u041d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \"\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\", \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Analyzing the current situation in Russia the author comes to conclusion that we are witnessing not a reform, not a revolution but an Experiment, which switches on and unfolds the civilization disaster. The Experiment is a result of the Soviet elite groups' consensus the origin of which is to be sought in the situation in the Soviet elite in the later Stalinist period. This consensus was being planned in bowels of the stagnation period and was launched during the \u00abperestroika\u00bb years. The Experiment\u2019s strategic meaningful potential and its final target is the struggle against the Reason and History. In the course of this struggle \u00abhomo sapiens\u00bb is to be destroyed. The struggle is carried on by virtue of psychosocial terror as well as by virtue of indirect methods, i.e., splitting of the society into pre-historic regressive archaic forms and post-historic social and cultural technologism (post-modernism etc.). As soon as the social mass is split into secondary archaic fragments and political post-modernity is achieved, it is senseless to speak of political struggle against the Experiment since the antagonistic social environment has acquired a diffuse character. The struggle against the alliance (or alloy) of archaism and post-modernity requires a crystallization of proper social material, peculiar forms of activity, and intellectual war on two fronts. This crystallization may rest on contraposition of the Experiment and fundamental value orientations that in Russia and in the world as a whole are connected with concepts of the Soviet heritage. In the present day political environment lack of transparency and ambiguity reign supreme and form the nourishing medium for the \u00abpatriotic opposition\u00bb. However under the new circumstances only \u00absmall social bodies of higher density\u00bb (i.e., masses of intact and sound life able to reproduce anti-regressive samples of life and activities and to transmit them) can counter the archaistic and post-modern regress."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":15,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":92,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 (1815\u20131825)","en":"Alexander I and the Problem of War and Peace in Europe (1815-1825)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \"\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c\", \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441 1815 \u0433. \u043f\u043e 1853 \u0433., \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430\", \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article is focused on the role of Alexander I of Russia in shaping the European order in the aftermath of the Vienna Congress. The author argues that Europe owed a spectacular period of \u00ablong peace\u00bb from 1815 to 1853 largely to Russian emperor`s views on international politics and his dogged persistence in implementing them whatever the adds against him. His idealistic concept of the Holy Alliance, which aroused so much criticism among contemporaries and historians, ultimately proved to be quite effective an instrument of staving off a major conflagration on the continent."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":15,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":93,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430: \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Marked with a Thousand Years Schism: Moscow and Rome on the Threshold of the 21th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0443\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438.","en":"In recent months the public opinion in Russia as well as abroad has been once again drawn to the problem of relations between Vatican and the Russian Orthodox Church or, speaking in broader terms, between Catholics and Russian Orthodox believers. The decision of Vatican to establish four Catholic bishoprics on the territory of Russia in which the Russian Orthodox Church leaders saw an encroachment upon their \u00abcanonic territories\u00bb served as the pretext for deterioration of these relations. The issue has transgressed the limits of purely legal dispute and touched the broad masses of believers as well as the high echelons of politicians. Relying on strong arguments of those people who consider the very notion of \u00abcanonic territories\u00bb as an invalid stationery innovation and considering the accusations of proselytizing aggression on the territory of the Russian Federation that are usually addressed to the Catholic Church as unfounded the author transfers the issue in a broader and deeper historical context. The author focuses her attention on the staring contradiction between the consent the Russian Orthodox Church has granted to the principal ideologic assumption of post-Soviet Russia (i.e., \u00abentering the European alias civilized community\u00bb) and its desire to retain, as a norm of behavior for its flock, the traditional apprehension in regard of Catholicism. However, Catholicism constitutes the historical foundation of the European civilization. Sure, preceding from so contradictory assumptions the Russian Orthodox Church confronts a difficulty in elaboration of a clear and consistent line of behavior. The failure of the Russian Orthodox Church\u2019s attempts to prevent the Pontific\u2019s visits to the East Christian space or at least to the CIS countries is the convincing evidence of this impossibility. Analysis of the process' dynamics leads the author to conclusion that the stubborn attempts of the Russian Orthodox Church to solve the problem of its influence by appealing only to the power intervention of the state and by artificial instigation of its flock\u2019s fear of the Catholic proselytism threat just divert the Russian Orthodox Church from grasping the problem\u2019s essence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":15,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":94,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 1942-\u043c: \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c","en":"1942. The Red Army: from Defeats to Victories"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f 1942 \u0433. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0421\u0428\u0410, 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\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0442.\u0435. \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435.","en":"The author considers events of 1942 in a new light. He believes that the Russian politicians and military commanders who had overestimated the failure of Hitler\u2019s blitzkrieg near Moscow and the USA entry to the war experienced a fit of euphoria and assumed that the Germans could be defeated as soon as in 1942. Sobering came only after the Russian winter offence failed and disasters in the Crimea and under Kharkov opened for Germans the way to Stalingrad and the Caucasus. Heavy fighting\u2019s of summer and autumn of 1942 gradually taught the Russian troops the art of modern war. Powerful military-industrial base established in the east of the country, readiness of the people for self-sacrificing and maximum straining of all their forces allowed to reverse the military fortunes on the fronts in autumn of 1942. The author reveals the inseparable relationship between \u00abUranus\u00bb operation in the south and \u00abMars\u00bb operation in the central Russia, analyzes roles of these operations in the autumn-winter campaign of 1942. According to the author, the failure of \u00abMars\u00bb operation was a single operation\u2019s defeat, which nevertheless allowed win the strategic victory under Stalingrad. Thus the military leadership sacrificed the operational success to the strategic one. Achievement of the radical turning point of the war was finally ensured."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":15,"authors":[{"id":207,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlov Alexander Semyonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, academician of Russian Academy of the Natural Sciences, principal researcher of the Institute of the Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":95,"author_id":207}}],"issue":{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d 11 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439","en":"September 11 phenomenon and the movement towards a nonstationary system of the world ties"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f 11 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2001 \u0433. 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\u0433\u0435\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439 (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u0438, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b","en":"Events of September 11, 2001 cast a brighter light on a new global situation forming the world ties' system. Besides that, these events became the trigger for systemic actions that, if one summarizes what is going on, constitutes the 'new imperialism', i.e., the active policy aimed at the events' outrunning. Thus it is a prototype of the US 'doctrine of preemptive actions'. Simultaneously with the USA rise horizons of development of another global subject, an economic universality of the New North, the product of universal economy subject to commands of high quarters and the process of elites' transnationalization becomes more and more visible. Coincident with that the sphere of what was previously considered as the South expands. Evaluations of the South diverge within a wide range: from \u00abthe source of life\u00bb supporting existence of the aging West to \u00abthe new barbarity\u00bb strangling the civilization. The world North and the world South acquire the global proportions. They exist on the same planet but represent increasingly different worlds that have different historical teleologies. Perhaps, nowadays two strategic scenarios of the development may be traced. One logical trajectory with a rather clear design is the peaceful completion of the geo-economic structure' construction or, to put it in simpler terms, creation of the global issue and fiscal system. However if the planet\u2019s cataloging which has manifested itself proves to be an illusion of a kind (the origins of this illusion are to be sought in mechanistic notions of the Enlightenment) and, consequently, the world stumbles over arising perturbations with increasing frequency the strategy related to execution of preemptive actions in the global policies' sphere and with a dynamic system of processes management will strengthen and assert itself as a new social norm."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":96,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Development of China' strategic forces and the problem of the US foreign policy' adequacy to the situation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u041a\u041d\u0420 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1970 \u0433., \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c (\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b) \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410.","en":"The analysis of data published in the People\u2019s Republic of China demonstrates that after 1970 the US administration, most probably, has grossly underestimated the level of Chinese strategic forces' development as well as problems this development might create for the US if Peking changes its passive foreign policy to an active one. The author sets forth several arguments in favor of an opinion that the US policy in the past three decades was, by and large, precisely what as the Chinese leaders would like it to be. The only exception to this rule was the problem of Taiwan. Thus, the US foreign policy is far from being the best from the US interests' standpoint."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Anisimov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., economist, Head specialist of the Central Institute of the Economic and Mathematical Methods of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":97,"author_id":12}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u043a\u0438? \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 21 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The lethal convulsions or birth labors? Disputes about the end of the historical science at the beginning of the 21st century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a Histories Apodexis \u2013 \"\u0418\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439\", \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0435 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\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 Histories Apodexis, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e","en":"The lethal convulsions or birth labors? Disputes about the end of the historical science at the beginning of the 21st century.\n\nSince Herodotus' times of history is understood as Histories Apodexis, i.e., as \u00abpresentation of events\u00bb either made preferably by a witness or based upon reliable evidence. However its emergence as a science took place rather lately and was determined by two events: formulation of sociological laws and isolation of study of sources as the basis of Histories Apodexis in the 19th century. In the last third of the 20th century the foundations of historical cognizance were shattered by \u00ablinguistic upheaval\u00bb and the \u00abpostmodernist challenge\u00bb. These phenomena caused the crisis of \u00abthe science of history\u00bb. The author deals with manifestations of the crisis (the emerged discretion of the historical knowledge, the \u00ablinguistic turn\u00bb and the \u00abpost-modernist crisis\u00bb) and with other attempts to overcome the crisis practiced today. Of these attempts the author pays the particular attention to critique of postmodernism, emergence of new methodological directions, development of historic hermeneutics as the most perfect of these directions, the contemporary state of historic positivism and reasons for its stability. The author offers his own scenario of historical science development: a schism will occur in the corporation: a part of historians will follow principles of Histories Apodexis and interpret standards of their profession in the positivist spirit while a narrow strata of professional scientists will form gradually. This second group will be able to develop new scientific standards applied to the historical studies and investigations"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":287,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044e\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u0447","en":"Filyushkin Alexander Il'ich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Chair of St.-Petersburg State Politechnical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":98,"author_id":287}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"The Jewish peasantry: myth or realty?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1920 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 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\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0435, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435.","en":"The article is devoted to one of aspects of the Soviet national policy in Ukraine in 1920s, i.e., to the Jewish agricultural colonization and to the problems which aroused between the immigrants-colonists and the local population. By virtue of the Jewish agricultural colonization the Ukrainian leaders tried to attract Jews to agricultural labor, to involve the Jewish population of the Soviet Union in the construction of socialism and, by improving economic conditions of this population to strengthen its own influence. Besides that, the Bolshevists hoped that this policy would ensure support of the USSR on the part of influential Jewish circles of Europe and the USA. However, due to several reasons rooted in the social-economic factor caused ethnic frictions between the local population and immigrants and the rise of anti-Semitic moods and attitudes in the countryside as well as among the urban dwellers. It is noted that where the interethnic relations were organized properly the frictions became weaker and gave way to good neighbors' relations between representatives of various ethnic groups. Though the Jewish agricultural colonization did not solve all tasks set forth by the USSR leadership it played, on the balance, its role in development of interethnic relations in our country"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":99,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u2013 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442?","en":"The Sovereign Order of Malta: the European reality or a historical rudiment?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 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\u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0412\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 100 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443.","en":"The Order of Malta is a state enjoining the status of exterritoriality. Nowadays it is located in Italy. It is over nine centuries old and its history is intertwined with the past and present of Europe and Russia. The Order was founded in Jerusalem and repeatedly changed its locations. In the process it was called either the Order of the knights of Cyprus or Rhodes and, since 1530, it bears the name of the Order of Malta. In fact, it always remained to be the Order of the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. In the 16th and 17th centuries it became a mighty military state which put an end to the Turkish dominance over the Mediterranean. The greatest activity in relations of the Order of Malta and Russia was due to the period of Paul I, the Emperor of Russia, reign. In 1797 Paul I concluded the Convention with the Order and at the request of its leaders became its Protector. When Ferdinand Gompesh, the Grand Master of the Order, after a short resistance surrendered Malta to Napoleon no Catholic ruler of Western Europe did offer a help to the Order. However, it was the Orthodox Russian emperor who gave the help. In the subsequent 200 years history of the Order there were periods when its activity was suspended, periods of collaboration with governments of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Several times the Order experienced interference of Vatican, its powerful patron. More than once the problem of sovereignty emerged in the most acute forms. During the past 100 years the Order is engaged in charity and humanitarian activities and tries its best to return to Malta."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zakharov Vladimir Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"senior specialist of the Institute for European Studies of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":100,"author_id":85}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Grigori Aleksinski's star hour"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0413.\u0410.\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"G. Aleksinski\u2019s life seen against the background of events Aleksinski was involved in allows a better understanding of peculiarities of Bolshevism as a phenomenon not just political but also social and cultural, genetically connected to the popular conscience\u2019s peculiar mental features and to perception of the world by the intelligentsia in Russia. Aleksinski, the flamboyant denouncer of the Bolshevists who had been a supporter of Lenin earlier, was an odious figure among the post-October emigrants and retained a reputation of a Bolshevist of a kind. Those who described Aleksinski in this way meant not his views (these were not distinguished by their stability) but a specific style of behavior, psychological sketch of his personality. Aleksinski, the perpetual denouncer remained a lone politician even in his star hour, when the sensational declaration on the Bolshevist leaders' ties with Germany was published.\n\nIn the revolutionary conditions the patriotic moods the initiators of the action and Aleksinski aimed at did not display any stability and did not prevent Bolshevists from coming to power. However one of the advantages the Bolshevists had in comparison to their competitors was precisely the open rupture with the tradition of moral restraints in politics. What was at that time estimated as the moral deficiency at the individual level was converted in the instrument of the revolutionary mobilization of the people and of power retaining"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":16,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":101,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435","en":"Central Asia. Politically Correct Doctrines and Real Trends in Macro-regional and Global Processes"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 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\u0442\u0443\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The article deals with the current situation and issues of policies restructuring in Central Asia and Central Asian region in result of the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan. The macro-region as a whole in different measures supports the struggle against terrorism but within this struggle\u2019s framework the USA infiltrates the region and starts playing military-political and economic game of its own there. At the same time China is being pushed off the region while Russia is being squeezed out of it. Raw materials resources and transportation infrastructure are being placed under control. The USA supports and enhances opposition\u2019s attacks against the authorities in all countries while number of schism axes is increasing drastically and elites and populations are drifting away from each other. The political space as a whole is getting to be increasingly chaotic and the social structure is getting to be increasingly fragmented. All that brings about build-up of instability. The authors demonstrate that in Afghanistan nothing has changed but enhancement of instability and\u2026 growth of narcotic drugs output. That situation is one more evidence that the world starts building differently: the controlled instability is being created at the periphery and this instability promotes the stagnation. The new \u00abgrand game\u00bb is the arms race and at the same time the scramble for conquest of narcotic drugs producing territories is unfolding. \u00abClashes\u00bb among potential lords of the world bring about construction of periphery of the peculiar archaic type. The contemporary situation is characterized by the fact that ideology as a form of the classic conscience and the classic modern is replaced with magic craft which is specific to the archaic epoch and post-modern. Synthesis of these two epochs is really abominable. To resist those who impose archaic forms of life and thought it is necessary to mobilize all healthy social forces for fight against indigenization of the society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":17,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":102,"author_id":39}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":102,"author_id":143}},{"id":221,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Podkopaeva Mariya Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u00bb","en":"the head of the joint analitical department, the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":102,"author_id":221}}],"issue":{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Development of China' strategic forces and the problem of the US foreign policy' adequacy to the situation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u041a\u041d\u0420 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1970 \u0433., \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c (\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b) \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410.","en":"The analysis of data published in the People\u2019s Republic of China demonstrates that after 1970 the US administration, most probably, has grossly underestimated the level of Chinese strategic forces' development as well as problems this development might create for the US if Peking changes its passive foreign policy to an active one. The author sets forth several arguments in favor of an opinion that the US policy in the past three decades was, by and large, precisely what as the Chinese leaders would like it to be. The only exception to this rule was the problem of Taiwan. Thus, the US foreign policy is far from being the best from the US interests' standpoint."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":17,"authors":[{"id":12,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Anisimov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., economist, Head specialist of the Central Institute of the Economic and Mathematical Methods of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":103,"author_id":12}}],"issue":{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e\u00bb","en":"The Origins of the First American Crusade for a \u00abFree Russia\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1885 \u0438 1905 \u0433. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430 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\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \"\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\" \u0438\u043b\u0438 \"\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\" \u0421\u0428\u0410.","en":"Between 1885 and 1905 the traditional American view of Russia as a friendly Christian empire gave way to a missionary crusade to reform the backward autocracy and emancipate the oppressed Russian people. This historic shift in American attitudes did not arise solely from increasing realism about tsarist repression or anger at Russian expansion in the Far East, as previous studies asserted. To fully understand the fundamental reorientation, historians must also examine how Americans came to channel their evangelical fervor toward Russia and how they reconsidered the racial status of the Russian people. In that light, the crusade for a \u00abfree Russia\u00bb can be understood as part of the global extension of an American civilizing mission, which had the gratifying effect of reinforcing confidence in the special virtues of the United States. Thus, we can see in the 1885\u22121905 period the early origins of both a century-long drive to remake Russia and a long-term tendency to treat Russia as a \u00abdark double\u00bb or \u00abimaginary twin\u00bb of the U.S."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":17,"authors":[{"id":289,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0433 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434","en":"Foglesong David S."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0442\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Associate Professor, Department of History, Rutgers University, USA"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":104,"author_id":289}}],"issue":{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (1725\u20131762 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"The Peter I Foreign Policy Legacy and Its Inheritors (1725-1762)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e 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\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u0434\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432: \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f.","en":"Peter the Great\u2019s death left Russia with no rulers to match him. Nonetheless, his successors proved to be smart enough to realize the necessity of keeping Russia allied with great European powers. This helped secure the means to pursue St. Petersburg\u2019s basic international goals. A young player in the world game of power politics, Russia still managed to adroitly capitalize on Franco-Austrian rivalry on the continent, and Franco-British antagonisms outside Europe. Consequently, she succeeded not only in preserving the Peter\u2019s legacy, but also in setting the stage for herself to become one of the major architects of the new international order which comprised the fundamental components destined to survive through most of the XIX-th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":17,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":105,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"On Issue of Internal Tensions and Contradictions within Eurasianism in 1920s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b","en":"The original Eurasianism was driven by the pathetic protest against the petty political games of the Russian emigrants. The Eurasians thought that salvation of Russia lied not in new political upheavals but in preservation and multiplication of its spiritual and creative potential. However the Eurasians were seduced by their prompt successes and the prospect of influencing processes inside Russia and soon passed to concoction of immature historiosophic and politological concepts that were intended for broad presentation and not void of propaganda and blatant demagogic content. G. V. Flotrovski\u2019s letters that are published here constitute the evidence of how painful this departure from original tasks proved to be for Eurasianism itself and how this reaction brought about, in the final resort, schism and degradation of Eurasianism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":17,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":106,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0426\u0412\u0415\u0422\u042b \u0417\u041b\u0410\u00bb","en":"\u00abFlowers of Evil\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b, \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 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\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \n\n\u0426\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0445. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e \u2013 \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418 \u0432\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e: \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The terrorist act in the theater center demonstrated that there are major elite forces in Russia that are ready to allow the country to disintegrate by playing \u00abChechen card\u00bb and with the aim to change the power. Allegations that the bourgeois revolution has occurred in Russia are absolutely unsubstantiated. In fact, in result of \u00abprivatization of the basis by way of sawing the superstructure up to pieces\u00bb the Russian elite has launched processes of political and economic feudalization and social archaization of the country. The secondary feudalism does need a strong state center. Feudalism requires gradual imposition of confederation arrangement of the state.\n\nThe real resource is in hands of quasi-dominant parasite class. This class exhausts the country and does not create stable productive systems. Under such circumstances a person who is willing to get something different has to solve the problem of resources (including pecuniary resource) required for a struggle for his\/her alternative project. Money may appear around some project synthesis or a tactical coincidence of interests on the basis of realization of one\u2019s own project (if so, we may call such person an independent agent and speak of politics). However the resources may arise on the basis of integration into an alien project (if it is the case we can speak of a footman and betrayal). Berezovski has a project, this is why he is an independent agent. Prokhanov takes money from Berezovski for realization of Berezovski\u2019s confederation project.\n\nThe integrity of Russia is suspended on very thin threads. The main miracle is the steady resistance of the peoples of Northern Caucasus who do not yield to provocation of Chechens. It is very easy to blast the situation by connecting quasi-liberal and quasi-patriotic provocative deeds with errors of the power."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":107,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435","en":"Historical Peculiarities of Russia's Geopolitical Positions Assertion in Northern Caucasus"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437. 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\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b.","en":"The article deals with the formation of Russia as the political and ethnic national power through its territorial expansion to Northern Caucasus. The author emphasizes that, unlike other empires (for example, Great Britain), Russia\u2019s principal aim was not to obtain material and political advantages but to familiarize indigenous peoples with and absorb them into the civil co-existence with other subjects. At the same time the author notes that the very process of establishment Russia-Caucasus unity generated contradictory tendencies. On one hand, one should not forget about existence of intra-regional contradictions among highlanders. These contradictions made a considerable part of the local population to seek solidarity with Russia. On the other hand, peculiarities of psychological profile of highland peoples are such that they do not accept the state violence and enforcement. Thus, Russia succeeded to win not so much due to its military superiority but due to its spiritual, moral authority. Joining the empire was not connected with suppression. On the contrary, indigenous peoples retained their customs and a chance of free development. Moreover, these benefits sometimes brought economic advantages in comparison to the conditions of the Russians who formed the majority of the empire\u2019s population. The author emphasizes that Russia has always been and remains to be not just political ethnic national state. Russia possesses the spiritual and moral potential due to which it saved small peoples from the threat of complete extermination."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":172,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Matveev Vladimir Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"lecturer, chair of the russian modern history, Rostov State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":108,"author_id":172}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0435: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b","en":"Evolution of Inter-communal Relations in Cyprus: the Main Stages"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432- \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a-\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0435 \u0441 1571 \u0433. 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\u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0421 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c \u041e\u041e\u041d \u041a.\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c 11 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2002 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c","en":"This paper presents a concise retrospective analysis of the basic aspects of the Greek-Turkish relations in Cyprus in their evolution, since 1571 (advent and establishment of the Turks in Cyprus) until nowadays, and tries to explore the roots and reasons of the Cyprus problem, as well as possible solutions to it. The article mainly examines the inter-communal level of the Cyprus issue, limiting itself, where necessary, to short remarks on the outside actors' involvement into the situation in Cyprus \u2014 that of Greece, Turkey, Great Britain, European Union, United Nations etc. Key-points of intra-Cyprus relations singled out, the author concludes that the inter-communal interaction was harmonious till the very second quarter of the XX century, and the clash was neither inevitable nor predestined. The unbridled development and maturing of national self-consciousness resulted in sliding down into the conflict, thus preventing the formation of a Cypriot \u2014 single and common, \u00absupra-communal\u00bb \u2014 identity. The British system of administration (1878\u22121960) stimulated and accelerated this process but was not its origin. The armed inter-communal clash could have been avoided and was triggered by egoistical policies of the two communities, as well as by strategies of the outside powers \u2014 Great Britain, Greece, Turkey and the USA. Taking into consideration the fact that the Cyprus conflict is relatively \u00abyoung\u00bb and emotionally sharp, the author lays out the principal points of the plan submitted by the UN Secretary-General K. Annan on the 11th of November, 2002, and reflects upon its prospects as well as on general strategies to follow in order to find a solution to the Cyprus problem."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0445\u0438\u043d \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bredikhin Oleg Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424.","en":"attach\u00e9 of Embassy of Russian Federation in Greece, post-graduate of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":109,"author_id":33}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 XVI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Perception of History in the Russian Description of History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 XVI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0410\u0437\u0431\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0410.\u041c.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"An inquiry deals with definitions of historical work in the Russian history-writing of the XVI century. Basing upon such examples as annals, ABC-books and works of Prince Andrey Kurbsky, the author shows that at that time \u00abhistory\u00bb implied the specific type of narration distinct from other historic genres and akin to such fictional genre short story. Especially important influence on incipience of history-writing in Russia brought to bear eschatological anticipations and wide-spread practice of reading of portents. These two facts predetermined sophistication of the prescriptions on interpretation of events and composition of historical texts."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0415\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Jerusalimski Konstantin Yurievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior teacher, chair of the history and theory of culture, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":110,"author_id":79}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430","en":"The Social Portrait of the Russian Governor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.","en":"In works of Russian writers of the 19th century the governor was the most typical representative of the top Russian bureaucracy world. Literary sources reflected differences in various estates and social groups' attitudes to the governor and the exaggerated hopes that the public opinion too often conferred upon the chief of gubernia. At the same time, as one may see in literary works the governor\u2019s own broad notions of his mission were combined with the aspiration to be not so much the \u00abmaster\u00bb and the chief of gubernia but rather the intermediary and arbitrator as well as the center of the local good society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Isupov Pavel Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Moscow Humanities and Social Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":111,"author_id":101}},{"id":244,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sekirinski Sergey Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"D.Sci., Professor, the Head of department of \u00abThe Russian History\u00bb journal"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":111,"author_id":244}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442;\u2026\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435\u00bb","en":"\u00abLetters are the Historical Documents; \u2026They are to be Published as Works of Independent Value\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"Overcoming of established stereotypes and notions related to evaluation of the past events is a very complicated undertaking. It requires the same sensitivity and creative effort as the work of restoration master. Only by removing all attempts to the past smooth and depositions in characterization of actual and chronological sequence of events and their actors one may escape that impersonal \u00abresultant\u00bb against which Boris Nikolaevski, one of the leading investigators of the Russian political history, protested so vigorously."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":112,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:39.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438","en":"A.P.Bogolyubov and the Cause of his Life"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0438\u043c. \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0410.\u041f.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b.","en":"It is the publication of the letter on establishment of Radischev fine arts museum in Saratov and its founder, the professor of painting and a grandson to Radischev A.P.Bogolyubov whose energy, initiative and funds were the actual foundation of this artistic institution which turned out to be the first free access provincial museum and the school of drawing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":18,"authors":[{"id":166,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0436\u043e\u0441 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Manzshos Natalia Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u041f.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430.","en":"the teacher of the Saratov A.P.Bogolubov Artistic School"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":113,"author_id":166}}],"issue":{"id":18,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2002,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u043e","en":"Year and Godo"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f. \u0418 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c 2002 \u0433., \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.\n\n\u041d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u2013 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0436\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \"\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c. \u0423\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0432) \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \"\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\". \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0442.\u0435. \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The present day Russian reality does not create a genuine series of events. What we are experiencing is waiting for what has already happened. And from this point of view the collapse of the USSR and of Communism should be considered to be the main event of 2002 as well as preceding ones. People in the West argue that Communism and Fascism are the first principal foes of the humankind now defeated by liberalism. This blatant lie was irrefutably and definitely rejected by such authorities as Churchill and Roosevelt who were absolutely sure that Fascism was defeated precisely by Communism already has bad repercussions for its authors. Having put the end to Communism (not by winning but by corrupting it) and made Communism equal to Fascism the Western civilization has lost its last chance, the ideological and mobilization resource necessary for struggle of the progressive humanism with the encroaching obscurantism. As regards Russia it has experienced the social hybridization, i. e., intertwining of the worst characteristics of the Soviet socialism with the worst characteristics of the criminal \u00abpresumable\u00bb, \u00abas if\u00bb capitalism. A terrible process has been launched. This process is capable to transform the Russian statehood into nothing. On the eve of the imminent conflicts of civilizations the greater part of the Russia media works for corruption of the army, the people, the society, the elite. It is to say that media works for the death and destruction of the country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":114,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b","en":"Global Transformation and the Russian Node"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \n\n\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e; 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Crisis of this type is one of the most dangerous for a social organism. This crisis finds its expressions in transitory nature of the suggested receipts of development, fragility of the social contract between the power and the governed, instability of the state\u2019s position in the international community, and, finally, in lack of the elite \u00abnational corporation\u00bb which unites carriers of these meanings. The author considers preconditions for creation of the Russian system of strategic analysis and planning, describes modern systems and methods of forecasting, social and cultural foundations of the contemporary global situation. The author also expounds some considerations related to the current difficult external and internal situation of Russia as well as to Russia\u2019s prospects for development. A great attention is devoted to phenomenon of the transnational elite\u2019s new class (\u00abthe fourth estate\u00bb) which is genetically connected with intellectual production and, in particular, with formation of information and communication sphere. The strategic alliance of this social group with the mobile segment of the \u00abthird estate\u00bb predetermined the prevailing trends' character that, in their turn, are connected with formation of the geo-economic universe and making of the preventive global security system."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":115,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439 (1815\u20131853 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"\u00abThe Long Peace\u00bb in Europe: Monarchs' Alliance against Revolutions (1815\u22121853)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441 1815 \u043f\u043e 1853 \u0433. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443 I \u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044e I, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1815 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article analyses both the objective and subjective factors accountable for \u00abthe long peace\u00bb in Europe from 1815 to 1853. Most important among them was not only the Vienna Settlement per se but also the ability of the Great Powers' rules to implement it. As author contends, the leading role in maintenance of European stability which was threatened by the social revolution and the Eastern question belonged, in the long run, to \u00abRussian policemen\u00bb Alexander I and Nicholas I since it was Russia that obtained in the aftermath of the 1815 the best position, in terms of power politics, to curb extremely destructive developments on the international arena."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":116,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438","en":"The Condition of Population in the Central Asian Countries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435 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\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c.","en":"The article deals with two principal problems: the first problem is dynamics of population growth and changes of ethnic-national structure of Central Asian countries and the second problem is the population\u2019s general standards and conditions of living. Proceeding from massive statistical data including those provided by general censuses the author discovers the picture of drastic decrease of numbers and specific weight of the Slavic (European) population and increase of the so-called title (i. e., indigenous) population. Study of birth rates and fertility allows making a conclusion that all Central Asian countries will experience a further decrease of population growth in the nearest future. The real wages of workers and employees shrank two-fourfold during the deep economic crisis (in Tajikistan the decrease was even more pronounced). Thus now real wages and salaries do not exceed several dozens of dollars. It should be noted that in the course of the whole period of restoration, i. e., in the second half of 1990s real wages still remained to be 20\u221240% less (in Tajikistan they were two thirds less) than the pre-crisis maximum levels. Results of households' consumption studies and studies of retail trade turnover\u2019s movements are presented. In general these results are similar to changes of real wages. The author considers dwelling conditions and the main components of the social infrastructure, the public health and education. Conditions of these components in general reflected dynamics of other standards of living though manifested a greater margin of safety. However the quality of education and medical care obviously deteriorated."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":117,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"After Science: on Techniques of Humanitarian Ideologies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043d\u0430 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\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441), \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \"\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\", \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0435.","en":"The article deals with techniques and fundamental philosophical assumptions of the contemporary studies of literature and cultural-historical concepts. Claiming the solution of the humanitarian knowledge\u2019s principal issues representatives of subjectivist directions make ideological arguments their main weapon and thereby overcome, in their own fashion, positivist assumptions. However the humanitarian knowledge oriented towards ideology inadvertently turns out to be an ally of the post-modernist epistemology. Scholar\u2019s \u00abegoism\u00bb and consumerists super-tasks set against the collective experience of science are conquering the unoccupied intellectual space. And now personal opinion or personal faith of a scientist, freedom of his\/her conscience means by far more than the source-aware conscience\u2019s reality. Two polar approaches to the history of culture, the conservative and liberal-atheistic approaches are compared to each other. In both cases representatives of the respective concepts refer to their own positions as to an important fact of science and a theoretical model. Strangely enough, polarities complement each other: studies of literature that make the absolute of the immutable and studies of culture that assume the making without the subject of the process generate equally destructive and disorganizing effect on the modern humanitarian science. These extremities need not so much reconciliation as a dialectical and creative overcoming, a renewing synthesis."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":118,"author_id":109}},{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":118,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"Paradoxes of the Russian Conservatism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 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\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0435. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"As the Presidential election are approaching the more vigorously various political forces appeal to the conservative values and traditions. Doing that every political force invests the content advantageous to impart into the concept of conservatism. In every specific moment and in every specific country this concept acquires a new meaning. There are no \u00abpure\u00bb or \u00abimpure\u00bb conservatives for the very criteria of conservatism are different and a former revolutionary and an subversive may, upon coming to power, turn into an guard and adherent of a strong state. The Russian conservatism is unlike its European and American parallels. It is paradoxical and unique. It is imbued with the national traditions but it tried and still tries, though timidly, to provide answers to challenges of the time. Though, at the first glance, the contemporary political situation seems to be stable in fact it is fraught with unpredictable developments. In this respect the present day situation is very similar to the \u00abconservative stabilization\u00bb Russia experienced during Alexander III reign. That conservative stabilization carried in itself three revolutions that overthrew the dynasty. That is why the most pure conservatism (i.e., the unsophisticated preservation of the status quo) has no chance in Russia. The same is true in respect of conservatism calling for return into the \u00abbright yesterday\u00bb. The current fashion for conservatism, on one hand, has already provoked discussions among historians, sociologists and political scientists (and the fact is positive in itself) but, on the other hand, it made a mess of the very notion of conservatism. All these developments make us to ponder about correlation between the historical experience of use of the conservative ideology in Russia and problems of the contemporary conservatism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":19,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":119,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f","en":"The Garden of Ramifying Tracks"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b? \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c 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\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0438\u043b. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u2013 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0444\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \n\n\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0425\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0438\u043d \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435. \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u044b\u0440\u044b, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442.","en":"Where the main meaning of the American-Iraqi war lies? Neither the level of military threats, nor oil consequences or anti-Americanism proves to be the fundamental result and effect of the war but the fact that now it is impossible to get into the \u00abhouse\u00bb we sought to get into so passionately (i.e., into the so called Western community). Actually a war between the USA and Europe is ripening. At the present time there are three feasible centers of power in the world: China, Europe (provided it will succeed in unification) and Islam (provided it will succeed in unification). Russia is no longer the superpower and a center of power. Disintegration of the USSR brought about collapse of the world order and destruction of Communism, alternative Western project the carrier of which the USSR was. Destruction of Communism turned out to be the triumph of anti-Western forces that now are free to work, under the banner of globalism, at destruction of liberalism as well as the USA. Globalism eliminates national sovereignties and will become the grave-digger of the European culture. The master of globalization is the grand political post-modern which implies, at first, the power of concealed obscurantism and then a new type of civilization, i.e. anti-civilization. Perhaps, Islam will gain from globalization while Russia will crumble away in it. Russia has either form an alliance with Islam and challenge to the West or to fight against Islam and look for allies in the West. The war in Iraq is a way, though inadequate to plug in holes through which the East penetrates the West. The Western projects needs alternatives aimed at the future. Otherwise the world will either burn in a nuclear war or decay."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":120,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\" \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1815\u20131853 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"\u00abThe Long Peace\u00bb in Europe: Monarchs' Alliance against Revolutions (1815\u22121853) (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439) \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 1833 \u0433. \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 30-\u0445 \u0438 40-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e \"\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445\" \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1850-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0440. \u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432.","en":"As a sequel to the previous part of the article this one covers a period from 1833 to the eve of the Crimean war. Unlike many historians, the author treats the international developments of the time as a non-lineal and disparate process. He holds that there was nothing fatal for the cause of European peace in the chain of events that happened in the 1830's and 1840's. Both Eastern crises and continental revolutions failed to provoke a general war, whereas a relatively minor dispute over \u00abholy places\u00bb in early 1850's unexpectedly erupted in a European conflagration. In the author\u2019s view, this outcome deserves to be called a historical enigma rather than a logical result of proceeding circumstances."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":121,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 XIX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438","en":"Metamorphoses and Destinies of Some National Ideas in the 19th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 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\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 1813\u20131814 \u0433\u0433. \u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a: \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u00bb. \u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \n\n\u0418\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432 XIX \u0432. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e XIX \u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"There is some common element in metamorphoses and destinies of the major states' national ideas in the 19th century. The German national idea as a concept of the national unification by the state emerged in 1813\u22121814, the years of liberation wars against Napoleon. Though this idea was developing in parallel with development of liberalism and the national unity was comprehended as the sine qua non of freedom, the epoch of occupation of the German lands by Napoleon imposed its impress on the idea: the \u00abimage of enemy\u00bb was implied in it from the very beginning. As the time passed the idea acquired the form of the imperial chauvinism. Distorted to the unrecognizable condition in the years of Hitler\u2019s dictatorship the German national idea became an integral part of ideology that was aimed at the world domination and mass destruction. In the 19th Russia and Russians already did not confront the problem of struggle for independence and national unity. However the quest for the Russian national identity comprised an important part of ideological searches in the course of the whole 19th century. However if in the first half of the 19th century the Slavophiles and the Westerners focused their discussions predominantly on the distinctive nature and originality of the Russian culture the understanding of the national identity changed considerably by the end of the century. Nationalistic ideas acquired peculiar development, and Valdimir Solov\u2019ev, the religious philosopher and poet, stepped forward with criticism of these ideas. Solov\u2019ev argued that the genuine distinctive nature of Russia could not be attained by way of estrangement and isolation from the West. Solov\u2019ev insisted on the necessity of permeation with principles of all-human Christian culture and a critical attitude to one\u2019s own social reality. Only then it would be possible to take an active and independent part in the universal run of history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":205,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Obolenskaya Svetlana Valerianovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, head specialist of the Institute of World History RAS, explorer of the German and Russian history"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":122,"author_id":205}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":123,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ten American Myths about Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439: \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f; \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b; \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a \u044d\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0421 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b.","en":"American views of post-Soviet Russia have swung from one extreme to another over the last decade: from enthusiasm about an overnight transformation to pessimism about an unchangeable country; from libera democratic universalism to stigmatization of a unique, non-Western culture; from optimism about international cooperation to demonization of Russian opposition to U.S. policies and then back to near-euphoria about an alliance against terrorism. To move beyond such pendular swings and stabilize American-Russian relations, Americans need to abandon teleological assumptions about Russia\u2019s future and Russia should avoid steps that reinforce negative American stereotypes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":289,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0433 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434","en":"Foglesong David S."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0442\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Associate Professor, Department of History, Rutgers University, USA"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":123,"author_id":289}},{"id":293,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u043d \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u043d","en":"Hahn Gordon"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0413\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":123,"author_id":293}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Two Worlds \u2013 Two Budgets"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0443\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u2013 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443). \u041d\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb (\u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b - \u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0448\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430), \u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb. \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.","en":"The economic science which came instead of \u00abpolitical economy of the developed socialism\u00bb proved to be not much closer to the real life of Russians working in plant shops, institutions, in hospitals and polyclinics (where people have to pay for so-called \u00abinsurance health service\u00bb once again putting their money in pockets of doctors, nurses and hospital\u2019s door-keepers). However economists prefer \u00abofficial data\u00bb (that confirm that all candidates running for mandates at elections are destitute people), average indicators and abstractions like \u00abmarket reforms\u00bb to the harsh reality. Consequently, the everyday economics develops along its own lines while the science develops along it own lines. This science is incapable to give answers to the simple questions the life raises before an individual. The crux of the matter is that in the real life economics is inseparable from politics, i.e., from voluntary decisions made by bodies of power in interests of certain persons, organizations and social groups. The authors demonstrate that poverty of the Russian education system is result not of some abstract \u00abinsufficient financing\u00bb or \u00abbudget deficit\u00bb but of the conscious, deliberate policy aimed at support of some social groups at the expense of other' less privileged ones (for example, teachers)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":124,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439","en":"How the Russian Social Democrats Celebrated the 25th Anniversary of Their Party"},"desc":{"ru":"80 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.","en":"When the Russian Social Democrats celebrated their first 25th anniversary 80 years ago they made the first step along the path of making myths of not only their own history but the whole Russian history of the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. As they took definite shapes both radical wings of the party, Bolshevists and Mensheviks, that in the old days stood at the origins of the single Russian Social Democratic Party tried, first of all, to purge centrists and rightists from their ranks. Having accused each other in betrayal of the working class and the world revolution\u2019s interests both wings tried to credit to themselves the exceptional role in the struggle for the socialist future of Russia. However none of them succeeded in this undertaking: neither the RCP (b) though at the moment it was the ruling party which controlled the state propaganda and punitive structures, nor the RSDWP which went underground and continued its struggle not only against extremities of Bolshevism but also against apostasy in its own ranks. Thereby the RSDWP finally denied and rejected the chance to unite all those currents in the Russian Social Democracy that stepped forward for realization of broadly understood democratic transformations in Russia that, as they thought, would be possible after overthrow of the Bolshevist dictatorship. In a word, the silver jubilee of the Russian Social Democracy failed. It demonstrated that only an objective approach to understanding of the party\u2019s history as well as of history of the country had not claim the decisive role for one group at the expense of all other groups and would not re-write its own inconvenient pages to please notions that temporarily gained the dominance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":125,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":126,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439","en":"After Impires"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 XXI \u0432. \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0443\u0445\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.? 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\u0412\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Where the main meaning of the American-Iraqi war lies? Neither the level of military threats, nor oil consequences or anti-Americanism proves to be the fundamental result and effect of the war but the fact that now it is impossible to get into the \u00abhouse\u00bb we sought to get into so passionately (i.e., into the so called Western community). Actually a war between the USA and Europe is ripening. At the present time there are three feasible centers of power in the world: China, Europe (provided it will succeed in unification) and Islam (provided it will succeed in unification). Russia is no longer the superpower and a center of power. Disintegration of the USSR brought about collapse of the world order and destruction of Communism, alternative Western project the carrier of which the USSR was. Destruction of Communism turned out to be the triumph of anti-Western forces that now are free to work, under the banner of globalism, at destruction of liberalism as well as the USA. Globalism eliminates national sovereignties and will become the grave-digger of the European culture. The master of globalization is the grand political post-modern which implies, at first, the power of concealed obscurantism and then a new type of civilization, i.e. anti-civilization. Perhaps, Islam will gain from globalization while Russia will crumble away in it. Russia has either form an alliance with Islam and challenge to the West or to fight against Islam and look for allies in the West. The war in Iraq is a way, though inadequate to plug in holes through which the East penetrates the West. The Western projects needs alternatives aimed at the future. Otherwise the world will either burn in a nuclear war or decay."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":20,"authors":[{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davidson Apollon Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D. Sci., historian, the head of the Center of African Studies, the Institute of the World History, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Asian and African Countries, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":126,"author_id":66}}],"issue":{"id":20,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":127,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b","en":"Unravelling Overlapping Nationalisms"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"In the post-Cold War era, Ukraine is struggling with more than political independence, but with her very identity. However, the ingredients in her identity derive from traditions that are incommensurable: westernism and Slavophilism. On the other hand, political independence for Ukraine is largely a formality, since she will become dependent upon either Russia or the European Union and NATO in significant economic and military respects. This paper argues, in part, that Ukraine should use its connections with the West to act as a bridge between western and eastern ways of life within a Slavic and Orthodox federation dedicated to a unity of peoples, but not a unity equated with absorption. The alternative is economic exploitation from western powers at the expense of her Orthodox and Slavic culture."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":177,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044d\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0420\u0430\u0444\u0430\u044d\u043b \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043d","en":"M.Raphael Johnson"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c. \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00abThe Barnes Review\u00bb, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in political science, the Associate Editor of \u00abThe Barnes Review\u00bb, vice-chairman of the Foundation for Economical Liberty. Washington, USA"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":127,"author_id":177}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ukraine, Russia and Slavism (Discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430.","en":"The author expresses his doubts about ability of Ukraine to enjoy the genuine, not a fictitious independence. Formation of the Ukrainian nation and \u00abUkraine\u00bb as a national organism has been carried out in opposition to everything Russian. Due to that the Ukrainian ideology from its very inception and onwards has the anti-Russian character. Combination of this peculiarity, predominance of bourgeois relationships, lack of economic prerequisites for independence as well as the fact that at the present time Russia is not a power pole on its own and is looking for ways to incorporate itself into the Western world which has its own system of values leaves no alternative way to Ukraine and pushes it into the West\u2019s orbit."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":128,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ukraine, Russia and Slavism (Discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0413\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441. \u041d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XX \u0432, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1991 \u0433. \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438: \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f? \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0415\u0421 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b.","en":"Ukraine occupies a peculiar position on the very frontier between Europe and Russia. Geopolitical position of Ukraine has determined its historical development and is the most important factor defining the current course of the Ukrainian foreign policy. Ukraine which was not an independent state until the end of the 20th century used to be the arena of geopolitical struggle among Russia and European powers: Poland, Austria and Germany. As the independence was declared in 1991 Ukraine confronted with a necessity to choose its path: whether it would run for Europe or for Russia? This dilemma is still unresolved completely even now. The author tries to demonstrate that the choice in favor of integration with Russia fits the national interests of Ukraine while the choice in favor of the EU, on the contrary, would be pernicious for the state sovereignty and the national identity of Ukraine."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bondarenko Dmitriy Jakovlevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442)","en":"Ph. D. in history, assistant Professor, the Chair of Russian history and law, the Moscow Institute of a radio engineering, electronics, automatics (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":129,"author_id":30}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ukraine, Russia and Slavism (Discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u00ab\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e.","en":"At the present moment Ukraine happened to stand on the very \u00abfault line of civilizations\u00bb between the East and the West, Europe and Russia. Not just economic weakness of Russia but also lack of any universal cultural and civilization idea on the part of Russia may in the nearest future become one of the main factors prompting Ukraine and other European states of the post-Soviet space to aim at the European Union. Under these circumstances Ukraine would experience great difficulties in its attempts to vindicate its \u00abpeculiar identity\u00bb and national and cultural distinctiveness."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Vassiliev Alexander Viacheslavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of Chair Department of European and American Studies of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":130,"author_id":41}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ukraine, Russia and Slavism (Discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0418 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438.","en":"Ukraine\u2019s choice ought not to be posed as one between a soulless West and spiritual East. An idealized Slavic Orthodox culture, in particular, exists today neither in Russia or Ukraine, and it is still harder to find in the tsarist past. Rather, Ukraine ought to reconstruct its own democratic, independent modern culture based on its traditions of Cossack autonomy, Magdeburg Law, opposition to autocratic centralism, even its autocephalous Orthodox Church history and Christian and populist social ethics. The success of Ukraine and its survival will also make success for Russia\u2019s transformation from despotic empire to democratic nation-state."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":167,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0425\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d","en":"Mark von Hagen"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 Ab Imperio \u0438 Kritika, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e-\u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0425\u044c\u044e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0441 \u0423\u043e\u0442\u0447\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"Ph.D. in history and humanities, teaches history of Russia, Ukraine and Eurasia at Columbia University, serves on editorial boards of \u00abAb Imperio\u00bb and \u00abKritika\u00bb, President of International Association of Ukrainian Studies, a member of the Council of Foreign Relations, the Europe-Asia Steering Committee of Human Rights Watch. New York, USA"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":131,"author_id":167}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ukraine, Russia and Slavism (Discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c? \u0427\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435? \u0423\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c? \u041d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443? \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0442.\u043a. \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433.","en":"National identification happens to become a problem in the period of encroaching globalization. How can one speak of construction of proper Ukrainian civilization when the very notion of civilization is questioned? What can this hypothetical national state be and what it has to do in such new world? Should it increase \u00abmulti-vector\u00bb policy or should it become a sort of a bridge between the West and East? But is Ukraine ready to withstand durability tests that are applied to any bridge? The author thinks that Ukraine is definitely not ready for such trials. Strength of Russian as well as of Ukraine is connected with the creative power of cultivated political and cultural synthesis. However this is also the weakness for either common ideal or the common enemy may ensure a tight unification of such society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":132,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438","en":"Study of culture\u2019s sources in the context of the historical science development"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e 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\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \n\n\u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434.","en":"The article deals with the study of culture sources which is a new and logically necessary trend in the present day historical science. The author defines boundaries of the method which has been substantiated recently (A.V.Karavashkin, A.L.Yurganov. Essay in historical phenomenology: Difficult path to the evident truth. Moscow, 2003). Principles of study of culture\u2019s sources are compared with methodological propositions and assumptions of the French \u00abAnnales\u00bb school of historical studies and of the Russian positivism. The author argues that none of these schools could surmount the deficiencies of the modern hermeneutics. The modern hermeneutics has been focused on the problem of the unconsciousness, it has investigated the collective psychology but it has been indifferent to understanding of sources. An author\u2019s presence in the text, the reality of an author\u2019s consciousness and experience of direct statements become the matter of study of culture\u2019s sources. For the first time investigation of the evident consciousness, immediate reflection of the subjects of historical process are acquiring their peculiar method."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":133,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The century of choice: the Russian state ideology of the 17th century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439. \n\n\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u00bb. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The author deals with problems of the state ideology development in the 17th century, the last century of the Muscovite Tsardom\u2019s existence. A succession of violent events started with the Troubled times, presented a series of complicated issues to the state and the people. Decisions of these issues had to determine the further course of Russia\u2019s historical development. Like many other powers the Russian kingdom had to reconsider and reappraise the system of relationships between the Tsar and the people and to make a definite decision on the desirable character of the authority, whether it should have been an elective or hereditary one, limited or absolute. Relationships of the State and the Church acquired a peculiar acuteness. Later on these problems transformed into \u00abMoscow is the Third Rome\u00bb and \u00abMoscow is the New Jerusalem\u00bb theories. The problem of attitude toward possibility of reformation and innovations was one of the crucial issues the Russian society confronted with. Uneasy, fraught and connected with the social upheavals and conflicts solution of all these issues made the 17th century \u00abthe century of choice\u00bb in the Russian history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":152,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Liseytsev Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in history, researcher of the Russian History Institute, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":134,"author_id":152}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0422\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430","en":"From Kursk to Tehran"},"desc":{"ru":"1943 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 (5.04.43 \u0433.\u201323.08.43 \u0433.). \u041e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433. \u041d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a, \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440, \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430) \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b (\u0422\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d) \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.","en":"1943 proved to be the turning point of the WW II. The states of the Nazi block lost their chance to win the war. On the Soviet-German front the roll of war started to move westwards. The battle of Kursk (April, 5, 1943 to August 23, 1943) became the key event. Mountains of books have been written about the battle on Orel-Kursk bulge. However these books, as a rule, elucidate only military aspect of the war. The aim of this article is to demonstrate interdependence of our strategy and policy during the year which became the turning point of the war, to demonstrate how the strategic successes of the Red Army on the battlefields were converted into the political victories (Tehran) and how all of that changed image of our army and image of the USSR in the world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":207,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlov Alexander Semyonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, academician of Russian Academy of the Natural Sciences, principal researcher of the Institute of the Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":135,"author_id":207}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 1944 \u0433. \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"The Slovakian national uprising of 1944 in the military and political plans of the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043a \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 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\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438.","en":"The author defines methodological approaches to investigation of the problem, shows the USSR\u2019s attitude to the Slovakian national uprising during its preparation and the specific assistance given to insurgents during two months of their struggle against Wehrmacht forces that occupied Slovakia. The author argues that a historian can understand motives that guided Moscow in making specific decisions only if he\/she considers these motives in the context of relations within anti-Hitlerite coalition at that time, in the context of the Soviet-Czechoslovakian relations, of the USSR\u2019s military strategy and the USSR\u2019s political plans for Central and Eastern Europe as a region. Having understood as early as during preparation for the uprising that it did not contradict the national and state interests of the USSR, that Communists took an active part in organization of the uprising and that Czechoslovakian \u00e9migr\u00e9 government was interested in the uprising, the Soviet leadership and personally I. V. Stalin made the principal decision to support the uprising. Allies of the USSR were not going to render an effective assistance to the insurgents for they thought that such assistance was the business of the USSR because Slovakia fell within the Soviet zone of hostilities. The Soviet military command, with Stalin\u2019s approval, modified the Red Army\u2019s military plans to establish interaction with the revolted detachments of the Slovakian army and partisans. The USSR provided the insurgents with the feasible assistance with arms and munitions though due to various reasons could not satisfy the insurgents' requests to the full."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 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\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0435\u044e. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430: 1. \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; 2. \u0443\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441.","en":"Reviews written by \u00abAveskhan of Macedonia, the popular expert\u00bb appeared in the Russian education related media in the second half of 1990s. It was precisely the moment when the so called \u00abalternatives\u00bb proclaimed by the RF Ministry of education started to bring specific fruits and schools began to get such textbooks that simply could not be reviewed seriously. One could either cry or laugh. Aveskhan of Macedonia preferred the second option (though it was laughter through tears). And the very appearance of this person was connected to \u00abHistory of Russia up to Peter the Great reign\u00bb textbook by A.P.Bogdanov (Moscow, Drofa Publishers, 1996). This textbook suggested the correspondence of \u00abRussian princes\u00bb Asan and Aveskhan (both of whom had never existed in the reality) with Alexander of Macedonia which schoolchildren had to study. A lot of such textbooks was published since 1996. All of them were duly decorated with \u00abRecommended by the Ministry of education\u00bb stamp. Every time when the Minister of education at press conferences is asked to comment on a next \u00abdiscovery\u00bb from a successive textbook (examples of such \u00abdiscoveries\u00bb are statements like \u00abany bee may become a drone bee\u00bb or \u00abMoslems are pagans\u00bb or \u00abAncient Greece was a single centralized state with the capital in Athens\u00bb etc.) the Minister puts the blame on unqualified experts, careless authors and publishers, in short, on whomever he likes but not on himself or his officials. It should be emphasized that it is precisely the Ministry which \u00abrecommends\u00bb or \u00abpermits\u00bb such obvious, a fortiori nonsense. The problem is why the Ministry recommends this nonsense. There are two feasible alternatives: 1) due to ignorance and professional incompetence; 2) it is done deliberately. A new publication by Aveskhan of Macedonia contains information valuable for a correct answer to the question."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":21,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":137,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"On the Security Imperative's Role in the Russian History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u2013 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438, \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435.","en":"The article contains a specific vision of Russian foreign policy history based on the analysis of the major underlying factor which determined its course \u2014 i.e. the problem of nation\u2019s security. The author contends that for Kievan Rus, Moscovy, and, to a lesser extent, imperial Russia geopolitical expansion proved to be an inevitable reaction to the many threats the outside world posed to the nation\u2019s mere existence. This \u00aboffensive\u00bb mode of survival was complemented by versatile diplomatic strategies aimed at pursuing Russia\u2019s vital interests through a full-fledged participation in international relations both in Europe and Asia. It was nothing else than imperial state structure that provided the Tsars with most effective material and moral instruments to handle the country\u2019s defense issues."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":138,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Russia and the EU: political problems of expansion of ways of their resolution"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c 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\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.","en":"The author enunciates specific proposals Russia could advance in response to the Europeanc Union\u2019s expansion eastwards. The author assumes that the Russian foreign policy in Europe is to be more vigorous: Moscow will initiate signing of several documents that would regulate relations of Russia and the EU after the latter\u2019s expansion. The key document among these treaties should be a new, more equitable and more profound treaty on partnershiop and cooperation with statements of clear perspectives and goals of Russian-European interaction. In doing that Russia is to proceed from the assumption that despite of all its willingness and its cultural and civilizational closeness to Europe it nevertheless will not be fated to become a part of the EU. Therefore, for Russia the most advantageous model of relations with the EU is the EU-USA model within which Russia will be able to become the third participant with rights equal to those of other two players (always provided that Russia will overcome its current social and economic crisis). Russia\u2019s relations with the EU are to be like relations between two merchants belonging to the same nation: values are common but interests are competitive. For the EU it is more advantegeous to have strong and prosperous Russia on its eastern border that to have a \u00abgray zione\u00bb of instability there. For if the Russian state disappears suddenly it is absolutely incomperehensible how and with whom will Europeans will interact in the territory of the collapsed state."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kazin Philip Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u041d\u0413 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430.","en":"Ph.D., historian, Head of the CIS Department in the Baltic Research Center"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":139,"author_id":105}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":140,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Studies of culture\u2019s sources in the context of historical science development"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 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\u0412\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u0441 \u201c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043c\u201d \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430.","en":"The final part of the article deals with axiomatic grounds of the new no-assumption hermeneutics of historical sources. Peculiarities of the suggested method become to be understandable as its axomatics is compared with theoretical assumption of F. Shleyermacher, V. Dilthey, A. S. Lappo-Danilevski, G.-G. Gadamer etc. Initial assumption of the sources' original meaning reconstruction can be only of general methodological nature. However the reconstruction itself must not contain answers and must not aticipate results of a specific study. Encounter with other people conscience is always unanticipated. Besides that, the study of culture\u2019s sources is based on the principle of subsidiarity and does not exclude a creative interaction with other methods and does not cast doubts on the very possibility of interdisciplinary synthesis."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":140,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":141,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb","en":"The whole culture as a prerequisite of \u00abnon-background hermeneutics\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0410.\u041b.\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u044a\u044f\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u201c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u201d - \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u043c. \u041c.\u0424. \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044e \u0410.\u0421. \u041b\u0430\u043f\u043f\u043e-\u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The commentator investigates the problem of correlation between understanding of a person belonging to another culture and understanding of this culture as a whole. The commentator thinks that A. L. Yurganov is right in his exposure of flaws inherent in his predecessors' positions and his criticism of some approaches to the recognition of other people\u2019s animation is quite justified. The commentator places the problems of culture sources studies within broad historical writing context. In our attempts to acquire the knowledge of history we are striving for paths from \u00abmaterial, objective discoveries\u00bb, i.e., historical sources, to mechanisms of culture. Then M. F. Roumyantseva makes shift to A. S. Lappo-Danilevski's theoretical heritage, considers his contribution to the Russian theory of historical knowledge and cultural historical studies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":237,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Rumyantseva Marina Fyodorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Chief of Chair, The History and Archives Institute of Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":141,"author_id":237}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":142,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439: \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439","en":"History of mentalities: between the unconscious and culture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0410.\u041b. \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u041c.\u0420. \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e. \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u201c\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u201d.","en":"The author of the big review of the article by A. L. Yurganov considers prospects for the modern humanitarian studies development and, in particular, perspectives for the science of history. The reviewer is sure that contraposition of two trends in the contemporary historical studies in the sphere of cultural practices studies, i.e., contraposition of historical anthropology and historical phenomenology is a rather fruitless enterprise. The only way out of the emerged methodological collision is reconciliation of two points of view. History of mentalities and the new practice of direct statements study are to co-exist in the future. The reviewer considers the basic cognitive assumptions of such remarkable phenomenon of the new European science as the \u00abAnnales\u00bb school."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":142,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"The irreversibility of the source of reality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0410.\u0412. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u201c\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u201d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0410.\u041b. \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430.","en":"Acting on his own behalf A. B. Karavashkin sums up the preliminary results of the discussion. He believes that the participants have demonstrated an obvious difference of opinions though these discords do not preclude a visible community of opinions. First of all, that relates to recognition of historical phenomelogical approach which has just emerged as a quite independent scientific method. One may discuss the prospects for historical phenomenology only if one takes a wide historical writing context of the Modern time into due account. A. V. Karavashkin draws attention to such topical problem as correlation between structural-semiotic method and the \u00abno-assumption hermeneutics\u00bb (the proponents of historical phenomenology consider the latter as the most important component of culture sources studies). A. V. Karavashkin advances his retorts to some opponents of A. L. Yurganov."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":143,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":144,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430","en":"Unknown Kennan. Remarks on Morphology of the Diplomat's Thought"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"Who are you, Mr. Kennan? Many contemporary scholars of the XX-th century diplomacy address this question to the well-known American diplomat, historian, policy analyst and expert on Soviet affairs, whose life way while manifesting the deep-rooted integrity always demonstrates alternative visions of the nation, international relations and prospects of the society in the world. George Frost Kennan made its own and prominent contribution to the explanation of the new worldwide role of the United States after World War II. Appeared to be influential among the \u00abrealists\u00bb who applied theory to diplomacy Kennan introduced his \u00abcontainment of communism\u00bb concept as an antidote to legalistic approach to world affairs. Kennan urged in his famous cabled dispatches from Moscow and \u00abForeign Affairs\u00bb essay on the sources of Soviet behavior (1947) that relations with Soviet Union be placed entirely on a realistic and matter-of-fact basis, guided not by morality or altruism, but by the strengths and weakness of nations. Opposed as it was to moralism and Roosevelt\u2019s policy of internationalism Kennan\u2019s realism reflected not merely a concern for fact or reality but also a regard for elemental power as predominant force and influence. In proposing the principle of containment of the Soviet Union Kennan was taking for granted suppositions about America\u2019s superior place not only in space but also in time. He won the political acknowledgment as an intellectual catalyst to the policy of confrontation while the Soviet Union, saying that the Kremlin was uncooperative and explaining why the United States had to check Soviet hostility and combativeness. But the author of the present essay, based upon some new primary source material, concentrates his attention mainly on the changing diplomat\u2019s mentality as an indirect reflection of the dynamic historical process with his unsolved conflicts and unexpected new realities. Kennan who had once conceived of America exerting pressure to mellow or eliminate Soviet power as a totalitarian force and threat to democracy all over the world up to the beginning of the fiftieth felt a deep pessimism even causing him to doubt not only the constructive role of the American diplomacy in world affairs but the very capability for his country to solve domestic imperfections and propose to the rest of the world the new way of thinking which will provide a spiritual purpose for humanity in trouble."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":144,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":145,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0442\u043e? \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb","en":"Who is who? Nations' origins and destinies seen in the \u00abfolklore ideology\u00bb light"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 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\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043e\u0442 XIX \u0432. \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b.","en":"Notions of one\u2019s \u00abown\u00bb nation and \u00abalien\u00bb nations reflected in the popular ethiological legends clearly demonstrate the most universal motives inherent in the folklore image of \u00abalien\u00bb ethnic entities. Notions of the \u00abalien\u00bb groups include beliefs in the \u00abprimacy\u00bb of one\u2019s own ethnic group, the original \u00abgoodness\u00bb or \u00abcorrectness\u00bb of this group, as well as beliefs in \u00abinhuman\u00bb nature of the aliens, the \u00abbeast\u00bb nature or the aliens' connections to the other world. As such notions take place the idea of ethnocentrism is the fundamental one and reigns supreme. Within this idea the positive attitude towards people belonging to one\u2019s own ethnic group and negative treatment of the \u00abaliens\u00bb are often presented in mythological thought\u2019s terms. The distinct peculiarity of the folklore narratives in the ethnic identification theme is not just their amazing stability (the article is based on materials from various times, from the 19th century to the present day) but the organic ties of these narratives with the \u00abworld history\u00bb in its folklore interpretation which unites the genesis, events related in the Old and New Testaments and historical facts kept in collective memory in mythological form."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":145,"author_id":22}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":146,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Studies of culture\u2019s sources in the context of historical science development (discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0410.\u041b.\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u044f\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u201c\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u201d \u2013 \u201c\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u201d \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0410.\u041b. \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b.","en":"The article by A. L. Yurganov is a very interesting phenomenon of the contemporary Russian historical writings study. At the same time the article is a testimony of peculiar difficulties historians encounter as they try to define the very subject of the Russian cultural history. In addition to that, A. L. Yurganov touched the whole range of the general theoretical propositions of great importance. However some theses and judgments of A. L. Yurganov seem to be for from being indisputable. In the first place that may be said of evaluation of the situation with historical writings in the West. The very understanding of the \u00abconscious-unconscious\u00bb relationship lacks the strict definition the Russian historians are accustomed to. Yet A. L. Yurganov\u2019s striving for renewal of the academic work\u2019s standards and rules should be welcomed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zvereva Galina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of History and Theory of the Culture, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":146,"author_id":87}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Studies of culture\u2019s sources in the context of historical science development (discussion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418.\u041d. \u0418\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a \u201c\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u201d \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"I. N. Ionov pays attention to the exceptional topicality of the article which is discussed. He emphasizes the article\u2019s indisputable heuristic value. At the same time the commentator thinks that the phenomenological approach is just postulated in this article and its author does not express his own attitude towards a wide range of the contemporary versions of phenomenology. The phenomenological approach to history should not be reduced to the \u00abno-assumption hermeneutics\u00bb of a text. A historian is to take into account the hermeneutics of his own ways of perception that are related to a society\u2019s values-focused historical memory."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":22,"authors":[{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ionov Igor' Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d.","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior research assistant of the Institute of World History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":147,"author_id":98}}],"issue":{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b","en":"The Kremlin minimalists"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432. (\u0417\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \"\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439\", \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442). \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430, \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d.","en":"Contrary to the opinion which is widely discussed in media and states that the current exacerbation of instability in Russia is attributed just to the active role played by \u00abthe Kremlin administrators\u00bb and representatives of some state-owned companies who are designing multi-move combinations to achieve their goals the author suppose that this exacerbation is a projection of the global contradictions on Russia. Participants of the Russian conflict are mere figures in the Big chess game. The peculiarity of the world situation consists in formation of a string coalition which includes opponents of President Bush from Europe, Islamic world and the Far Asia. This coalition has joined opponents of Bush in America. General anti-American attitudes and moods are being replaced with the trend to choose among the American political project the one which might be convenient for opponents of Bush. This project is globalization, the power of transnational elites, erosion of national states. (Islam is also in favor of globalization and offers the presumable \u00abspecific\u00bb project of globalization of its own). The goal and outcome of the coalition\u2019s activities is destruction of the \u00abModern\u00bb project which implies development and making of every state. Anti-Bush forces are enormous and they enjoy a solid support in Russia. Chains of control of the current situation in Russia can be traced to the elites involved in this global process. The goal of the Russia project is to launch, initiate instability. Making of a Parliamentary republic in Russia may well be of interest for the anti-Bush alliance. This alliance does not need Putin who did not march against Bush."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":148,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":149,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0441, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e Big Bang'a","en":"The Social space or the world on both sides of the historical Big Bang"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 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\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"Fundamental, civilizational causes lie at the basis of the current global situation. The progress of history is the change of key situations, the change which has the inner meaning and teleology: the expansion of space for human freedom. The central revolution of the world history was the transition from traditional (pagan) systems to monotheism. The Christian outlook has become the supreme expression of monotheism. This outlook has generated the richness of the contemporary civilization. The Christian outlook has placed itself in the historical text in several cultural versions. Of these, the Protestant one has gained the dominance over the planet. In fact, this version has become the basis for the making of the modern world and its North Atlantic core. The 20th century was signified with social cultural revolution which set forth another version of the civilizational myth\u2019s reading. Secularization which came forth as super-confessional form of the Christian outlook has created the cultural shell of global proportions and this paradigm has embraced not just Oikumene but the planet-wide Barbaristan too. The new age is characterized by completeness of spatial (communicative) space (this completeness has found its expression in globalization as well as by liberation a socially active personality from shackles of authoritarian structures (this second process has found its expression in the individuation, extreme condition of freedom a human being can attain on the earth. In result a social structure of global proportions is developed on the planet in parallel with its administrative and political embodiment, and this new social structure unites trans-boundary organized entities thus establishing the proactive and dynamic environment of the New world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":149,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":150,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044c\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445","en":"Postsoviet Transcaucasus in the Russian-Turkish Relations: from Confrontation to Partnership"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 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\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445) \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u00bb \u043a \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c.","en":"The article analyses global and regional factors which determined post-Soviet Russia\u2019s and Turkey\u2019s policy toward Transcaucasia, on the one hand, and volatile reaction of the local high authorities thereto. As the author argues, the Kremlin\u2019s strategy evolved from almost total detachment caused by weakness of the state lost in liberal reverie to the grasping of its own geopolitical interests in the Caucasus to be adequately translated into a much more assertive international behavior. As for Ankara\u2019s policy in the region its evolution took place just in the opposite direction, i. e. from the euphoric desire to fill the Transcaucasian \u00abpower vacuum\u00bb to a sober reassessments of the viability of the course aimed at political and economic confrontation with Russia given her enormous military potential. This resulted in a formation of a blueprint for a long-term compromise capable to secure the framework for constructive partnership between Moscow and Ankara in Caucasian affairs."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041e\u043c\u0435\u0440","en":"Kosaman Omer"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442)","en":"post-graduate of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":150,"author_id":130}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":151,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:40.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Overcoming the past: disputes on totalitarianism in Germany, Italy, and Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0420\u0435\u043d\u0446\u043e \u0434\u0435 \u0424\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440., \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0414\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The author summarizes results of discussion on totalitarianism in Germany, Italy, and the USSR that developed in historical science of the past decades. The particular emphasis is made on attempt to revise the history. The author pays considerable attention to works of the Western historians, first of all, German and Italian ones who had elaborated new approaches to study Fascism and Nazism. The author analyzes concepts of revisionists (Ernst Nolte, Renzo de Felice and others) and response these historians evoked among representatives of other historical schools. The author offers a concise characterization of study of totalitarianism in the Russian historical science. Debates over possibilities of comparing three totalitarian regimes that existed in three countries are reflected. Finally the author draws the conclusion that further full-fledged discussion on overcoming blind alleys of the past and delivering the society from mutilations inflicted by the anti-humane 20th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":156,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lubin Valeriy Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., in history, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":151,"author_id":156}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":152,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c","en":"Two Post Cards, Three Years of Silence and Letters Preserved for the Whole Life"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u0422\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u0421\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435, \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.","en":"The article is based on the authentic archive documents and is supplied with a commentary which demonstrates the exceptionally cautious and friendly attitude towards the letters' authors: Tseterteli, Bourghina and Nikolaevski. Anna Mikhailovna Bourghina left the Bolshevist Russia in 1922 and then served as the assistant of Boris Ivanovich Nikolaevski, a prominent member of the Russian Social Democratic movement, the researcher of the Russian and European political history. Nikolaevski was the founder of the Russian Social Democratic Party\u2019s archive, an expert in and gatherer and publisher of archive documents. In the end of 1923 Nikolaevski sent Bourghina to Paris because he was afraid that the members of the Central Committee Bureau members' illegal letters delivered to her address in Berlin might somehow affect her relatives' fate. At Nikolaevski\u2019s request Irali Georghievich Tsereteli, a prominent Russian politician and public figure, hired Bourghina as his secretary. Since the end of 1930s Bourghina was permanent assistant of Nikolaevski. It happened so that their archive heritage is dispersed all over many Russian and foreign archives in Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Tbilisi, Paris, Amsterdam, Wien, New York, Stanford, Jerusalem. And only now, when the opportunity to gather them in a single place has appeared, we may discover previously unknown pages of their lives."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":152,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":153,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442)","en":"The Ancient Russian Man in the Face of Death (to be continued)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 XV \u2013 XVII \u0432\u0432., \u0438 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\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author attempts to reconstruct the basic elements if the death mythology which existed in the Muskovite state of the 15th-17th centuries and provides answers to a series of questions that normally are left out of this historians' view. What was the death in the medieval Russian culture? How did people explained the reasons of death and terms of its arrival? How did an ancient Russian imagine his\/her transition to the other world and posthumous existence of the soul? How did he\/she prepare for leaving the vale of tears? In the medieval time the world of the dead and the world of the alive were not tightly separated from each other. The dead' souls could appear to the alive to pray the alive for protection while the alive did not lose the hope to help their dead and believed in their ability to affect their lot beyond the grave. The Church taught the whole life of a human being, from the cradle to the gray hairs had to be subordinated to the thought about forthcoming death and devoted to the spiritual preparation for the end. However to deserve the salvation it was not enough to pass the life through righteously. On the very verge of death a person who could never known whether he had confessed in all sins and washed them away with repentance or not had to perform a series of \u00abthe transition rites\u00bb: to make a her confession, to take the last communion, to ask for pardon from his relatives and to bless them or monk fraternity which gathered at his\/her death-bed. It was precisely why a sudden death (or an accidental death far from the people) was considered to be the true sign of the God\u2019s wrath against the deceased and of the eternal torment that waited for the deceased beyond the grave. The author analyzes notions of death and the other world within the framework of an ancient Russian\u2019s ideas of the Universe, the human nature and the Providence as the driving force of history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":153,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":154,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0412.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u0412.\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"The unpopular mentor and his faithful disciple: Correspondence between Vladimir Gerier and Vassily Rozanov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article represents the correspondence between Vladimir Ivanovich Gerier, the professor of Moscow university and his student Vassily Vassil\u2019evich Rozanov accumulated for 30 years (1886\u22121916). V.I.Gerier who was not an ordinary personality is unjustly cosigned to oblivion nowadays though his contribution to the science is indubitable. Gerier was the author of brilliant monographs on the Roman history, medieval history and modern history. His books have not become obsolete and are read with the most vivid interest. Gerier was a prominent figure of the public and pedagogic fields (he was the founder of the Higher female courses). V.V.Rozanov is more famous in the history of literature and philosophy of the late 19th \u2014 early 20th century. He was a leader of the \u00abnew religious conscience\u00bb? the founder of a new genre in literature (\u00abThe fallen leaves\u00bb) which had a great impact on the Russian writers. Nowadays Rozanov books are widely republished and his heritage has been investigated by scholars. Actuality of the correspondence is obvious: the possibility of spiritual communion between persons of different ages and social standings is demonstrated on the example of relationship between the faithful disciple and the responsive mentor."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":23,"authors":[{"id":259,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sukach Victor Grigor'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b","en":"senior specialist of the Institute of World Literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":154,"author_id":259}}],"issue":{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f-\u0414\u00bb","en":"\u00abD\u00bb Time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0438 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\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u041d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \"\u0448\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e\" \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f, \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u0443\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"Alliance of the oligarchs and the Communist cannot beget any new meaningful strategy because both allies are ideologically sterile. The danger of this alliance consists, first of all, in the fact that it places destructive anti-state slogans on its banner. As early as in 1996 the CPRF tried to denounce the Belovezhski agreements and thus placed legitimacy of Russia as the successor to the USSR in doubt from the legal point of view. Collapse of the USSR happened due to the constitutional confederalism (right of nations to self-determination) when the unitary dictatorship ceased to contain the devil of confederation. Nowadays the oligarchs and the Communists actually demand a confederation for Russia. The mechanism for that is transformation of the country into a parliamentary Republic. Confederalism and separatism will be immediately introduced into the parliamentary model. The present day pseudo-oligarchs has no relation to the real oligarchy which has at least the selfish understanding of the power\u2019s price and understands that the state for them means the capitalization of status. If there is no state infrastructure then fortunes evaluated in many billions are left unprotected. The power cannot be bought. It has to be won. Now the country is worn out by anticipation, despair and hope. The appearance of stagnation means that the processes that went down to the depths will inevitably erupt with a new power."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":155,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":156,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0425\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f","en":"The Arest of Khodorkovski Is Something Direcly Opposite to What Is Declared to Be"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 37-\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d\u043d \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.","en":"The arrest of Khodorkovski is something directly opposite to what is declared to be. Compliance with the law is impossible out of the context of the profound, non-repressive openness. Repression can annihilate and bury any public belief in the legal punishment. The events that develop now are a parody of 1937 and bring with them the net destruction. It is a genie of chaos released from its bottle. The unleashed process is the process of re-division of property. Regress is not stopped and overcome in Russia, de-modernization goes on unabated. The country needs an ideology which allows for construction of relationships in its elite and society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":156,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":157,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u043d\u043a\u0438","en":"The Commander\u2019s Strides: From Continentalism to the Messianic Yankee Imperialism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1775\u20131783 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, 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\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author\u2019s key them is the American nation\u2019s westward advance since the Revolution of 1775\u22121783 and the complex of ideas about America\u2019s place in the world implying that Americans had to seize whatever sphere of the earth they could. The adherents of these ideas saw American overseas expansion as a revolution in world politics. They determined that frontier factor not only impelled the United States to move beyond its continental borders, but shaped the character of the people as well as their destiny. According to the doctrine they had to behave aggressively to build an empire. They needed to extend their business and trade into the world\u2019s markets. They were required to enter a missionary struggle for the hearts of people and their freedom. Expansion of different kinds appeared as a necessity for Americans determined by scientific law."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":157,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":158,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"A Dead Donkey\u2019s Head"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0435. \u0421\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author demonstrates that in statistical reports and textbooks two very different types of human activity are presented under the same label of \u00abadvertisement\u00bb. Of these two different activities only one may be considered as a socially useful activity. But it is far from being prevailing. Something different prevails: an activity which is closely related to the bigoted practices of \u00abbrain-washing\u00bb in J. Goebbels' agency and in Wahhabi training camps. Meanwhile not just the future of prosperous branch which absorbs expenses comparable to those for education but also fundamental theoretical principles of the science which came to Russia in 1990s from the West to replace \u00abMarxian Leninst political economy\u00bb depend on the definition of advertisement. If advertisement is something different from what it pretends to be then the \u00abobjective\u00bb economic science is dubious not in some its partial and secondary considerations but in the very principles by which it defines itself. In other words, this science is based on sands, on an ideological cliches like \u00abfreedom of choice\u00bb or \u00abthe consumer\u2019s sovereignty\u00bb. The words are nice but are they relevant to the reality? If consumers' choice is free what are advertisement companies so generously paid for? If this choice is not free and a human person (a consumer, a voter, a respondent) is just a miserable puppet whose behavior is controlled from without in order to secure alien and too often blatantly hostile interests then what is the difference between the \u00abopen society\u00bb and the \u00abtotalitarian society\u00bb?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":158,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Ancient Russian Man in the Face of Death (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 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\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u0422\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0435, \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u0421\u0442\u044d\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435, \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.","en":"In Part 2 of his article the author develops his investigation of the medieval Russian eschatology further and makes an attempt to provide answers to several interrelated questions. How did a medieval Russian imagine the arrangement and geography of the world beyond the grave? How did these ideas transform in the 12th-17th centuries? Since the earliest centuries of Christianity the Church writers put a tough question and tried to find answer to it. The question was where souls of the deceased abode from the moment of their separation from the bodies and until the Day of Judgment which would have to follow at the end of times. To answer the question a doctrine of the \u00abprivate\u00bb judgment beyond the grave was elaborated. According to the doctrine, souls of the deceased were divided at this judgment and left in waiting for the final retribution between the Heaven and the hell. In result of this doctrine not one but two judgments appeared in minds of believers and too often it was difficult to separate functions and meaning of these two judgments. Over the greater part of the Russian Middle Ages the fear of death and of the afterlife judgment was suppressed in consciousness of believers by the intense anticipation of the end of times, of advent of Antichrist and the Doomsday. In the second half of the 17th century a gradual change of eschatological paradigm occurred. The image of death was getting to be increasingly appalling. By the beginning of the 18th century the Russian Church gradually accepted the belief that the Day of Judgment which was promised in the Gospel and the Apocalypse would happen not soon and a human was able neither to calculate nor know the time of its advent. In order to acquire the salvation a pious Christian had to be always prepared for his\/her death, to think of it and to feel the constant fear of it. The death became a substitute for the Day of Judgment. As the Middle Ages passed to the New time an individualization of the religious experience occurred and this process may testify the profound transformations in the depths of the whole Russian culture and public consciousness."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":159,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":160,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e. \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"On Two Emphases in Philosophical and Theological Writings of Father Georghi Florovski"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441, \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0414\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"The author notes that Father Georghi Florovski accepts the authentic loyalty not to the letter but to the spirit of the patristic Tradition as the criterion of philosophical and theological thought\u2019s soundness. Artistic taste, sense of style help a mind to find right direction in the spiritual domain but only the Divinely presence can serve as the criterion of the Truth in this domain. Florovski understands the religious dogma not as some formal logical definition but as a description of the real historical event, i.e., of descent of the Holy Spirit upon participants of the Church."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":160,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b","en":"The First Stalin\u2019s Apostle"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412.\u041c. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0426\u041a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043c (\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c) \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the life and activities of V. M. Molotov who was one of the major political figures of the Soviet history. Molotov belongs to the old cohort of the Bolshevist revolutionaries. V.I. Lenin discovered Molotov and promoted him to the rank of a secretary of the Party\u2019s Central Committee. Later on Molotov became Stalin\u2019s right hand in his struggle for power. After defeat of the internal party opposition Molotov presided over the Soviet government and was the People Commissioner (the minister) of foreign affairs. In this capacity Molotov was the chief negotiator with Hitler, Churchill and Roosevelt. Upon the death of the leader and the father of all nations Molotov claimed the prime role in the party but suffered a succession of defeats and Khruschev dismissed him from the higher Soviet leadership and then from the party."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":24,"authors":[{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aksutin Yuri Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":161,"author_id":5}}],"issue":{"id":24,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2003,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":162,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c?","en":"Does the Power Confront a Prospect of February?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434, \u043d\u043e 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\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443.","en":"At the first glance it may seem to be a paradox but Eltsin\u2019s refusal to ban CPRF contributed a lot to consolidation of the existing regime and to discredit the Communists. Nowadays Russia has become a country of directed (or manageable) democracy where elites constitute the principal source of authority. These elites define their politicians and bring to the front of the people like, for example, Zhirinovski who makes the most sensitive issue of Russia, the Russian question exceptionally vulgar and imparts a ludicrous character to it. People who vote for Zhirinovski send a signal to the authorities that they are disappointed with the present politics while results of election to the State Duma indicate that the people demand from the power to take up the national modernization project in serious. A tough reshuffling of elite is needed while the elite has to repudiate the dolce vita style, to change for working casual dress and to subject itself to attainment of the only aim, i.e., the national modernization. The time for revolution from above has arrived."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":162,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Commander\u2019s Strides: From Continentalism to the Messianic Yankee Imperialism (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, 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\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"Those, who believe that the present global hegemony of the United States emerged through a process of the disappearance of the bipolar world avert their eyes from many very important moments in early 20th Century US history, which compose the essence of the so-called \u00abProgressive Era\u00bb (1890\u22121920). In the meantime the beginning of the Century which now went away still has much to tell us. Modern America was born in those early years. A land of family farms was eclipsed by a modern nation of giant corporations and world-wide financial institutions. America has become a world power. Of course americans sought to master the sweeping forces of change by what some of the scholars call \u00abNew interventionism\u00bb. The United States had pictured itself as a moral exemplar to the world. The rapidly industrializing nation expanded its economic interest and began a policy of diplomatic and military intervention abroad. This new interventional activism moved beyond America\u2019s traditional foreign policy of reacting to events. American policymakers \u2014 and among them such outstanding representatives of the political establishment as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson now sought to exert growing control over external forces of change. They used American influence and power to shape the international environment. The two major group of policymakers \u2014 adherents of Roosevelt\u2019s Realpolitiks and wilsonian internationalists sought to protect the United States national interests and both believed that American political ideals and principals are in theory universally applicable. Following the predictions of expansionists they both argued that the United States should establish a benevolent global empire but the former emphasized power while the letter \u2014 ideology and morale. First emerging before WWI this debate has continued to the present with little change in the basic positions on either side."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":163,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":164,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"The Star Hour of the Russian Pacifism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The history of Nicolas II government\u2019s famous initiative to establish control over armaments which led to the first Hague peace conference (May-July, 1899) is elucidated with drawing in new archive materials. The author\u2019s attention is focused at the unprecedented alliance between the Russian diplomacy and the international peace movement that acquired a great scale. A thesis of the fundamental barring of an imminent world war due to its inevitably disastrous character for all participants was elaborated and set forth in the course of campaign in support of the proposals moved by Russia, even though this thesis contradicted positions held by general staffs of various states. Having received the political and propaganda gains but, at the same time having confronted with resistance of the partners in negotiations the Russian government at the conference repudiated its own disarmament project and took orientation to understandings that covered exclusively the humanitarian issues of the \u00abright of war\u00bb. After the war of Russia against Japan the Russian government and the Czar personally opposed in principle any attempts to limit armaments. The position of the Russian diplomats at the second Hague conference (1907) is the evidence of this change. The author concludes that the lessons of the Hague is important for the present day. The contemporary experience demonstrates that in conditions of globalization policies of excessive armament combined with methods of resolution of conflicts from position of power leads to the impasse of new wars fraught with threats to the humankind as a whole."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Istyagin Leonid Grigor\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u041c\u042d\u041c\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, principal researcher, the Research Centre of the Peace\u2019s Problems of the Institute of Economy and International Relations, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":164,"author_id":99}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":165,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044c\u0435 (1801\u20131804 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"The Incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire and Exacerbation of International Relations in Transcaucasus (1801\u20131804)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.","en":"The article describes the basic motives underlying St. Petersburg government`s decision to incorporate Georgia into the Russian Empire in 1801. The author suggests that Georgian kings Irakli II and Giorgi XII had no other way to save the nation from impending catastrophe than to subject the kingdom to Russian imperial throne. By taking Georgia under her protection Russia inadvertently challenged traditional interests of Iran and Turkey in Transcaucasia. The early XIX century developments in the region were complicated by ever growing British and French presence in Iranian politics. Eventually the building tension resulted in an open clash between Russia and Iran to be subsequently followed by more pronounced involvement of all powers concerned."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":165,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":166,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432: \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438","en":"Boris Godunov. Pride and Humility in Medieval Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \"\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435\" \u0441\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c. 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\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c? \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044e \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443.","en":"The author investigates the dramatic period of Russian history, the deep cultural crisis that took place at the beginning of the 17-th century and was called by its contemporaries \u00abthe Time of Troubles\u00bb. The historian tries to explore self-consciousness of contemporaries of the time, to reconstruct ideas and notions settled in their minds. Running a historical-phenomenology investigation, he tries to reconstruct the myths of the culture, myths as the way of understanding life and happenings. What ideas will come to light as a result? How did the contemporaries comprehend and evaluate miseries and dramatic events of the time? Trying to reveal the roots of such cultural phenomenon as Time of Troubles, the author offers to investigate the \u00abmythreality\u00bb of people of the 17-th century. Could the knowledge, attained here, alter our idea of the past? An effort to answer these questions the author makes in the article, dedicated to the first tsar of the dramatic period, the famous boyar on the throne \u2014 Boris Godunov."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":166,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":167,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432","en":"Notes from the Invisible Jews Community\u2019s Life"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0412\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0419\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u044d\u0444\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0441\u0443\u043c. \u0421 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0445\u0445\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0436\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u2013 \u0448\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c.","en":"The article deals with changes in demographic situation at the Arabia peninsula that occurred in the course of a millenium and a half. Initially the peninsula had a dense Hebrew population. Displacement of Hebrew people began after their defeat in the war with the Ethiopian Axum state. The author relates the beginning of the massive persecution of Jews with the emergence of new religion, Islam. By mid-19th century Jews were exterminated in the peninsula, after rise of Wahhabism. This religious current accepts jihad as the only way for resolution of contradictions and applies this methods even to other Moslems, Shiites and Sunnities."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":25,"authors":[{"id":307,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u043d \u0428\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430","en":"Shapira Dan"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0440-\u0418\u043b\u0430\u043d","en":"Ph.D., orientalist, the lecturer of the Open University of Israel and Bar-Ilan University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":167,"author_id":307}}],"issue":{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":168,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443","en":"Threats to Putin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0440\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u0421\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c), \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 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\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u041f\u0420\u0424 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0442.","en":"The situation in Russia is characterized by lack of even an inertial stability for the inertia leads it towards a big bang. However now the president is completely responsible for what is going on. Putin\u2019s strength lies in his vulnerability (consequently, he has to act) while his weakness lies in the fact that he has not acquired the full awareness of his vulnerability as yet. The source of threats to Putin is concealed in the fact that he and the core group he relies on are defined and determined by their affiliation with the KGB. The positively colored expectation is the main content of the masses' attitude to Putin while the elite as a whole hates him. The people do not allow the elite to launch a real onslaught on the president but as the positive expectation will be exhausted a situation of a new quality, i.e. situation of threats' realization will emerge. The first threat proceeds form the parliament: having won a situational victory at the election of December 7, 2003, in the final analysis Putin has suffered a strategic defeat for he has got a Duma able to declare impeachment and modify the Constitution. The second threat lies in the constructed power system\u2019s sheer inability to fight against loyalty: the system is becoming relaxed when it is being licked all around. The third threat lies in the fact that it is pernicious to develop any relationships with the present day regressive \u00abaggregate reality\u00bb. Hence the need in a revolution from above though there is no support to rely on. The fourth threat is the social protest. Earlier this protest was effectively short-circuited on the CPRF and the opposition in the Duma. Now it is squeezed to the streets and is becoming to be a threat of Putin\u2019s power dismounting. One cannot forget global contradictions that require from the president structures and resources that are simply unavailable today."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":168,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Regional Elites of Russia: Composition and Trends of Development"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443; \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 2000 \u0433. \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e 54 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 2003 \u0433. \u0443\u0436\u0435 66 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 2003 \u0433\u0433. \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 2000 \u0433., \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 2003 \u0433. \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435.","en":"The articles deals with the make-up of regional elites in a particular span of time and the dynamics of the extent to which members of these elites exercised influence on the social, political and economic situation in every particular region which has its own, often unique specific characteristics. The article also demonstrates peculiarities of mechanisms that defined formation of regional political and economic elites in terms of influence factors. This approach allows comparing regions with each other on one hand and on the other hand getting the result which is representative for the Russian Federation as a whole. The experts' opinions poll made in the research of 2000 covered 54 regions while the similar poll carried out in 2003 covered 66 regions. The poll of 2003 is not a mere extended repetition of the research of 2000 but its qualitatively new stage. The novelty of the poll made in 2003 lies in the conceptual comprehension of the very mechanisms of influence at the regional level."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d-\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gaman-Golutvina Oksana Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., political scientist, Professor"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":169,"author_id":49}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Post-industrial Repartition of Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443. \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"Upon redistribution of the \u00abmaterial and technical basis of Communism\u00bb it\u2019s high time to redistribute intangible resources of Russia, reconstruct its semantics, secure its long-term strategic orientation, define and privatize its social-cultural fields. The format of post-industrial redistribution implies a greater attention to the intellectual and management resources rather than to mere material wealth of \u00abRussia Inc.\u00bb. Gradually people are getting to understand relationships among social cultural, political economic and technological aspects of the new statehood construction. Prerequisites for actions in the sphere of value system and semantics of the national statehood that are aimed not at readjustment of its practical mechanics are emerging alongside with the plans for modernization reconstruction. An intriguing probability of appearance of new influential players including some version of an ambitious corporation and political organization of the \u00abnew class\u00bb also appears. One of the issues often repeated in discussion of the political landscape, and not just by the professional political scientists is the issue of the historical dynamics' vector. Dullness of the Russian political landscape poses the ultimate threat of collapse to the public politics' feeble and unstable political culture and to the very fundamentals of representative democracy. The issue of an alternative political independent agent able to carry out a cultural revolution and to express justified social ambitions in a long run is also debated. One more aspect of the problem is the matrix of social political and cultural construction marked with traits of a post-modernistic performance and pragmatic technologic mentality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":170,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445","en":"Memory in Ruins"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f 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\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044f. \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u042d\u0440\u0435\u0446-\u0418\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c.","en":"Despite the existing tradition to make use of any ancient text which explains results of archeological research a \u00abnew archeology\u00bb which negates use of Biblical texts for interpretation of archeological data has appeared within chairs of Israeli universities. Real archeological findings have convinced even those scientists who had been sceptical about the Israeli historical tradition in authenticity of the Biblical text. The \u00abnew archeologists\u00bb cast doubt on the Biblical narrative about forefathers of the Biblical nation, about exodus from Egypt and the conquest of Eretz Israel. Typically scepticism of this kind is demonstrated by the researchers who, for the sake of their political aims, argue that the Scripture has been used by Zionists for justification of expulsion of Arabs from their land."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":292,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434","en":"Hazony David"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0428\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0422\u0445\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u00bb (Azure), \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445","en":"Ph.D., associate Professor of the Academic Centre \u00abShalem\u00bb, Jerusalem, the member of editorial board of \u00abTkhelet\u00bb journal, Israel"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":171,"author_id":292}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":172,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440","en":"Worse than a \u0421onspiracy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0414.\u0425\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u0442\u043e \u0414.\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044e\u0434\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0430.","en":"If D. Hazoni's articles deals with methodological principles of the \u00abnew archeology\u00bb D. Kontorer exposes the political underlying reasons of the \u00abnew archeology\u00bb. The present day Israelis have demonstrated vulnerability to the powerful psychological pressure which has always exercised on the Jews and begot many renegades who assimilated the image of Jewry the anti-Semites instilled. The author concludes that when there is a social demand for ideas of certain kind these ideas find a place in any science. The Israeli scientists cultivate the intellectual soil for the forthcoming genocide of Jews."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":126,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0414\u043e\u0432","en":"Kontorer Dov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb (\u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c)","en":"the political observer of \u00abVesti\u00bb newspaper, Tel-Aviv, Israel"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":172,"author_id":126}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":173,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0438 (1920\u20131940 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"Russian Fascist \u0420arty in Manchuria (1920-1940)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412\u0424\u041f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b (\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435), \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u043e\u0443-\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0424\u041f \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 (\u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432) \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c.","en":"The Far Eastern emigration, the integral part of the post-October Russian emigration, had a lot in common with the Russian emigration in Europe. However there were serious distinctions. A well organized and active fascist party in Manchuria is one of the peculiarities the White emigrants in China demonstrated. The author undertakes an effort to reveal reasons for emergence of a Russian fascist organization precisely in Harbin. The author analyzes the main program documents and the principal directions of this organization\u2019s activities and provides characterization of the VFP leaders. The Russian fascist had quite clear ideological program (based on anti-Communism, anti-Sovietism and anti-Semitism. They waged struggle against the Soviet state vigorously and got a support from similar bodies in other countries and the Japanese military administration. The principal targets of the party were: accomplishment of the national revolution in Russia, overthrow of the Soviet power, establishment of the fascist dictatorship. The VFP succeeded in creation of its own subsidiary structures (women, youth, children organization) and in exercising of some control over emigrants' professional associations. However the White emigrants as a whole were obviously hostile to the VFP because of its unconcealed resemblance with the notorious Black hundreds, unscrupulous use of methods (including murders) and faithful service to the Japanese authorities."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":1,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-20T04:40:02.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ablova Nadezhda Evgen'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor"},"email":null,"pivot":{"article_id":173,"author_id":1}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Misunderstood Lessons of the Past"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b: \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u00bb 1861 \u0433., \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e 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\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c.","en":"The author compares four Russian reforms: The \u00abGreat reform\u00bb of 1861, Stolypin\u2019s reform of 1906, the \u00abBlack redistribution\u00bb which was launched by the Decree on Land of 1917 and the New economic police introduced in 1921. The authors argues that the first two of these reforms were very well thought out from the scientific point of view and calculated but absolutely disregarded opinions and notions of the peasantry. These reforms were carried on by a clumsy and cumbersome bureaucratic apparatus and by violent means. Thus their implementation was delayed and their were doomed to failure. Reform of 1861 became a prologue to revolution of 1905 and Stolypin\u2019s reform became a prologue to revolution of 1917. The Decree on Land was composed on the basis of village general meetings' resolutions that were made by peasants themselves. The Decree met and satisfied peasants' interests. That made it possible to carry out redistribution of land in a few months and thus to settle the land issue, even if by cruel methods. The same should be said of the NEP. The NEP which took into account demands of the peasantry allowed drawing Russia out of the profound crisis in the shortest time. According to the author these historical lessons have not been understood by the present day Russian reformers. The fact to a considerable extent explains the low efficiency of these reforms."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":153,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Loginov Vladlen Terent'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432-\u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, the chief of a chair of Russian Academy of Education, the chief of the Gorbachev Foundation Project"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":174,"author_id":153}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":175,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442","en":"What Is Going On"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 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\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435 \"\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b\" \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a 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\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0439 \"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439\" \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Despite its characteristically sharp essayistic tenor and scoffing passages, this article is a quite serious attempt at defining an historical-sociological meaning of the present moment of our history. More particularly, the subject matter is, on one hand, the debacle of \u00abdemocratic forces\u00bb and strengthening of autocratic rule, and on the other \u2014 a rehabilitation of the normal, civilized ethic, human at large as well as in economic behavior, which was repressed by an ethos of the so called \u00abprimary accumulation\u00bb. An organic interconnection of the two tendencies is demonstrated, along with an exposure of fundamental falsity of the \u00abparochially liberal\u00bb outlook on the development of modern civilization, which prevailed up to now in the mind of Russian powers that be and which largely retains its sway."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":26,"authors":[{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0446\u0445\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Itskhokin Alexander Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433","en":"sociologist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":175,"author_id":102}}],"issue":{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":176,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a?","en":"A New World Order or a New World Disorder?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442 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\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a\u00bb \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442.","en":"The authors discuss the issue of what the world power centers are building nowadays: whether an order is being constructed or the chaos? To answer the question the authors consider infrastructures of usual, traditional type such as extraction and transportation, transportation communication lines as well as military political, economic infrastructures and infrastructures of the social control. The analysis demonstrates that the world power centers introduce greater chaos in all mentioned infrastructures. Under the guise of struggle against terrorism the world power centers bring various weapons (up to nuclear ones) in regions they are interested in; they are removing, part by part, the existing state structures under the pretext of \u00abnations' right to self-determination\u00bb and human rights protection; by means of financial and credit system they are intensifying poverty and economic chaos that bring about the political instability. Infrastructures that are created, first of all, by the US are designated rather for managing chaos and not for ensuring an order. Creators of such \u00abnew world order\u00bb try to mystify the problem and conceal their real aims. In fact, they need the world chaos that is the symbol of the utmost, ultimate lack of freedom. Russia has to learn how top live in situation of chaos, to learn how to manage chaos in such a way that allows it to become in a order of a kind as it happened during realization of the \u00abRed project\u00bb. In the USSR the power of ideas charged the masses for implementation of great changes and helped to overwhelm fascism. Nowadays Russia is a test field for any forms of regress and Russia' entering into the \u00abnew world order\u00bb described above will mean that our national sovereignty and our historical future will be ended forever."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":27,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":176,"author_id":39}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":176,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":177,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b (28.04.04): \u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440","en":"\u00abThe Roundtable\u00bb (28.04.04): Life and Theater"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u044d\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u2026\u0418\u0437\u043d\u044c\u00bb. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440 \u043a \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f? \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438? \u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430? \u0412 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435-\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a.","en":"\u00ab\u2026Ife\u00bb, the para-poem performed in the end of April, 2004, at \u00abNa doskakh\u00bb (\u00abOn the planks\u00bb) theater served as the cause for organization of the \u00abroundtable\u00bb. The chief of the creative center and the stage manager of the theater opened the discussion and indicated the problems to be discussed. Is the theater nowadays capable to create new forms of the social being? What phenomena, processes, events of modern Russia can and ought be reflected? What is the aim of such reflection? Can the theater form a new elite, identify a social stratum which has ability to unite itself and prevent the society from enthropy and disintegration? Social scientists, writers, lecturers of Moscow higher education institutions, librarians took part in the discussion."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":27,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":39}},{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":109}},{"id":123,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozlov Yuriy Wiliamovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043a","en":"prosaist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":123}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":143}},{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":195}},{"id":229,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rakityanskiy Nikolay Mitrofanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"ecturer of the Moskow State University, specialist in political psychology"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":177,"author_id":229}}],"issue":{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":178,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"Computer Accounting of Little Flying Crocodiles."},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u042d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 (\u0415\u0413\u042d) \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0413\u042d \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438) \u2013 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0437 (\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u044b \u2013 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443); \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0421 2001 \u0433. \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0413\u042d \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 2 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0415\u0413\u042d \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u042d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438.","en":"Introduction of the Common State Exams (the Russian abbreviation for them is \u00ab\u0415\u0413\u042d\u00bb) is one of our principal \u00abeducational reforms\u00bb. Its differences from the system of knowledge checking traditionally adopted in the USSR (and Russia) include the following characteristics: the school-leaving exams are combined with the entrance exams to a higher education institution (or, to be precise, to all higher education institutions simultaneously); questions are substituted for tests and an examiner is replaced with a computer. About 2 billion rubles are spent on introduction of the CSE since 2001. It is an amount comparable with the amount that presumably was lacking for devices, reagents, salaries and even for the simplest fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers in elementary and secondary schools. It should be added that the very concept of the CSE does not find support among scientists and educators. The article demonstrates the true nature of the Common State Examination on the specific discipline: basics of social sciences. It\u2019s impossible to evaluate knowledge and abilities of youngsters on the grounds of such exam\u2019s results. However, as the author thinks, it\u2019s possible to evaluate knowledge and abilities \u2014 not of pupils but the \u00abreformers\u00bb who invented and introduced the new system."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":27,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":178,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443? \u041b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432","en":"When Did Russia Begin To Be Perceived as the \u00abThreat\u00bb to the West?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e 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\u043d\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 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\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u2013\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u00bb: \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the time reference point from which onwards ideological, cultural and civilizational confrontation of Russia and the West began. This confrontation found its expression in the propaganda myth about \u00abMoskovia as the threat for the Christendom\u00bb which was invented in Renaissance Europe. The author connects emergence of the myth with the Livonian was (1558\u22121583) which was the first in the succession of wars Russia fought against a coalition of European states. \u00abThe Russian theme\u00bb for the first time became a subject of vigorous attempts of the Western intellectuals and politicians of Renaissance Europe to understand the phenomenon of Russia. In the process Russia was attributed with historical phobias generated due to internal European problems as well as by experience of Western communication with the East during the Crusades. In result the image of Russia established in the European propaganda literature poorly corresponded to the reality but it embraced many political and cultural phobias of Europeans. The image of Russia was invented in accordance with principle of \u00abanti-world\u00bb modeling. Creators of this image tried to embody all \u00abnon-European\u00bb traits, that is everything barbarian, non-Christian, infernal. Many of phobias generated in Renaissance epoch are still effective assumptions of the policies of the West toward Russia. It should be emphasized that Europe needs such \u00abanti-mirror\u00bb: it places its own sins in this \u00abanti-mirror\u00bb without long thoughts whether the resulting picture corresponds to the reality or not. One of historical roles Russia performs in \u00abWest-East\u00bb system of civilizations is brought to the role of the \u00abanti-world\u00bb without which Europe will not feel itself the supreme top of the global community."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":27,"authors":[{"id":287,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044e\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u0447","en":"Filyushkin Alexander Il'ich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Chair of St.-Petersburg State Politechnical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":179,"author_id":287}}],"issue":{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":180,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Influence of Nicolas II \u0421ourt Environment on the Political Orientation of the Russian Supreme Power during World War I."},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0412\u0427\u0421\u041a) \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443.","en":"The court environment of Nicolas II is the subject of intense attention of several generations of historians. There are many valuable sources on this span of the Russian history. Materials of the Provisional interrogative commission established by the Provisional government are among the most interesting among these sources. On the grounds of these materials the author traces influence of various country groups on the domestic and foreign policies of the last Russian emperor. The author considers several serious issues of the Nicolas II reign including the issue of Rasputin\u2019s infiltration into the emperor\u2019s closest circle and the issue of attempts to make a separate peace in the World War I."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":27,"authors":[{"id":202,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Novikov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\", \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \"\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\" \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"The author analyzes, on the basis of mass media communications about events in Ingushetia in night from June 21 to June 22, 2004, the very events as well as contradictory evaluations of them made by officials. It is noted that the character of activities and results of the raid do not permit to reduce interpretation of events to lack of responsibility and non-capability of the Federal forces and local law enforcement bodies. Initiators of the Ingushetian events are to be looked for among the people who are interested in escalation of the conflict in Northern Caucasus including some members of the Russian bureaucracy and the Russian military elite. The Ingushetian tragedy proved to be possible because the top authority is cut off the principal social processes and the broad layer of the Russian reality. Its attempts to reduce complexity of the Russian situation to the sphere of simple answers given in language of \u00abtechnocratic pragmatism\u00bb revenge for themselves with the most heavy defeats. The authority has to engage itself in problems of information wars, to monitor transformation of forms in which the ideology revels and develops itself, to manage these forms. The authority is in the desperate need of strategy which gives answers to the issues of the topical issues. A feeling of strategic blind alley is maturing in the society and the authority may speak the pragmatic \u00ablanguage of administrative optimism' as much as it wishes but the society has ceased to perceive this language. Alienation of the \u00abpragmatics\u00bb of the authority from ideology must be removed. Otherwise the negative processes in the country shall not be stopped and Russia will perish."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":28,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":181,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":182,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a: \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb","en":"West and East: \u00abNew Epoch of Profets\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u042e\u0433\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e), \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u042e\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The article is devoted to one of the most topical themes of the contemporary world, i.e. analysis of civilization matrices of the West, The East and the South. It is assumed that the matrix of the Western civilization (Christianity) has been built upon the \u00abdeveloping subject time\u00bb and prigress potential is now absolutely dismounted and unable to beget anything but the \u00abmodel knowledge\u00bb. In their turn, matrices of the East and the South are undergoing modernization which brings about melting of identities and releases powers of passion for supremacy and domination. Chances of the West in this confrontation are slim. However analysis of \u00abcommunication breakthroughs\u00bb that have occurred in the human history as well as analysis of religious and lay matrices demonstrates that a mechanism of their complementary conjugation is possible. As this takes place the West undertakes production of \u00abmodels of being\u00bb while the East assumes responsibility for sorting these models out according the criterion of their verity. Thus it is suggested to re-integrate the global transcendence which is disconnected now."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":28,"authors":[{"id":258,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Stolyarov Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0415\u041d-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e","en":"writer, member of Russian Writer's Union, member of Russian PEN Center, culturologist, professor of UNESCO"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":182,"author_id":258}}],"issue":{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":183,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u00ab\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"The Sense and Nonsense of \u00abBasic Values\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\" \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, 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\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u2013 \u043d\u0438, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437, \u0443\u0432\u044b, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.\n\n\u0412\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \"\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b\", \"\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438\" \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \"\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\", \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \"\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\". \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f. \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c!) \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.","en":"The western \u00abValues\u00bb is a phenomenon immanently, structurally western. These fundamentally uncertain, necessarily parabolic abstractions serve as the pivotal notions of ideology, or, better, of ethical-ideological discourse, which is the vital nexus of \u00abtheoretical civilization\u00bb (Northrop's concept for the West), or of a \u00abform of life\u00bb whose distinctive trait is (by Wittgenstein) argumentation. Its dimension directly constitutive of the social order is interparty discussion. So, \u00abdemocracy\u00bb is nothing else than the political form peculiar to \u00abtheoretical civilization\u00bb \u2014 that is, to the West in its modern, post-Christian phase. Religion, or, more precisely, myth and the aesthetic generally in its actual socio-constructive capacity are isolated here within the pale of Temple. The today\u2019s world owes its principal drama to the inherently expansive nature of the theoretical. That is, the West\u2019s treatment of its \u00abBasic Values\u00bb as all-human (and even, their hopelessly uncertain and parabolic nature notwithstanding, natural!) is, literally, just a reflex blind to any historical reality. The worst thing is that the \u00abpost-historical\u00bb West is decidedly closed to recognizing power in its historical quality \u2014 power, that is, which is not \u00abformalized\u00bb, not deprived of (in Weber\u2019s terms) \u00abenchantment\u00bb, or simply of its own value which is (and was in the historical West just as well as anywhere) an aesthetic value. It cannot recognize power in its civilized form, that is, cannot accept it as the constitutive factor of a high-level social organization; e.g., it blindly ascribes to \u00abdemocracies\u00bb modern Japan which is in reality an acme of the hierarchical, or autocratic. And still less can it recognize power as a legitimate, if only because vital, social force in cases less civilized, where power cannot help being at times fairly rude. In a word, the only certain (and obvious) sense of the ideas like \u00abfreedom\u00bb, \u00abdemocracy\u00bb or other current as \u00abBasic Values\u00bb is the negation of power in its own positive value. Meanwhile, it is indisputably the main, if not sole, factor of order in places short of the western level of civilization (or organization). Consequently, the sole import of the West\u2019s century-long moral message (not to be confused with things technical!) to the rest of the world is a blind destruction."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":28,"authors":[{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0446\u0445\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Itskhokin Alexander Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433","en":"sociologist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":183,"author_id":102}}],"issue":{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":184,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u00bb","en":"February \u00abRevolution from above\u00bb or Fiasco of the \u00abGeneral for Pronunciamento\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0430\u0441, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041d.\u0418. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u2013 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439.","en":"The result of the participation of Russian Army leader in the February Revolution 1917 is the sum of the historiographical presentations, wich occasionally very far from the historical reality. The researchers examined through this presentations, wich embarrass the creation of the adequate reconsruction of the past, the attitude of Nicolas II and generals to the opposition and the opposition to emperer and the Stavka, the character of general N. Ivanov expedition, the circumstances of the voyage of Nicolas from Mogilev to Pskov, the reasons of the monarch abdication to the benefit of son and then brother. In given article the author, baseing on the analise of the new and new reading of the old sources, permits the new, original treatment of the well-known events."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":28,"authors":[{"id":141,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kulikov Sergey Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., historian, junior researcher, Department of the Modern History, St.-Petesrburg branch of the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":184,"author_id":141}}],"issue":{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":185,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026 \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438\u2026\u00bb","en":"\u00ab... Witnessing His Breaking Away from the Church...\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e 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\u0438\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b.\n\n\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u00bb. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c. \u041c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"Hundred years elapsed since excommunication of Leo Tolstoi but the interest to the event has not extinmguished as yet. The author undertakes the attempt to reconstruct Tolostoi own thoughts and feelings aroused by his excommunication. To attain the goal Tolstoi\u2019s attitude to the Church and faith in general is considered.\n\nThe author comes to conclusion that the basis of L. N. Tolstoi\u2019s own ethical and religious teaching is the belief that a human being has to treat other persons in a way he would wish to be treated by other people. It is a rule which is easily explained by the reason, and Tolstoi elevates this principle to the universal law level, to the level of irreal belief.\n\nFollowing his convictions Tolstoi would have to regard the Synod\u2019s decree with a contempt and indignation. And his \u00abReply to the Synod\u00bb proves that Tolstoi reacted to the decree precisely in this way. However the author points out that it is wrong to explore Tolstoi\u2019s outlook only on basis of \u00abThe Reply\u00bb. Such approach would be too one-sided, biased, distorted. The author finds signs of deep spiritual movements experienced by Tolstoi in his diaries and correspondence. The author is disposed to suggest that the cause of the inner shock experienced by Tolstoi were doubts in the system of moral values created by himself. Tolstoi\u2019s diaries for the period contain information on these doubts."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":28,"authors":[{"id":193,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nasedkin Egor Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 IV \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"student of Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":185,"author_id":193}}],"issue":{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":186,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u043e\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0411\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"The Warning that Wasn't Heard: from Nazran to Beslan and Further Calling at Every Stop"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 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\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u2013 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c 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\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0434-\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u041d\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u044e\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article is an analytical investigation of the events that took place in Russia in August-September and were connected with the terrorist attacks. It is pointed out that the authority has finally admitted that Russia was declared a war. The author of the article emphasizes that the developing war is a special, political one, and the minute details of its technologies have already been thoroughly elaborated. The scenarios are well-known. They are: first \u2014 to let Islam capture Russia and to fence off China with the help of this space, second \u2014 to make Russian \u00abhot points\u00bb international and then proceed to some soft forms of relative occupation. The talks about the death of Russia are not groundless and we all are guilty in its fading, but the authority and its leader are the first to blame. As far as the war against Russia is admitted it is necessary to understand who our enemy is. The most important thing in the war that came to us with the terrorist attacks of Nord-Ost, Nazran, Grozny and Beslan is the existence of the terrorist infrastructure. The powerful international clans with the definite character of intelligence services are at war. They start the battle by creating a number of critical political situations after which everything changes in the state. Even the future existence of the state becomes doubtful after their appearance. To have Russia survived one needs first of all to obtain the understanding of the global context of the war."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":186,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":187,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"The End of Atomic Monopoly of USA"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430? 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Using new primary sources from American and Russian archives the author addresses this question by first exploring the policies of both sides leading to this event: American build up and intelligence estimates of Soviet atomic program as well as the Kremlin\u2019s diplomatic and propagandistic cover up of its efforts to catch up with the U.S. in atomic arms race. The article also deals with an impact of Soviet atomic bomb on the U.S. policy and strategy with the main emphasis on American government\u2019s perception of the new Soviet challenge and it implications for both Soviet and the U.S. policies. The author contends that despite some penetrating insights into the future responsible behavior of the Soviet Union as a nuclear power, the \u00abworst case\u00bb logic of American military and political planners led to further escalation of nuclear arms race which reached it next crossroad only by 1970-s"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":187,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b","en":"Sociology of a Woman"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0451 \u0438\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0447\u0438 \u043e \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0415\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0451\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0415\u0451 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0415\u0451 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439; \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435\u043c.","en":"The author presupposes that a woman is in the center of the \u00abmaterial space\u00bb though sometimes she deviates from this position. Her immanent sovereign senses and power as well as responsibility, linked to it, are investigated in the article. In the first part of the article the author interprets the parable about Adam and Eve as a reflection of the fact that Adam placed Eve higher then God and His will. It is emphasized that a woman plays the key-role in religions, and that women cult communities have the initial and closed status. A woman has the leading role in keeping fire, domestication animals and plants, staying away from men\u2019s feasts and regulating the conjugal relations. She realizes humanitarian function that is a real \u00abnerve of a culture\u00bb. A lot of questions are analyzed: the polygamy as a men\u2019s effort to escape from women\u2019s reign, inferior springs of feminism, the difference between women\u2019s problems in developed and developing countries. The author defines the family as a unit where the man\u2019s mission is to serve woman and woman\u2019s mission is to care about her man and support him."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":313,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shelov-Kovedyaev Fedor Vadimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u2013 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., strategic analyst, Professor of State University \u2013 Higher School of Economics"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":188,"author_id":313}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":189,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435","en":"The migration Revolution and its Regulating in Europe"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435. \u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0443\u044e 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\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0421\u041c\u0418, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The consequence of the globalization is the intensive removal of people throughout the planet. The migration floods have reached such an intensity that they can be characterized as a real \u00abmigration revolution\u00bb (the term of author). The migration floods go into the states of the \u00abgold billion\u00bb and shake them. The problem of migration overgrew the national level and became the international problem. It can be solved only on the international level. Different questions, linked to the migration politics in Russia and EU countries, first of all the biggest of them -- Germany, are analyzed in the article. In its second part the author examines the possibilities of cooperation and transmission of the accumulated experience, evaluates the perspectives. The investigation is based on the data of the official statistics, special scientific works, but first of all on the daily-upgraded information of mass media, including the Internet. In conclusion the author emphasizes that it is necessary to work hard to bridle the migration revolution and to direct it in the way which is preferable for the society. Only the joint efforts of the European countries and the countries from where the migration floods go (and will go in future) can help us to face the challenge and to solve the most acute problem of the present."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":156,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lubin Valeriy Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., in history, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":189,"author_id":156}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f\u00bb","en":"The Creator of the \u00abcoming-age Europe\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0416\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u0434\u2019\u042d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0416\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440 \u0434\u2019\u042d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c - \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u0434\u0440.).","en":"The article is dedicated to the analysis of the European ideology of Valery Giscard d\u2019Esteing \u2014 ex-president of France and the creator of the European constitution, the first one in history. The question of its acceptance is now on the present-day agenda of the EU countries. The author examines the problem of the leadership in Europe and the closest targets of the European foreign policy. He makes an analysis of the variants Giscard d\u2019Esteing suggested for realizing economical, war-protective and political unions in Europe. One of the important themes is the problem of federal or confederative arrangement of the future integration system. Besides the author analyzes the projects of possible configuration of the European area (creating of the \u00absolid base\u00bb of European states, of the \u00abEurope form Atlantic to the Ural mountains\u00bb etc.)"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":142,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kurginyan Irina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the researcher of the analytical department of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":190,"author_id":142}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":191,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043c\u0443? \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439","en":"From Baba into Lady? The Transformation of Evdokiia Kulikova"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u0431\u0430\u0431\u044b) \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0448\u043d\u044e). \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441 \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435.","en":"This article addresses questions concerning the impact of rural-urban migration, the market economy and the new consumer culture on the lives of peasant women who moved to a major city. Its focus is Evdokiia Kulikova, born to an impoverished peasant household, raised in rural Tver' and unhappily married to a fellow villager, who sought to escape that marriage by petitioning the tsar. The dossier generated by her appeal sheds light on the opportunities that urban life might offer an intelligent, literate, enterprising and attractive young woman in the sphere of sexual relations, self-presentation and social mobility. The testimony of individuals across the social spectrum demonstrates Kulikova\u2019s success in transforming herself from a village woman (baba) to a lady (baryshnia), and in making taste, rather than birth, the marker of her social position and character. At the same time, however, her history illuminates some of the ways that restrictive laws and arbitrary administrative practices continued to restrict mobility and retard individual autonomy even in the context of a major city."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":29,"authors":[{"id":320,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d","en":"Engel Barbara Alpern"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433.\u0411\u043e\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0440","en":"Professor, Department of History University of Colorado at Boulder"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":191,"author_id":320}}],"issue":{"id":29,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":192,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043c? \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439","en":"A Liquidation Committee? Russia Is Expecting Other Bad News"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0423 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439. \u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The author analyses the events that prove the possible disintegration of Russia and tries to find the ways to fight it. The author describes the liquidation process and how it is being brought into life. This project has a foreign customer, but no foreign order can exist without inner infrastructure. This infrastructure involves those who are interested in the disintegration. If the leader of the state cannot break the situation he has to be responsible for associating. The struggle against the liquidation goes hand in hand with the Project. Only mobilization can oppose the liquidation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":192,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":193,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0441.20)","en":"The innovational Russia as the political project and the strategy of development"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 (\u0438 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\u0414\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u0418\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u00bb, \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c.","en":"The \u00abgreat shakes\u00bb of the XXI cent. became not only the Russian\u2019s property, but the property of the whole world. The current events, as well as the forecasts indicate the possible development of economical (and political) turbulences. One of the forecasts from the modern Pandora\u2019s trunk has already been realized. The matter concerns the digital-economics crisis that is linked to the considerable overestimation of its assets. Another wildly discussed subject is the possible troubles in the field of the world finance. The third rider of the economical Apocalypses is the shadow of the global energetic crisis. In the modern situation politics have to deny the habitual models. Probably the brightest mistake is the idea of the explosive development of innovational processes on the edge of the third millennium.\n\nRussia is a peculiar geo-economical space; its economy unites in a paradoxical way the structural features of the row-material South as well as the highly technological North. The national project \u00abInnovational Russia\u00bb is aimed at saving and developing the progressive element of Russian society \u2014 its creative ability as a solid resource of its economy. In case of a proper historical chance it will be able to alter the situation in the country in a healthy way. The elaboration of the \u00abInnovational Russia\u2019s\u00bb initiative as the base of the national strategy presupposes the number of additional actions about the development of the culture of \u00abthe new Russian class\u00bb whose life is closely linked to the post-industrial reality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":193,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":194,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440NAZI\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b","en":"InterNAZIonal"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The idea that communism and Nazism are but the variants of the same \u00abtotalitarian\u00bb ideology has spread on the ruins of the USSR. It is supposed that one can hardly find any important difference here. The author of the article yet thinks that there is a strong difference between them, as well as between a Soviet and SS soldier. It is not a matter of nationality (Russian or German) \u2014 there were different people among the Hitler\u2019s chasteners, including not-Aryans; it is a matter of the ideology. Communism and Nazism do not simply differ in some points \u2014 they are totally incompatible ideologies. That is why the fall of the USSR could not but turn into the revenge of the powers that were defeated in 1945. It happened not only in the Baltic countries and Western Ukraine. The idea: \u00ablet's beat Nigers!\u00bb (Azerbaijanians, Armenians, Jews, Russians \u2014 underline the necessary one) appears in an empty shaved head not from nowhere. It is the natural reaction of the lower classes to the fact that the radical anti-communism reached its climax in the higher circles, circles of big money and philosophical degrees. The word \u00abinternationalist\u00bb became dirty in the 1990-es. The \u00abwhite spots\u00bb (censorship's shades) of the history that was written by soviet historians turned into the brown points of the new conjunction."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":194,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435","en":"The Migration Revolution and Its Regulating in Europe (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 1945 \u0433. \u0418 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb (\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d, \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c) \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u2013 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u00bb \u0432 1990-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u00bb (\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The consequence of the globalization is the intensive removal of people throughout the planet. The migration floods have reached such an intensity that they can be characterized as a real \u00abmigration revolution\u00bb (the term of author). The migration floods go into the states of the \u00abgold billion\u00bb and shake them. The problem of migration overgrew the national level and became the international problem. It can be solved only on the international level. Different questions, linked to the migration politics in Russia and EU countries, first of all the biggest of them \u2013 Germany, are analyzed in the article. In its second part the author examines the possibilities of cooperation and transmission of the accumulated experience, evaluates the perspectives. The investigation is based on the data of the official statistics, special scientific works, but first of all on the daily-upgraded information of mass media, including the Internet. In conclusion the author emphasizes that it is necessary to work hard to bridle the migration revolution and to direct it in the way which is preferable for the society. Only the joint efforts of the European countries and the countries from where the migration floods go (and will go in future) can help us to face the challenge and to solve the most acute problem of the present."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":156,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lubin Valeriy Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., in history, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":195,"author_id":156}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The sociology of a woman (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u00bb 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\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"In the second part of the article the author affirms that a woman \u00abmakes\u00bb a man and then takes the responsibility for him in the society. A child is her exclusive field of creation. It is necessary to settle back in people minds the idea that children are not the burden but happiness and blessing itself, that bringing them up is a very important work. A woman cannot abandon her duties for a long time because the comfort of a man and children depend on her. If this comfort gets misbalanced a family and the activity of men and children come to the deep crisis. The \u00abmasculinisation\u00bb of women strengthens the processes that let the world upside down, provoke the transference of the sexual poles and finally lead mankind to death. The author reckons that the target of any revolution is to break a woman. The suffragettes\u2019 leaders, pursuing interests of their families, achieved the enslaving of other women with the help of the labor market. The happenings of 1991 in Russia brought back in our life the basic female values. It is important for a woman now to realize anew her responsibility and to use the modern opportunities of her creative activity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":313,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shelov-Kovedyaev Fedor Vadimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u2013 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., strategic analyst, Professor of State University \u2013 Higher School of Economics"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":196,"author_id":313}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":197,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u00bb?","en":"Did the \u00abGolodomor\u00bb Take Place Indeed?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 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\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 1932\u20131933 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434.","en":"The article deals with one of the most important aspects of the Ukraine Nazi\u2019s ideology: the so-called \u00abgolodomor\u00bb. Currently it\u2019s the Ukraine name for the starvation of 1932\u22121933, but it\u2019s not just \u00abstarvation\u00bb. \u00abGolodomor\u00bb is an ideological concept, the powerful tool for influencing the mass-consciousness. This arm is used by the Ukraine Nazis and establishment as well as by foreign enemies of the USSR \u2014 Russia. These circles present \u00abgolodomor\u00bb as the ethnocide \u2014 the purposeful exterminating of Ukraine people carried out in practice by the Moscow leaders. It came that far that they call it \u00abUkraine holocaust\u00bb. According to the ideologists' plan the \u00abgolodomor\u00bb phenomenon must become the solid ground, on which the still unformed Ukraine nation will strengthen its national idea. The main point of the idea is the statement that Russians and Ukrainians are totally different peoples, alien to each other; the \u00abgolodomor\u00bb phenomenon is aimed to blacken Russia and accuse it of the oppression of Ukraine. The author shows that the idea of \u00abgolodomor\u00bb is but the political and ideological myth that has nothing in common with the reality of the past. The starvation of 1932\u221233 struck all the USSR, caused the sufferings of all the peasants and had nothing to do with any national differentiation. The starvation was caused by totally different social, political and economical reasons and wasn\u2019t the consequence of the Soviet leaders' will to annihilate the Ukrainians as a folk."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":197,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":198,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0413\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439\u00bb (\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430)","en":"The Nest of the Chernosotentsy near Moscow (A Law Suit of 1928 in Sergiev Posad)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u044b. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u00bb (1928, \u21163) \u00ab\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0433. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430\u00bb, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433.\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0441 11 \u043d\u0430 12 \u043c\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u0430\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u00bb. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0441 21 \u043d\u0430 22 \u043c\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 150 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u00bb. \u0418\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 80 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u2013 3 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e 1928\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u00bb (1929).","en":"The author describes the suit of 1928 against the \u00abformer people\u00bb who were chased by the Soviet government and tried to hide at the walls of Troitse-Sergiev monastery. The suit started with the article \u00abThe list of personnel of the Church Committee of Sergiev-town\u00bb that appeared in the magazine \u00abAtheist at a machine\u00bb (\u00abBezbozhnik u stanka\u00bb; \u2116\u20093, 1928). The main idea of the article was that the \u00abformer people\u00bb took the leading posts in the offices that were responsible for the cultural life in town. It was the starting-point of their chasing in papers and magazines of Moscow and Sergiev. At night of the 11\/12th of May they shoot in Kostomarovs\u2019s window (Kostomarov was the chief of an agitation and propaganda local committee of the Communist Party). This shot was put down to chernosotentsy. At night of the 21\/22th of May 150 \u00abformer people\u00bb were arrested. 80 of them were sentenced, many people were expelled for 3 years. After the suit the churches of Sergiev were closed, the monk communities were abolished. This suit forestalled the year of the \u00abgreat breaking\u00bb (1929)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":222,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Polovinkin Sergey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., philosopher, Assistant Professor of the chair of russian philosophy history of Russian State Humanitarian University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":198,"author_id":222}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":199,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438","en":"The Transitional Ages in the Interior of the World History: Musing on Pages of the Unique Book"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 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\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435. \u0417\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0442.\u0435. \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0430.","en":"The article is dedicated to the problems of the place and role of transitional ages in the interior of the world history. Written in a free manner of a historian\u2019s thoughts, it is based on the data of the collective work \u00abThe transitional ages in the social aspect. History and the present\u00bb (publishing house \u00abNauka\u00bb, 2003). The book united the works of the 28 specialists \u2014 historians who specialize in different countries and times from Antiquity and the \u00abgreat migration of folks\u00bb (the 4th-7th cent.) to the second \u00abgreat migration\u00bb, caused by the disintegration of the USSR. The concept of a transitional age is studied in the article as a complicated, many-sided inner contradiction. It is a very contrasting phenomenon of the \u00abrecoding\u00bb of a social system from one condition into another. There is an inner logic behind its individual unique demonstrations \u2014 the logic of the development of transformational processes. According to the authors opinion it can be called the \u00abgenetic code\u00bb of the social transit."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":30,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":199,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2004,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":200,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430: \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ukraine: A Challenge and a Lesson for Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439.","en":"In the process of its formation, the Ukrainian republic has become polarised. A complex geographical and political split separates the East and South from the West, following the interests of different clans. This rift causes weakness at the state level, which in turn makes the Ukraine more susceptible to outside influence. Today, the most worrying destabilising factor in the republic is the growth of radical Islam in the Crimea. The recent presidential elections in the Ukraine showed that in the near future, American foreign policy may undergo radical change, leading to the formation of an American-Islamic-European union designed to weaken or even destroy Russia. The main international consequence of recent events in the Ukraine is the threat of a \u2018belt' emerging which would isolate Russia from Europe, as well as the threat of radical Islam permeating Russia through the Caucasus. An Islamic explosion in the Caucasus would cause detonations in Adygea, the North Caucasus and the Volga region. Central Asia and the Middle East would follow suit.\n\nWhat we see happening in the Ukraine today could be called a particularly shameful triumph of American policy. The USA have blatantly disregarded all civilised electoral norms. Far from instating Western democratic order in the Ukraine, America is steadily pushing the world into the flames of radical Islam. Unlike the West, Russia today has no clear-cut project for civilisation. In the absence of such a project, it will most likely prove unable to maintain the Ukraine within its sphere of influence. Furthermore, the Ukrainian scenario will then be repeated in other CIS republics and, finally, in Moscow itself. Objectively speaking, the success which American policy is currently enjoying in the Ukraine is doing nothing to stabilise the political situation in the republic. On the contrary, the entire range of ideological, political and clan-driven economic rifts dividing the republic has become deeper and more pronounced. Were the Kremlin to recognise and use this situation to its own advantage, Moscow\u2019s ignominious defeat in the Ukraine could eventually be turned into something of a victory."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":200,"author_id":39}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":200,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":201,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435","en":"Islam in Europe Today"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f? 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Why is it that their number continues to grow, and what are the social, cultural and political consequences of this trend? These are the issues examined by Chetverikova in her article. The author conducts a thorough study of the different aspects of the Tarikat in Europe, focussing mainly on the painful process of restructuring Western society in the attempt to integrate the new and alien Muslim culture. The multicultural approach adopted in order to overcome social segregation and promote the mutual enrichment of different cultures had an adverse effect. Inconsistent and contradictory, it created a situation in which Islam in Europe began to identify itself as an independent cultural and religious community. Following a certain outside strategy, this community was firmly bent on defending its own interests."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":201,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":202,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Russian Philosophy: A Focus on Humanitarian Studies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u0418 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b, \u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Russian culture has always tended to focus on literature. In Russia, classical literature promoted the growth and development of thought. Even in philosophy, the best results were obtained where research was connected with the arts. Thus, if Russia wishes to be a worthy participant in the international philosophical process, she should use her strengths by focussing primarily on study in the humanities."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":202,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":203,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.","en":"Moscow Self-organizations and The Public at The Beginning of The XX-th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b 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\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\n\n\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438).","en":"The article deals with the process of civic self-organization which takes place in Moscow at the beginning of the 20-th century. It examines the formation and activity of tens of societies with different aims, including scientific and technical, literary and educating, health service and philanthropic, etc. It gives the scientific classification of Moscow societies, characterizes the main directions of their activities, relations with the authorities, their influence on social-cultural atmosphere of the city and self consciousness of the citizens, formation of the public (obschestvennost`).\n\nThe article is based on a wide variety of sources (archive documents, periodics, memoirs of state and public persons, intellectuals)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":274,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Tumanova Anastasiya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0413.\u0420.\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Chief of Department of Derzhavin Tambov State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":203,"author_id":274}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":204,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"The Failure of the Scattered Attack"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1904\u20131905 \u0433\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 1904 \u0433., \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"In the second part of the article the author affirms that a woman \u00abmakes\u00bb a man and then takes the responsibility for him in the society. A child is her exclusive field of creation. It is necessary to settle back in people minds the idea that children are not the burden but happiness and blessing itself, that bringing them up is a very important work. A woman cannot abandon her duties for a long time because the comfort of a man and children depend on her. If this comfort gets misbalanced a family and the activity of men and children come to the deep crisis. The \u00abmasculinisation\u00bb of women strengthens the processes that let the world upside down, provoke the transference of the sexual poles and finally lead mankind to death. The author reckons that the target of any revolution is to break a woman. The suffragettes' leaders, pursuing interests of their families, achieved the enslaving of other women with the help of the labor market. The happenings of 1991 in Russia brought back in our life the basic female values. It is important for a woman now to realize anew her responsibility and to use the modern opportunities of her creative activity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":4,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Airapetov Oleg Rudol\u2019fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Assistant Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":204,"author_id":4}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":205,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0430","en":"Marking NEP\u2019s \u00abSlippery Path\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1923 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 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\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430.","en":"When he was arrested in September 1923 A. M. Krasnoshchekov was founder and chair of the directorate of the highly successful Bank of Industry and Trade (Prombank). A Communist, Krasnoshchekov was well known in Russia and abroad, not least because he was former President of the Far East Republic. When arrested he was charged with corruption, abuse of authority, isolation from the proletariat, and other violations of \u00abCommunist ethics\u00bb. The following March he became the first prominent Communist to be put through a show trial.\n\nThis article examines the arrest and trial of Krasnoshchekov from a number of perspectives in order both to shed light on the case itself and on the broader political environment of the early NEP period. The first part of the article, published in this issue, first discusses the historiography of Soviet show trials. Krasnoshchekov\u2019s case has been overlooked, despite widespread publicity at the time, but it deserves attention as the first show trial of an important Communist official, one whose career had been advanced by Lenin himself. Then the question of the regime\u2019s economic policy is addressed. In this regard, the turn toward stronger party control over the economy in 1923 may have been a factor in the downfall of the highly independent head of Prombank. The last section in this part peers into the \u00abtrenches\u00bb at Prombank, illuminating how the \u00abclass struggle\u00bb between Communist agents and Prombank\u2019s leadership unfolded."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442","en":"Argenbright Robert T."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0412\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d (\u0421\u0428\u0410)","en":"Associate Professor of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":205,"author_id":17}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":206,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430: \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"Shadow of Lider"},"desc":{"ru":"20 \u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0444\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0412.\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d), \u0412, \u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432 (\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432, \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432), \u041f.\u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e (\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0412.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0412.\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430.","en":"The author, Russia\u2019s noted expert on interpretation narrates the dramatic story of interpretation and diplomatic interpreters in the 20th century in the USSR from V. Lenin to V. Putin when history was made and often interpreters were the only (and silent) witnesses or even contributed to it. The English voices of Soviet leaders \u2013 V.Berezhkov (Stalin), V.Sukhodrev (Khrushchev), P.Palazhchenko (Gorbachev) reverberated across the world in an assertive and skillful way. Many historical vignettes are provided for the first time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":31,"authors":[{"id":305,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0443\u0436\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Chuzhakin Andrey Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Assistant Professor of Moscow State Linguistic University, Expert on Theory and Practice of Interpretation"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":206,"author_id":305}}],"issue":{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":207,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435? (\u0441.4)","en":"Bratislava Summit: Insignificant Ephemeral Episode or the Key Event?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 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\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e 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\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442.","en":"The author analyzes processes that take place within ruling circles of post-Soviet Russia and focuses on the elite split and struggle of competing clan-based factions. The author traces transformations that occur within the Russian ruling circles depending on the Republican or Democratic administrations come to power in the USA. Mechanisms of V. Putin accession and his transformation from a \u00abman of hope\u00bb to a \u00abman of hatred\u00bb in perception of influential elite groups of the USA are discussed. The author emphasizes that old American plans for territorial dismemberment of Russia have reappeared and argues that by the moment of Bratislava summit the US principal demand was the US control over nuclear weapon in territory of Russia. If the issue of \u00abDeclaration on the enslaved nations\u00bb implementation is brought into the US agenda it will transfer process in Russia into the lethal phase. The only chance for resurrection of Russia is a new accelerated modernization and assertion of the modern project as the value. The first and indispensable prerequisite for that is modernization of the Russian power-holding class which has to accept the modern intellectual substrate into its core."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":207,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":208,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0442\u043e\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435) (\u0441.52)","en":"Islam in Europe Today (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 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\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0415\u0421 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb.","en":"The second part of the article deals with the consequences of \u2018inter-confessional dialogue' which was initiated by the Western Christianity and changed into process of unilateral concessions. Europeans proved to be unprepared to meet not just demographic challenge but also the spiritual and geopolitical challenges of Islam. Sound analysts and geopoliticians of Europe acknowledge the fact nowadays. However the dominant European circles refuse to do the same for these circles follow interests of transnational elites, even though these interests go against needs of the European nations. Meanwhile aggravation of problems in development of international processes and deepening of internal European social and ethnic and religious contradictions are gradually acquiring the nature which puts the EC leadership in the situation when it is necessary to develop and implement independent strategy which has to proceed from genuine interests of \u00abEurope of nations\u00bb and not of \u00abEurope of transnational corporations\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":208,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":209,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f (\u0441.96)","en":"Science in the City: The Founding of the Moscow Polytechnical Museum"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u041e\u041b\u0415\u0410\u042d, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u2014 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\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.","en":"This article is devoted to one of imperial Russia\u2019s learned societies, the Society of Friends of Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, or OLEAE by its Russian initials, and to its most visible enterprise, the Moscow Polytechnical Museum. Based primarily on the minutes of the meetings of OLEAE and of the museum organizing committee, the article attempts to rescue from oblivion both OLEAE and the Polytechnical Museum. The article examines the mission of the founders of OLEAE, the relationship between OLEAE and the government, and the role of a private association in the foundation of an enterprise on the scale of the Polytechnical Museum.\n\nThe first part of the article places OLEAE and the museum in a larger European context. The grand museums of science, industry and the arts were a hallmark of the modern city and a vehicle for the dissemination of science, what economic historian Joel Mokyr calls the \u00abindustrial enlightenment.\u00bb They came about owing to the mobilization of resources by governments, associations, municipalities, the business community, and private philanthropists. To many contemporaries, such museums displayed the wonders of applied science and industrial design to the public.\n\nThe second part of the article establishes the origins and mission of OLEAE. Founded in the heart of the Era of the Great Reforms by professors at Moscow University, OLEAE stated that its goal was public science, the \u00abdemocratization of science.\u00bb Like many learned societies in imperial Russia, OLEAE received the endorsement and patronage of the government. For its part, OLEAE thought of its goals and those of the government as one in the same\u2014the betterment of Russia.\n\nThe last part of the article examines the founding and early years of the Polytechnical Museum, founded in 1872. The Polytechnical Museum became one component of a rapidly growing \u00abscientific potential\u00bb of Russian society. The founders of the museum strove to disseminate applied knowledge by means of visibility and publicity.\n\nIn the conclusion, I argue that the Polytechnical Museum was an ambitious enterprise that not only helped stimulate public science. Founded by scientists who framed their projects in terms of a public, the museum helped create a public. In the eyes of its founders, the Polytechnical Museum was a patriotic endeavor that enhanced national prestige and civic pride. It enabled Moscow to display distinction and gain recognition as a center of industry and learning. Finally, although OLEAE functioned within a very restricted framework, its many scientific enterprises encouraged private initiative. As the product of collaboration between private associations, the municipality, and the state, the museum was an example of a budding civil society in action."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u044d\u0434\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0444","en":"Bradley Joseph"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433. \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0441\u0430, \u041e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0430 (\u0421\u0428\u0410)","en":"Professor of History,the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma (USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":209,"author_id":34}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":210,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0435 \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435) (\u0441.130)","en":"Marking NEP\u2019s \u00abSlippery Path\u00bb (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 1924 \u0433. \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0410.\u041c.\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d: \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; 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This part compares Krasnoshchekov\u2019s punishment to that meted out to others accused of similar offenses and discusses what is known about the lifestyles of members of the new Communist elite. The article then considers why Krasnoshchekov was singled out for harsh treatment. Five scales of causation are considered: personal qualities and relationships, the conflict inside Prombank, inter-institutional rivalries, the needs of the country\u2019s ruling elite, and the broad issue of how to construct socialism. The last factor is especially important \u2013 Krasnoshchekov\u2019s alternative \u00abnew economic policy\u00bb deserves recognition as a \u00abroad not taken\u00bb, one that was fundamentally different from \u00absocialism in one country\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":17,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442","en":"Argenbright Robert T."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0412\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d (\u0421\u0428\u0410)","en":"Associate Professor of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":210,"author_id":17}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":211,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0441.156)","en":"A Case of Malicious Unreliability"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 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\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article deals with an episode of D.D.Pletnev, prominent Russian physician and one of founders of cardiology. Liberal opinion D. Pletnev held from his young years were well known. In spring of 1907, when Pletnev was a private associate professor of Moscow university Ministry of popular education allocated funds necessary for his long-term mission abroad. About six months later when the German police by a mistake acquired serious doubts in political reliability of Pletnev who carried on research in University of Berlin. However these doubts were dispelled with no harm for the suspect. Nevertheless correspondence between the German and Russian police chiefs went on for about 5 months and these messages are deposited in the Police department and Moscow security department archives."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":211,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":212,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0420\u044e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e (\u0441.170)","en":"Saga of Slav Rurik and Other Valets Taught the Russian History in Pure Vologda Sanskrit"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb 90-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442.\u043d. \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 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\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435. \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0451\u043d\u2026\u00bb \u0434\u043b\u044f 10 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u2013 100 000 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435\u00bb? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0421\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0451\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438?","en":"Introduction of so called \u00abconcetrical\u00bb system of instruction in the secondary school has been one of the most important educational \u00abreforms\u00bb of 1990s. Nowadays the curriculum consists of two separate \u00abconcentrates\u00bb which has to be learned twice: in the incomplete school training which is mandatory for everyone and then in the higher secondary school (in the 10th and 11th classes) for students intending to enlist higher education institutions. One could find certain logic in this transformation: for example, it is easier to explain the serious scientific problems researchers of ancient Russian history confront with to 16 year old student than to a younger student provided someone really intends to discuss scientific problems with students. However new textbooks for higher secondary schools proved to be by far more primitive and remote from the contemporary science than textbooks for younger children. Therefore the author could not pass by one of the most popular textbooks for the Russian secondary school. \u00abThe history of Russia from the ancient times\u2026\u00bb for the 10th class is published by a major publishing company and has got a recommendation from the Ministry of education. Only extra print run of the textbook indicated in the imprint data comprises 100 thousand copies. How does the textbook deepen and improve knowledge of history school students have obtained in the \u00abfirst concentrate\u00bb? How does the textbook content relate to the most recent achievements of scientists, in particular, to works of Novgorod, Smolensk and Ladoga archeological expeditions that have seriously changed our perceptions of the most ancient period of the Russian history?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":32,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":212,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":213,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"The point of assembling"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. 60-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0423\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u0442.\u043a. \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430: \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443, \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430.","en":"To discover itself the present day Russia needs a unifying idea, an \u00abassembly point\u00bb. The author think that Russia\u2019a victory in the WWII can serve as such \u00abassembly point\u00bb because understanding of that war essence is not just tribute of its memory. The 60th anniversary of the Victory may and ought to become for everybody at least an attempt to gain the point of assembly. However we see that nowadays attempts are undertaken to draw a line under the War which has the eternal, ontological meaning and to misrepresent its essence. WWII is an enormous battle in which Communism saved the world from Nazism, the battle of the modern and the counter-modern. Equalization of Communism and Nazism as two expressions of totalitarianism is absolutely inadmissible for these phenomena are antipodes, foci of two antagonistic mega-systems. The principal aim for Nazism was to overcome the modern completely. In terms of geopolitics that meant destruction of the USSR and the USA. In terms of philosophy of history that meant complete destruction of Liberalism and Communism. During the cold war the West used Nazis, having integrated them in its elite. In result of that incorporation the West became the murderer of its own modern. Now the humankind can be saved only by the \u00abliving meaning\u00bb of the renovated modern."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":213,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":214,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"That war"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0445\u0430.","en":"The author highlights the complicated and painful topic of evolution which the national memory about the Russian history greatest event (victory over Hitlerite Germany) undergoes. As 60th anniversary of the victory has demonstrated, an enormous part of our society is not just losing the tie with meanings of the victory but is ceasing to get interest in these meanings. At the same time events and personalities of that epoch, by virtue of their immensity that nobody can annul, still keep to be a matter of political and psychological maneuvers that are very dangerous for Russia as well as for the world at large. We are drawing up nearer and yet nearer to the line beyond which the final and ultimate revision of WWII results and re-coding of its meanings become possible. Some facts indicate to possible revaluation of roles performed in that war by Germany and the USSR-Russia. Aftermath of such revision may prove to be really tragic for Russia. Meanwhile the destructive work the principal tool of which is manipulation with the public conscience aimed at elimination of the very ability to perceive the heroic and the sacred in history goes on unabated. Thereby a path to revenge of the innermost occult Nazi idea is opened and paved. This idea asserts that access to the heroic is the privilege conferred to supermen. Therefore opposition to this work means inheritance of anti-Nazism traditions to the same extent as this work continuation means acceptance of the Third Reich traditions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":214,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":215,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438: \u043f\u043e \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"How Jews fought according to Solzhenitsyn and in reality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 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\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d \u0443\u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u044b\u043b\u0443, \u0430 \u0443\u0436 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0414\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u00bb \u043b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0412 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"\u0410.I.Solzhenitsyn has marred his long and glorious pilgrimage in the literature and public life by massive (about one thousand pages) two volume pseudo-historical treatise \u00abTwo hundred years together\u00bb. The book deals with the common living of Russians and Jews in single Russian state. People of wit immediately invented another title to the book: \u00abTwo hundred years apart\u00bb. This ironic title in the best possible way passes the spirit and content of the Nobel prize winner\u2019s swan song. Solzhenitsyn has exceptionally vividly expressed the old, inherited from the Black Hundred idea that Jews are not just a foreign body in Russia but that they, by every their action, have promoted collapse of the Russian statehood, spirituality and culture. Even participation of Jews in the Great Patriotic War Solzhenitsyn contrived to present in such way that, according to him, Jews preferred to hole up in the rear and if by a chance got to the frontline then, most often, found positions in some safe and comfortable places and services and did their best to avoid real fighting. Even if both volumes of \u00abTwo hundred years together\u00bb are full of lies and falsified from first to last \u00abDuring the war with Germany\u00bb chapter stinks of anti-Semitism for, as it proved to be, Solzhenitsyn is impregnated to the marrow of his bones."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kadzhaya Valeriy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b (2000 \u0433.)","en":"journalist, the winner of the Moscow journalistic Union\u2019s premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":215,"author_id":103}}],"issue":{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":216,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438 (5\u20139 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1945 \u0433.)","en":"May 5\u20139, 1945: Liberation of Prague revisited"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0435 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435 5\u20139 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1945 \u0433., \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438.","en":"Relief of Prague from German Nazi occupation was the final major battle of WWII in Europe. German group of armies \u00abCenter\u00bb under command of Field Marshal Shoerner and SS detachments that had been ordered to fight against the Red Army to the last cartridge and then surrender to Americans who were approaching from the West were concentrated in the city and its vicinity. Several forces took part in liberation of Prague: inhabitants of the city who rose in revolt against Germans, servicemen from a division of so called Russian liberation army under General Vlasov, units of the First, the Second and the Fourth Ukrainian fronts of the Red Army. In the course of four days, from May 5 to May 9, the control over the city or its parts several times changed hands. In accordance with understanding with the Soviet high command the American forces that were 60 km off Prague did not develop the offence towards the city, even though they could liberate it easily, the more so because Wermacht units did not offer any resistance to them. Prague was liberated finally and completely on May 9 in result of successful Prague operation carried out by the Red Army. The author shows who events developed in Prague on May 5\u22129, 1945, what forces took part in liberation of the city and what were relations among these forces."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 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\u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 1940 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443.","en":"The article, based on contemporary press analysis together with the two attached original documents from American manuscripts collections, tackles some fundamental questions related to the breakdown of the old world order, the Versailles system in the \u00abEra of Munich\u00bb. As the title indicates the author chooses to focus on the explanation for the collapse of fragile, shaky peace in September 1939 by presenting the testimony of the first-class witnesses whose worldviews and capacity to evaluate the great powers' performance in the prewar crisis situation and over the first stage of the Second World War nobody could call preconceived or unreliable. The essay gives the picture of the pre-WWII international structure in the process of disintegration and disarray through the eyes of the most experienced observers from the New York Times staff and long-standing expert on Russian foreign and domestic affairs Professor Samuel Harper from Chicago University. Since the spring 1917 professor Harper was assigned to a special mission \u2014 to provide the American policy makers with advanced analyses of \u00abRussian phenomenon\u00bb with the goal of culling lessons and meeting challengers. For many years he was an unofficial adviser to the US State Department in the field of soviet-american relations. Harper was very successful in communicating the main features and peculiarities of Stalinist modernization of Russia. He was also acknowledged as a leading authority on post-Versailles Europe, gliding down to the greatest catastrophe in its history, which culminated in Nazi invasion against Poland, the capitulation of France and the demise of the balance of powers in Europe. The basic thesis of the article is that in the face of Hitler\u2019s aggression the Western democracies (including the USA) by neglecting or underrating the new global role of the Soviet Union endangered not only the interests of their own but the world peace as a major priority. It took almost two years for London and Washington to recognize the Soviet Union\u2019s potentially crucial role in the fight against fascism in cooperation with Hitler\u2019s foes. But it was done reluctantly only after the collapse of France on June 1940 and coming up to a clear comprehension what was at stake."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":217,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":218,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0436 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432","en":"The Landscape after the Battle"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430? 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Who was its main instigator and the source of danger? Which side was the truth on? These questions, which seemed to have been resolved once and for all, are being raised again by journalists, historians and politicians who try to replace labels of good and evil from some countries to other. That is why it may be instructive to go back to how the essence of this great struggle was perceived by its immediate participants in 1945. The most convincing evidence of Western allies' true feelings by the end of the war are American intelligence and diplomatic reports on a situation in a liberated Germany, discovered by the author in the U.S.National Archives. Of special interest are reports of summer 1945 interrogation of the top Nazi leaders which American high command never shared with its Soviet ally."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":33,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":218,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":33,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":219,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u0427\u0438\u043a\" \u0438 \"\u0446\u044b\u043a\", \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00ab\u0421HiK\u00bb and \u00abTSyK\u00bb or What is the Real Content of the Intensifying Power Collision"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 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\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \"\u0447\u0438\u043a\" \"\u0446\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c\".","en":"An old joke: \u00abTSeKa (The Central Committee if the CPSU) tsykaet (threatens) while CheKa (subsequently KGB) chikaet (represses)\u00bb reflects the most typical and serious problems of contemporary Russia. From the moment of Putin\u2019s ascension the \u00abchik\u00bb (repressive apparatus) acquired a chance to become the \u00abtsyk\u00bb (the highest authority). However having acquired the power demonstrated its utter inability to transform itself into the highest authority, to develop an ideology. The country is incapable for mobilization while it is submerged in the criminal filth. In such situations revolutions are a dangerous mummery. Events in Ukraine and Kirgizia were \u2018banana' revolutions that exploited selfish and venal interests of power elite groups. Members of these groups are hiding their money at banks abroad. The \u00abbanana\u00bb situations are easily controlled: owners of bank accounts are simply blackmailed with expropriation of what they embezzled. The Belief in possibility to establish a \u00abperipheral capitalism\u00bb all over the post-Soviet space has finished. Nobody is trusted in the space. Therefore, there is an intention to carry out a nationalization and then to pass the principal assets over to the Western corporations. The country is sick. To gather strength for a break-through the really strategic problems are to be put into the agenda. If the power does not want to be swept away it has to change the very type of society, to replace \u00abchik\u00bb (capability to repress) with \u00abtsyk\u00bb (ability to govern and rule)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":34,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":219,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":220,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0440\u0430\u0433 \u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442: \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"The enemy at the gate: jubilee reflections"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 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\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"The author deals with the following principal questions: Are all totalitarian regimes equivalent? Was Trotski right when he was one the first persons who noted resemblance of Stalinism, i.e. the real Communism, and Nazism? It follows from the article that even though the West accepted the strategic partnership with the USSR to fight Hitler (Churchill's role is mentioned in the positive way), in years of the cold war principle of Communism equation to Nazism was laid in the basis of confrontation. The same principle proved to be dominant in formation of national memories about WWII in the Baltic states, in Ukraine and in some countries of Central and East Europe. The author points out the intimate connection between \u00abtheory of totalitarianism\u00bb which has gained a considerable popularity in the recent years and revision of the historical memory about the war and partial rehabilitation of Hitlerism. The Jewish aspect of attitudes to theories that equalize Communism and Nazism is examined. The author does not pass by silence the Islamic fundametalists' attitude to these problems. Tallying up the author notes that comparison of Communism and Nazism based on principle of totalitarianism ignores the essence of these ideologies, their nominal content. The difference between Communism and Nazism is as follows: while Communism makes its absolute of equality Nazism makes its absolute of inequality; Communism calls \u00abfor the sake of life on the earth\u00bb while Nazism declares \u00abLong live the death!\u00bb If the positive sense is eliminated a society can sustain only due to the fear of chaos and anarchy. This fear is to be maintained by ruthless repression. Logically that may results in ideologically sterile super-totalitarianism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":34,"authors":[{"id":126,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0414\u043e\u0432","en":"Kontorer Dov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb (\u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c)","en":"the political observer of \u00abVesti\u00bb newspaper, Tel-Aviv, Israel"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":220,"author_id":126}}],"issue":{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":221,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"Russia in the global context. On multivariance of international economic comparisons"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 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\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u0418\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 90\u2013100 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"The author undertakes to answer questions that are concerns of researchers, political writers and ordinary Russian citizens: How does the image of Russia change in the mirror of national and international statistics? What place does Russia occupy in the global economic space now, at the beginning of the 21st century and what place did Russia occupy at the beginning of 20th century? What was the real development of Russia which we have lost? How did balance of economic development levels of Russian empire, the USSR and the USA change in the past 90\u2212100 years? The author adduces calculations and estimates that allow him to conclude that both in 1913 and in 2003\u22122004 per capita GDP in Russia was and is about one fourth of per capita GDP in the US. At the same time the author offers one more conclusion which may be a surprise for many people: in early 20th century as well as at the beginning of the 21st century per capita income in China was and is about 1\u221212% of per capita income in the US. However during the same period per capita GDP in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and India compared to per capita GDP of the US deteriorated considerably. To put it differently, in the course of the past 90\u2212100 years these countries were lagging more and more behind the US. All these and some other, sometimes unexpected conclusions and estimates are based upon thoroughly analyzed statistical records and interstate comparisons."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":34,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":221,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":222,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"The first election: electoral campaign of Ivan the Terrible"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0432 1572\u20131576 \u0433\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b: \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 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\u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435.","en":"The author deals with the Polish interregnum period (1572\u22121576) and describes programs offered by the principal pretenders to the royal throne: Maximillian, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, his son Ernest, Johan III, the King of Sweden, Ivan the Terrible, the czar of Russia, Henry d\u2019Anjou, the French prince, Stephan Bathorius* etc. In May of 1573 the Rzecz Pospolita elected Henry Valois to the throne because Poland wanted to arrange an alliance with France. However Henry\u2019s escape 16 weeks after the coronation divided Polish and Lithuanian societies into several factions. On of them provided support for Maximillian Habsburg, the other one did the same for Ivan the Terrible and the third faction rallied around Stephan Bathorius. The author makes conclusion on principal contradictions between the Russian and the European political cultures: the notions of a king\u2019s prerogatives and powers were absolutely different. It is noted that parties could not find a common language. Every party insisted on its own program. Under such circumstances Stephan Bathorius, \u00abthe upstart from Transylvania\u00bb proved to be in the most favorably situation and won at elections of 1576. Unlike other pretenders Stephan did not confine himself to the royal etiquette but acted in a more decisive way. Having lost the election Ivan the Terrible missed a chance to win the Livonian War by diplomatic means and afterwards lost it altogether."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":34,"authors":[{"id":287,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u044e\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u0447","en":"Filyushkin Alexander Il'ich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Chair of St.-Petersburg State Politechnical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":222,"author_id":287}}],"issue":{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":223,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. 1941\u20131945 \u0433.","en":"The Japanese factor in war in Europe, 1941\u20131945"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u043e \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 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\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430 23 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"The war against Germany required maximum efforts from all countries of anti-Nazism coalition. But the US waged the war against Japan too. Roosevelt was very worried by the fact that the properly Japanese territory was inaccessible for the American air forces that were incapable to strike at it. In Tehran and later Stalin promised to start the war against Japan in 2\u22123 moths after victory in Europe. Yet the US President was preoccupied with the question how to use the USSR in this war. In 1943\u22121944 the Americans arranged with Moscow to make use of the Soviet airfields in Siberia and in Far East. However by 1945 it became obvious that this plan was impractical. Besides that, Americans had got B-29 bombers that could reach the Japanese Islands and strike at them. However the effect of these air raids was less than it was anticipated. Meanwhile the most difficult and bloody battles on the Japanese Islands and in China lied ahead. Being aware of the Japanese fanaticism the Americans did their best to avoid major land battles that took a terrible toll in lives. It was considered that the war would possibly continue for a year and losses would amount to 1.5 million people. Then an idea came: exerting the maximum effort aimed at destruction of Germany the USA had to wait for the deadline Stalin had indicated for attack on Japan (3 months) when the USSR would attack the most battle-worthy Japanese forces deployed in the mainland of Asia (i.e., in Manchuria, North China, Korea) and would assume the main brunt of land battles. Indeed, even after the atomic bombardments the Japanese continued to fight. Only destruction of main land forces of Japan made by the Soviet troops in 23 days accelerated the fall of the Japanese aggressor considerably."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":34,"authors":[{"id":207,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlov Alexander Semyonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, academician of Russian Academy of the Natural Sciences, principal researcher of the Institute of the Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":223,"author_id":207}}],"issue":{"id":34,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":224,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440?","en":"Bombing in London: What are They? How will They Influence Us and the World?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u041c\u0418, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b\u00bb, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0441 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\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0437-\u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u00bb \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c.","en":"The author analyzes information pertaining to explosions in London. Information published in media allows tracing a connection between terrorist attacks and secret services and between terrorist attacks in London and similar events in Madrid. The author expounds an opinion that terrorists actually fir into scenarios elaborated by secret services. Leaders of the global Jihad are confident that the only way through which they can influence the European governments is the influence upon the European nations, that is by \u00abexporting the Iraqi war\u00bb to Europe. The author considers the general framework of relations between Islamism and the West in the past, the present and the future. If in the past Islamism was an ally of the West in confrontation with the USSR, nowadays it is in conflict with the West while in the future Islam will be an US ally against China. The first jolts of this future already destabilize Central Asia. It takes power to pass from one framework to another for such passage entails a war of interests and, first of all, war of world order projects. However Modern is collapsing now and post-modern is in offense seizing position once occupied by Modern. It is not so easy for the West to elbow its way out from under the debris. A new idea is necessary for that effort, a new great meaning which the West is afraid to seek."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":224,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":225,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0443\u2026\u00bb","en":"\u00abPeople Got Ready to Move\u2026\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author argues that the destruction of the USSR was not an unavoidable outcome. In 1980's the Soviet political, social and economic system confronted general crisis very similar to the one that shook the West in early and late 1970's. In both cases the crucial developments of the time reflected a certain stage in the evolution of either system. It was not a lethal diagnosis meted out by destiny. Rather it was a big challenge to be answered by politicians and society. The Soviet Union could have survived had \u00aball the king\u2019s men\u00bb been guided by the sense of reality and responsibility with some admixture of good fortune."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":225,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":226,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:42.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438","en":"Challenges and Opportunities of Russian-Byelorussian Union State Building"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c\u044e \u2013 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f.","en":"The strengthening of cooperation with Belorussia is one of the most important and at the same time difficult foreign policy directions of the Russian Federation. No domestic or international affairs, however acute or dramatic, could remove from the foreground or overshadow the issue of forming the Union State. The presented article studies the possible ways of proceeding with the integration processes, shapes and the legal framework of the unification. The Belorussian vector of the Russian policy is dependent on the necessity of a parallel solution of two delicate issues \u2014 the drawing up of mutually acceptable economic formula of bilateral ties of an integrational type and the assistance recipe for speeding-up cautious, but urgent reforms, the lack of which increases the risks in a closer cooperation with Minsk. One could be skeptical about the idea of a Russian-Belorussian Union State (and many experts indeed are), but it seems that the problem of the delegation of national administrative authorities to the supranational structures would potentially affect all states involved and it\u2019s study is of current importance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":310,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0432\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shevtsov Aleksei Leont'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e","en":"postgraduate, Department of \u0421omparative Political Science, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":226,"author_id":310}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":227,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Real Mechanisms of Russian Economic Policy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u2013 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430? 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The hottest debates that took place during the period of Russian reforms are related precisely to definition of economic measures, decisions and actions' content. What is economic policy? How does it emerge and how is it shaped? What results does it bring about? The article is a study of connection between ideology as a political category and economic policy as a type of state government activity in contemporary Russia. The author demonstrates a series of negative consequences generated by in result of ideology substitution for managerial activity. Concept of \u00abideological corruption\u00bb is introduced. This concept helps to explain causes of the Russian economic policy\u2019s inadequacy and irrationality. Some suggestions are offered. If implemented they will enable to mute, at least partially, effects of the identified negative mechanisms."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":260,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sulakshin Stepan Stepanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a","en":"Professor, Doctor of Physic-mathematical Sciences, Doctor of Political Science, Director, Insitute of Legislation and Regulatory Acts Drafting"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":227,"author_id":260}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":228,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"On Multivariance of International Economic Comparisons (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"In the second part of his article the author analyzes not just relationship of development levels of Russia, the US and other countries of West and East but also compares the absolute economic potentials of these countries (i.e., economic dimensions, economic power etc.) and other basic characteristics: area of their territories and populations. In result it becomes apparent that by beginning of the 21st century geo-economic position of Russia deteriorated considerably in comparison of what it used to be in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1913 GDP of Russian empire amounted to no less than 40\u221245% of the US economic potential and was, largely, in line with the similar indices of Great Britain and Germany; Russia\u2019s economic power was nearly threefold greater than that of Japan. By 2003\u22122004 relationship of economic forces among these countries changed drastically: now the total GDP of Russia does not exceed 12\u221214% of the US GDP and is roughly equal to GDP of France and Italy in the best case. At the same time Russia\u2019s GDP is one and a half time lesser than that of Germany and two and a half times lesser that that of Japan. It is expedient to take into account realities of the contemporary world and position Russia occupies within this world in setting of Russia\u2019s domestic and foreign policies designed for the medium-term future. The hour has struck when it is necessary to abandon former messianic aspirations and to ensure favorable external conditions for accelerated economic development of the country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":228,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":229,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c\u00bb \u0438 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\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c\u044e \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u2013 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 1453 \u0433. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e-\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0432 1480 \u0433. \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 7000 (1492) \u0433. \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.","en":"The author presents a new interpretation of \u00abrus\/Rus\u00bb and \u00abRussian land\u00bb concepts origin and traces their genesis back to the specific mentality of ancient Russian scribes of the 11th-15th century. The author offers a new perusal of the phrase: \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u044a \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433 \u0431\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c\u044e\u00bb (\u2026\u00abtook their name \u00abrus\u00bb from varangians\u00bb). The conventional interpretation of this phrase from the \u00abPovest' vremennykh let\u00bb (\u00abChronograph\u00bb) original manuscript corpus is that the very name \u00abrus\u00bb was derived from a name of some varangian tribe which bequeathed its name to another ethnic group. The author insists that the phrase should be read as follows: \u00abvarangians called them \u201erus\u201c\u00bb. According to mentality and world view of ancient Russian scribes the name \u00abrus\u00bb was derived under influence of Byzantine chronicles from name of the elected Biblical tribe P\u03cez. Upon acceptance of Christianity in Rus a new concept \u00abRussian land\u00bb appeared. That concept described a territory where the Orthodox faith dominated. As Constantinople fell in 1453 and Moscow Rus emancipated itself from the Mongol-Tatar yoke in 1480 notions \u00abRussian\u00bb and \u00abbeliever in Orthodox faith\u00bb became synonymic while Moscow Rus as the only independent Orthodox state was perceived as the guardian of the Orthodox faith until the doomsday which was expected to come in year 7000 (1492)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":276,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0423\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Uzshankov Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b","en":"Ph. D., philologist, assistant Professor of Moscow State Linguistic University and of the State Academy of the Slavic Culture"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":229,"author_id":276}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e!\u00bb. \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b","en":"\u00abI Wish My Eyes Would Not See All That!\u00bb On a Scientist\u2019s Strange Confession and on Certain Problems of Scientific Schools\u2019 Emergence"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f (\u0412\u041c\u0410), \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0435\u0451 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u2013 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0418.\u041f.\u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u041d.\u041f.\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0412.\u041d.\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0421.\u041f.\u0424\u0451\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041d.\u042f.\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u042f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445; \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d. \u0418 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0451\u043d \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443. \u041e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0412\u041c\u0410 (\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043c), \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0418.\u041f.\u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041d.\u041f.\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e!\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0412.\u0418.\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b.","en":"In history of Russia, the imperial as well as the Soviet, the Military medical academy (MMA), together with Moscow University, has always been the leading center of medical science and education. In 1920s its faculty was decorated with names of prominent representatives of medical and biological science: physiologist I.P.Pavlov, pharmacologist N.P.Kravkov, anatomist V.N.Tonkov, clinicians including surgeon S.P.Fedorov, therapists N.Ya.Chistov and M.V.Yankovski etc. Activity of these remarkable people set the exceptionally high level of the Academy\u2019s scientific output. Such was the historical medical canon. As any canon it is not devoid of certain mythologizing and has reverse side. Correspondence between I.P.Pavlov and N.P.Kravkov which is being published by V.I.Borodulin, the historian of medical science, is an eloquent testimony of the real moral and work climate which prevailed in that period in MMA (and, obviously, not only in this institution). V.I.Borodulin also examines the role which has the civil position of a scientific school founder and some other issues of scientific schools formations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":35,"authors":[{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Borodulin Vladimir Iosifovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c.\u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"D. Sci. in medicine, Professor of I.Sechenov Moscow Medical Acade-my, principal researcher of the Institute for history of medicine, RAMN"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":230,"author_id":31}}],"issue":{"id":35,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":231,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043d (\u0421.4)","en":"The Autumn Marathon"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u00ab\u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 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\u00ab\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u041d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c, \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.","en":"The author holds that in socio-psychological terms Russia is approaching the end of \u00abthe epoch of expectations\u00bb. The most acute schism of elites, the socio-cultural depression, destruction of the aggregate industrial infrastructure are present. To that the gradual realization of the dead-lock by the public at large should be added. Persistent troubles in Caucasus are obvious as well as lack of proper adjustment of the whole sphere of international relations and general unpreparedness for future trials. The gravest point is incapacity to provide the answer to the principal issue: what is your present and future country? So long as there is no answer to the question there can be no substantial, thoughtful analytical study of events and it is senseless to discuss all details of the Russian politics, social and economic life. The author offers possible, the most sharp and relevant versions of the answer to the question. 1. Contemporary Russia is the country which successfully, if painfully could to move from the systemic pathology (the \u00abSoviet regime\u00bb) to imperfect but normal condition. 2. Contemporary Russia is the country where dismissal of pathology is a myth. The real content of events is aggravation of pathology, transition of pathology to a new phase. 3. Imperfect Soviet civilization accumulated contradictions and exploded like Chernobyl. This explosion created a \u00abzone\u00bb. On its ruins people make business and settle down with various levels of comfort. Choice of the answer begets the agenda. At least, it is necessary to prepare for unfavorable scenarios. At the maximum a person has to decide whether he\/she is willing to exist in \u00abthe zone\u00bb or not and whether a person is able and willing to fight against such existence or not."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":231,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":232,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0433\u0444\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421.38)","en":"Economics of Inflation and of Raw Materials Export Stagflation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0433, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u2013 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u2013 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f.","en":"The author considers inflation as a complicated and multi-dimensional phenomenon. The greatest danger is presented not by inflation per se, but its impact on the economic climate in the country. In order to understand this impact one has to know the real condition of the Russian economy. And official reports and statements are utterly unfit for this end. The official statistics disguises inflation as index on consumer prices. At the same time unprecedented withdrawal of money from the economy is connected with greater influx of money to the country. A \u00abmachine\u00bb for reception and use of investments has not been created in Russia. In result of that despite the permanent \u00absterilization\u00bb of money the country found itself in condition of short supply of money in the real economy. Such policy accelerates the tempo of the Soviet economic heritage dissaving. The principal point is how to change the state and prompt it to develop and implement a new and effective economic strategy is not discussed in earnest. This question is not even raised."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":232,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0421.60)","en":"Defeat of Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438-\u0420\u0424, \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436, \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435.","en":"The author analyzes the present condition of Russia-the Russian Federation, its past and prospects for the future, the rapid changes that occur in political, economic, social and cultural domains, discusses the situation of civilization and mechanisms of change and traces their historical origins. The author focuses his attention on transformation of foreign (external) context as well as on dynamics of the social mentality, emergence of new social corporations and elite groups, transformation of the world order terminology which has been formed earlier. According to the author at the present the humankind resides in the transitory state when a new social agent is already present and active on the world arena and post-modern constructs of the world has already emerged while fundamentals of the Modernity epoch are still present."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":233,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":234,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043e \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043e\u0432\u00bb (\u0421.84)","en":"The Program of the Jewish Conquest of the World and the Mystery of \u00abThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion\u00bb Emergence Revised"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043a \u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0443\u0437\u0443, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0415\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1905 \u0433. \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II. \u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 20-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b\u00bb \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0416\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043a\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 1864 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 III.","en":"No single book has brought so much of sorrow and blood to Jews as \u00abThe Protocols of the learned elders of Zion\u00bb has. During the Civil war in Russia the book used to be the principal ideological substantiation for Jewish pogroms and persecution of Jews. The book played the same role in Nazi Germany. In the first half of the 20th century \u00abThe Protocols\u00bb broke all records in respect of print runs. However when checked the book of the century, to the utmost snafu, proved to be the forgery of the century. It was concocted by agents of the Tsarist Secret Service (Okhranka) and it was published for the first time in December, 1905, in Tsarskoye Selo where Emperor Nicolas II held his residence. And only in early 1920s, when the world was already flooded with \u00abThe Protocols\u00bb, it was discovered that the book was a mere turned pamphlet \u00abDialogues in hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu\u00bb written by a French pamphleteer Maurice Joly in 1864 and pointed against Napoleon III."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kadzhaya Valeriy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b (2000 \u0433.)","en":"journalist, the winner of the Moscow journalistic Union\u2019s premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":234,"author_id":103}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":235,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 (\u0421.116)","en":"Explanation and \u00abParadox\u00bb in the Present-day Historical Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 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\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438.","en":"The article is dedicated to an interesting phenomenon of the contemporary Russian historiography \u2014 the phenomenon of \u00abparadox\u00bb; it is focused on the methodological principles of historians who study consciousness (notions, \u00abmentality\u00bb) of medieval people. The strategies which are applied here are based on totally different assumptions: while some historians insist on the idea that categories and concepts of people remain unaltered through centuries, the others ground the theory of \u00abfundamental difference\u00bb between \u00abthe way of thinking\u00bb of medieval people and our contemporaries. Nevertheless historians of both trends agree on the idea that we can find many \u00abparadoxes\u00bb in medieval sources and in \u00abthe medieval way of thinking\u00bb itself. As a result, we may speak of a peculiar explanatory theory that is being created in history. The author of the article seeks after finding the non-verifying suppositions (hypothetical knowledge) in the works of historians who not only see \u00abparadoxes\u00bb in sources but accept their objective status. Finding out \u00abparadoxes\u00bb in medieval texts and \u00abmentality\u00bb is the result of certain guess-works that are taken by historians in the process of investigating sources or even before opening them. Studying these problems on the ground of some well-known researches the author comes close to the relevant issue of \u00abunderstanding\u00bb and \u00abexplaining\u00bb methods in history and methodological principles that are necessary for the verified study of self-consciousness of a man and an epoch."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":235,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0412.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0421.160)","en":"Voitinski\u2019s Economic Opinions"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0412.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c\u00bb, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1931 \u0433. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1929\u20131933 \u0433\u0433. \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f: \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441.","en":"It is a publication of \u00abPaths of struggle against the world crisis\u00bb, the report delivered by V.S.Voitinski, a famous Russian Social-Democrat and economist, at the meeting of the Berlin club of the Russian Social Democrats in November, 1931. The world economic crisis of 1929\u22121933 made the Social Democrats to ponder the issue of new tasks that new conditions set for the Social Democrats. In particular, it was the moment to decide whether the Russian Social Democrats had to battle against the crisis or not and whether they had to consider the crisis as the crisis of the capitalism. Theoretical propositions, conclusions and suggestions Voitinski expressed, inter alia, in the report published here remain to be of current concern."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":36,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":236,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2005,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":237,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"Vigilance"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e 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\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0410 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440- \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a \u00ab\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"The real project of development connected with the Western civilization is the Modern project. The author believes that Russia is another, alternative West and Communism is an alternative Modern. The Modern project has created a great literary language, uplifted history to an unprecedented height, created centralized national state and nation. The Modern as a design and the nation comprise the holistic unity of the project and its subject. The \u00ableap from feudalism into socialism\u00bb suggested by Lenin was a way to pass by the modernization stage which was destroying the empire. In fact, it was an alternative modernization project. What is going in Russia nowadays is neither a nation building nor modernization but reconstruction of tribes, tribalization. The tragedy of the contemporary world lies in the fact that the charge on resources and environmental capacities of the Earth has caused arguments in favor of impossibility to keep modernization on and in favor of destruction of nation states while creation of such states should be discouraged. If no new energy, no \u00abcultural meaning\u00bb are found for implementation of the Modern project then days of the Modern project are counted. The principal threat to humankind is posed by combination of counter-Modern and post-Modern for these two phenomena will bring about loss of human mission and to the \u00abrepeated archaization\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":237,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":238,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Biblical Thematic Keys: Limits of Verification"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e \u041f\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0438\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u041f\u0438\u043a\u043a\u0438\u043e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"The article deals with two strategies of interpretation of medieval sources. The author does not subscribe to the theory put forward by Ricardo Picchio, the Italian Slavicist who studies so called \u00abBiblical thematic key\u00bb of the ancient Russian texts. According to Picchio, the original context of hidden quotations from the Holy Scripture allows prompt and precise defining of a work\u2019s idea and deciphering its author\u2019s implicit intention. However such methodology does not bring about the genuine verification of a study\u2019s conclusion and is based on an interpreter\u2019s abused discretion. The only way to reconstruct a medieval scribe\u2019s thought is to analyze his text as the unity of expressive and meaningful components. The article provides readers with examples of such interpretation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":238,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":239,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb","en":"Intellectual Disputes of the 17-th Age: \u00abGreekofiles\u00bb and \u00abLatinfiles\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430. 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\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c XVIII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0441 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"In mid-17th century Czar Alexei Mikhailovich and his closest confidants found themselves at the crossroads. Medieval Russia turns out to be increasingly obsolete against achievements of the West. The church reform was conceived for \u00abmoral correction\u00bb of ecclesiastic affairs. Learned monks headed by Epiphanius Slavinetzki were invited to Moscow to carry out the conceived program. However the Czar was utterly dissatisfied with Greeks and in 1660s invited \u00abLatinists\u00bb, graduates of Kievo-Bratski college. Simeon Polotzki was the leader of this group. The struggle for the spiritual predominance at the Czar\u2019s court between two trends (\u00abGreek\u00bb and \u00abLatin\u00bb ones) gradually transformed into the struggle for the future cultural position of Russia. The author investigates epistemological aspect of the confrontation. According to the author, two discourses are revealed in texts and documents of that epoch. One discourse is predominantly allegoric while the other one is syllogistic. The first discourse was embedded in the Russian medieval ecclesiastic and popular tradition. The other discourse was brought in by the \u00abLatinists\u00bb ands represented \u00abnew thinking\u00bb of a sort. The power which desperately needed church people and officials who were able to think clearly gradually leaned towards the second discourse. This discourse allowed Russian intellectuals in the next, 18th century to fall into dialogue with Enlightenment and to implement the basic reception of the European philosophy of the Modern time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u0445\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ivakhnenko Evgeniy Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philosopher, Professor, Head of Chair of social philosophy of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":239,"author_id":92}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":240,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438: \u043e\u0442 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443","en":"History in the Light of \u00abFolklore\u00bb Mythology: from Paganism to Christianity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f: \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435.","en":"The article is written within the framework of \u00abSlavic mythology: results and prospects of inter-disciplinary studies\u00bb research project. The project\u2019s aim is to detect archaic elements of the popular culture that survived in languages, historical and archeological sources, in folklore, rites and beliefs of Slavs and in a varying degree reflect complex of mythological notions specific to pre-Slavic epoch and to construe them from the viewpoint of the most recent discoveries achieved in Slavic studies. The \u00abmythological\u00bb themes that reflect peculiarities of perception of history by bearers of traditional culture are of particular significance within the limits of this study. It is exactly because of this fact material contained in popular legends that to varying extent reflect the historical past of Rus and Russia has become so attractive for the authors. In the article authors consider plots connected with notions of Slavic deities, christening of Rus and selection of religion, foundation of Kiev and reflection of confessional polemics. Material from literary and oral sources demonstrates that this circle of themes is subject to \u00abmythological\u00bb treatment in the sphere of Medieval book-learning as well as in folklore."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":240,"author_id":22}},{"id":215,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Petrukhin Vladimir Yakovlevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, leading specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":240,"author_id":215}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":241,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e? \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Was it Early or Late? Marginal Notes on Well-Known Pages of History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u00bb \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u043a \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"The author clears up to what extent transformations that determined peculiarities of the Russian modernization of the 19th and early 20th centuries (abolition of serfdom and start of transition to constitutionalism) were well-timed. The author assesses capability of Russian rulers to meet challenge of the time, traces consequences of collision between \u00abearly\u00bb and \u00ablate\u00bb that occurred in their policy, finds out an extent of the society\u2019s readiness for reforming and role of other factors that affected behavior of politicians. In particular, the author characterizes attitude of Nicolas II toward the \u00abconstitution\u00bb he granted. Doing that the author takes into consideration the archaism of the last Czar\u2019s worldview. The author argues that delay with reforms and inconsistency in their implementation contributed to destabilization of the society. In conclusion the author collates historians' statements on validity and justification of search for alternatives of development in the past and on danger of intellectual speculations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":241,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0421\u0446\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443","en":"As Szilard Wrote to Stalin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041b.\u0421\u0446\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1947 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0421\u0446\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The article based on new documents from American archives illuminates a little-known episode of the Cold War history connected with a courageous struggle of a prominent physicist Leo Szilard to remove the threat of war and stop the nuclear arms race. It describes the story of his \u00abOpen letter\u00bb to I. Stalin of late 1947, that was preceded by internal fights among academic community and government bureaucracy. The letter itself is being published for the first time in Russia with necessary comments and background. The story of this document presents a vivid example of a collision between one of the earliest proponents of the new thinking with inertia of the Cold War policy and bureaucracy on both sides of the iron curtain."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":242,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":243,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"On new Approaches to Research and Teaching of Russia\u2019s Foreign Policy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0412.\u0412.\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: 1700\u20131918 \u0433\u0433.\u00bb \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c.","en":"In her review of \u00abForeign policy of Russia and international systems: 1700 to 1918\u00bb by Professor V.V.Degoev the author calls attention to the fact that the books is not a simple textbook on history of foreign policy and the European diplomacy. It is a genuine investigation which gives an impetus to further study of history of foreign relations. The work has obvious importance not just in scientific way as well as in political sense, particularly so in connection with the goal Russia faces nowadays: that of preservation of its own unity. The author also notes the exciting manner of narrative which is made in brilliant standard Russian language."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":37,"authors":[{"id":1,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-20T04:40:02.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ablova Nadezhda Evgen'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor"},"email":null,"pivot":{"article_id":243,"author_id":1}}],"issue":{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":244,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Cartoons: a New Twist of the Islamic Topic and its Significance for the Contemprorary Politics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0445\u00bb \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0445\u00bb \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a.\u0420\u0430\u0439\u0441 \u0432\u043e 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\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0443\u00bb, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a 2020 \u0433. \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article which is based on analysis of the \u00abinformation games\u00bb around cartoons of Prophet Muhammad demonstrates that the nature of this game is closely connected with the \u00ablandmarks change\u00bb in the US policy. This \u00ablandmark change\u00bb was announced by C. Rice during her visit to Egypt and since then it was confirmed by her position during her tour around the Middle East countries. C. Rice has apparently contributed to the success of Muslim brothers in Egypt and to success of their subsidiary, Hamas in Palestine. The Muslim Brothers were established for promotion of triumph of \u00abUniversal Caliphate\u00bb and there are grounds to believe that the American and British intelligence too part in formation of the organization. The author demonstrates that Muslim Brothers are used against any regime of modernization tinge in the Muslim world. The triangle formed of Egypt, Palestine and Iran is an important part of the process initiated. The essence of this process is sequentially described in Al-Qaeda's working schedule entitled \u00abSeven steps to Islamic caliphate\u00bb which indicates that the Christian world will have to be totally defeated. Transformation of \u00abEuro Islam\u00bb into radical Islam should serve the plan\u2019s execution and the provocation with cartoons is to be considered in this light and as a part of the program."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":244,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":245,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044c\u043c\u044b\u00bb","en":"Postmodern Locomotive or the \u00abRealm of Darkness\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f 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\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"\u00abDynamics of the hegemony crisis\u00bb, a study written by Giovanni Arrighi, the professor of John Hopkins University has been a cause for the article presented to readers. Arrighi\u2019s book is devoted to historical and conceptual problems connected with evolution of the world political and economic order. The people\u2019s planet is undergoing not just a transformational but transitional situation when components of obviously different construction of the world emerge amidst diverse social transformers. However realities of the Modernity epoch are still present on the historical stage. The subject of the authors reflections presented in form of decrypted polemical marginalia on Arrighi\u2019s book is the approach to recognition of mobile architecture of the global community which is to replace old forms of the \u00abworld order\u00bb. The author also investigates subscriptions of the \u00abdesign documents\u00bb of the forthcoming epoch, i.e. schemes and drawings of the contemporary or, rather, post-contemporary structures that are being constructed right before our eyes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":245,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":246,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Trends in Development of the Islamic Movement in the South of Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 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\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0434\u00bb \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0443.","en":"Due to centrifugal processes of late 1980s and early 1990s the Islamic movement in the Northern Caucasus turned out to be fragmented. That fact found its reflection not just in a new institutionalization of the official Islam but also in emergence of absolutely new actors in the Moslem field which hitherto had been single and unified. The author means numerous \u00abIslamic\u00bb political parties and movements that vigorously employed the Islamic rhetoric and symbols in their activities. By mid-1990s these structures achieved the peak of their influence. Then they dwindled and nowadays they do not exert any serious impact on political processes in the region. However in the meantime (and not without influence from without) the Salafi grouping emerged and became the principal opponents of the conventional and official Islam. Events that took place in Chechnya in 1994\u22121996 paved the way for accelerated internationalization of the Salafi movement in the region. In 1996\u22121999 Chechen Republic was turned into the drill ground of the international terrorism which allowed the extremist movement which used Islam as a disguise to develop there. An exceptionally powerful force and administrative pressure was exerted on adherents of Salafism and that pressure was, for all practical purposes, indiscriminate. At the same time \u00abanti-Wahhabi\u00bb laws were passed in many North Caucasian regions of Russia. That resulted in disappearance of moderate radicals' communities and strengthening of religious and political extremists' positions. Defeat of separatists in Chechnya, diffusion of the Salafi movement over other North Caucasian republics transformed \u00abthe resistance\u00bb partially into \u00abguerilla way of life\u00bb, partially into mobile, loosely interconnected terrorist groups. The extremist Jihad has spread out all over the region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Dobaev Igor Prokop\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., philosopher, the chief of the sector for geopolitics and information analysis of the Southern Centre of Science"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":246,"author_id":73}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":247,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b","en":"The Twilight People"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 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\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"The Russian officials permanently express their indignation caused by arrangement of monuments to SS-men in Latvia and Estonia and commemorations in honor of SS-men organized in these states. Rehabilitation of Nazism in the Baltic states and in Western Ukraine is really a disgraceful, ignominious phenomenon. However the paradox lies in the fact that the monument of SS-men, Gruppenf\u00fchrer Helmut von Pannvitz and his fellows in arms from punitive units of Wehrmacht and SS was constructed in the capital of the Russian Federation, near Sokol subway station already under Elstin and it was not demolished in the year of the Victory 60th anniversary in spite of Muscovites' protests. The organized and purposeful revision of conventional scientific (read moral) notions on the WWII has gone (and still goes) unabated under accompaniment of jubilee speeches. Books, movies and performances whose authors freely scoffed at the memory of anti-Nazi fighters have kept to appear. It should be emphasized that quite often such undertakings were funded from the State budget and enjoyed the complete and cordial support of officials. Recently Ilya Smirnov, a historian, has published a series of articles on creeping rehabilitation of Nazism. Today he comes round to the theme and takes into account contradictory experience of the Victory 60th anniversary. He demonstrates how the political propaganda is disseminated under false cloak of \u00abcreativity\u00bb. This propaganda campaign drubs the idea that the forefathers of the younger generations of Russians were cruel and brutish murderers and Nazis were innocent victims of the Soviet \u00abtotalitarian\u00bb regime into conscience of people who are coming into age. The author draws a particular attention to underlying motives of the organizers of this propaganda campaign as well as to the deplorable fact that these people still control principal Russian media and may employ the air and press to advertise their production and defame their opponents."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":247,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":248,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"The Poet of Poets"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0444\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0411\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044e \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0431\u043d 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\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434. \u041d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0425\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437.","en":"The article is devoted to life and creative work of Afzaladdin Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Khakani Shirvani, one of the greatest Persian lyric poets. Analysis of Khakani\u2019s verses and circumstances of life that accompanied these verses' emergence allowed the author to introduce some important amendments into the poet\u2019s biography. The author considers Khakani\u2019s creative work against a broad historical background and investigates the poet\u2019s multifaceted interests to his own country and the adjacent countries: Byzantine, Georgia, Iraq, Armenia, Rus. Khalani\u2019s poetry is the embodiment of aesthetic, ethical, philosophical and historical culture. Khakani\u2019s poetry reflected the variegated life of Transcaucasia and Middle East in the epoch of Turkomans' expansion to the West and did that with a greater authenticity than many chronicles and scientific treatises. It is not for nothing that historians in their studies so often refer to Khakani\u2019s poetical testimonies. His poetry contains pre-admonition of Byzatine\u2019s collapse which would have to occur nearly three centuries later. His poetry contains admonition of planetary disaster which would happen unless injustice of the social arrangement is done away. Khakani\u2019s poetry is the poetry of pain caused by personal humiliation and humiliation of the nation. It is the poetry of persistence, tenacity and courage. At the end of the article the author offers analysis of Khakani\u2019s poetics. The author demonstrates influence of Khakani\u2019s creative work on many his contemporaries and later poets including Hafiz, another man of genius in the Persian poetry."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":168,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Markovich Iakov Semionovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442","en":"poet"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":248,"author_id":168}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":249,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 1933\u20131939 \u0433\u0433.: \u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445","en":"V.S.Voitinski to Harvey and his Offsprings. Letters, 1933\u20131939: on the Time, Events and Politicians"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0421\u043e\u0444\u044c\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 (\u0421\u043c. \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0412.\u0421. \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0432 \u21166 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 2005 \u0433.)","en":"Vladimir Savelievich Voitinski\u2019s letters to Petr Abramovich Harvey are surprising examples of warmth toward the addressee, comprehensiveness of the most important world events coverage and depth of their analysis, of impartial characterization of known political figures (Russian as well as American ones), exactitude of everyday sketches, of lambent humor and of doubtless literary gift of their author. The selection includes just a small part of collection. Letters written by Harvey, his wife Sophia Samoilovna and their children, daughter Sylvia and son Yuri in response are unavailable. However the selection is quite self-sufficient. All consistent topics (economic, political, personal ones) are complete and provide no only panorama of the most important world events of that watershed period in the 20th century which was exceptionally saturated with all kinds of disasters but also assessment of these events by one of the most wise and bright Russian politicians and scientists who unfortunately is poorly known in his motherland (See publication \u00abEconomic opinions of V.S.Voitinski\u00bb in our magazine No. 6, 2005.)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":249,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":250,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"On the Role of Science in the Contemporary Society"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 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\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0442.\u043f. \u041d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.","en":"From the Renaissance on science pushed religion to the background and occupied the leading position in the humankind\u2019s worldview. From the 18th century to the mid-19th century scientific discoveries followed each other in succession while practice followed in the science\u2019s track taking these discoveries up and realizing them in public production. However thereafter science began to switch over technological improvement of practice. Notion of \u2018scientific and technological revolution' was replaced with notion of \u2018technological revolution' and science is getting to be more and more oriented to practice. In the past development of science provided the humankind with the industrial revolution. That determined transition of humankind to the post-industrial epoch which is characterized with instability and dynamism of political, economic, social, technological and other conditions. Practice has to re-adjust itself to permanently changing conditions. Therefore the innovative practice has become the principal characteristic of the contemporary period. If earlier, under a relatively long-term stability of way of life the public practice could wait for until science developed new recommendations and designers and industrial engineers developed and tested respective designs and technologies and only then these innovations would be introduced into practice nowadays such waiting has become senseless. Therefore practice has headed for another direction: practical workers have begun to create innovative models of social, economic, technological etc. systems. That has brought about authorial models of manufacturing, companies, technologies, methods etc. But to perform in such capacity practical workers need the scientific training, scientific education and need them more and more. Change of science\u2019s role in the contemporary society and closing-in movement of science and practice create and will bring about significant impact on all aspects of life: politics, economics, social sphere, education, culture and so on."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":38,"authors":[{"id":201,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Novikov Aleksandr Mihailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"academician of the Russian academy of education"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":250,"author_id":201}}],"issue":{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":251,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e?","en":"Does Pressure on Russia Increase?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 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\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"Pressing on Russia is a problem which deserves analysis offered in the article. Any person who starts a long-term process fraught with prospect of regress (as, for instance, Russian perestroika and its diverse follow-ups) relies on the law of ideological systems rotation and the classical theory of cycles. Anti-Soviet sentiments in Russia have already passed the stage of consumerist liberalism and entered stage 2, i.e. \u00abcentrist patriotism\u00bb stage. Stage 3, harsh and tough nationalism stage is on agenda. Then perhaps Orthodox fundamentalism and, further on, fascism will follow. To create a barrier to skating down to harsh nationalism new leading social groups, other social system and other management models are needed. However nowadays Russians have neither moral nor material motivation. The major scale strategic modernization is lacking too. The author discusses new trends in pressure on Russia that shift the country towards harsh nationalism. In the first place, these trends include revision of Washington policy towards Moscow. USA demonstrates concern about excessive concentration of power in hands of Putin, about issues of democracy and suggests to punish Russia for its treaty with Tehran (the treaty was made on February 26, 2006), not to allow Russia to \u00abbig eight\u00bb summit, recommends \u00abnot to impede freedom and democracy in neighboring countries\u00bb. Threats of US nuclear war on Russia are already rung about because US nuclear superiority is allegedly obvious. In order to live Russia needs the mobilization model of development and strategic offensive intellectual openness."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":251,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c)","en":"\u00abProvincization\u00bb against Ethnocratism (about Some Methodological Approaches to North Caucasian Problems)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article raises the problem of freezing inflammable trends in the North Caucasus through administrative reforms. These reforms, as the author thinks, should be centered around the formation of a functional mechanism to secure gradual replacement of the aging ethnocratical elites by a new generation of broadly educated political leaders with wider commitments."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":252,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u00bb","en":"The Blasting Power of \u00abJudicial Statutes\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 1864 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435. \u041d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0442.\u043f., \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"he article deals with the judicial reform of 1864. Its contemporaries and later researchers called it the most consistent among all \u00abgreat reforms\u00bb. That consistency which brought about the complete liquidation of the old, in all respects abominable system and emergence of the new system which was, no doubt, by far more attractive one is demonstrated by the author on rich and diversified material. In a no less convincing manner the author demonstrates the paradox created in Russia by the autocracy which carried out the liberal reforms. The new courts as well as other institutions established in the course of reforms could not find a room within framework of the autocratic and bureaucratic system and permanently compromised and, moreover, destroyed the old judicial system. In result the power had inevitably either to change itself in spirit of the reforms it initiated making itself more liberal or to distort the new court and impose its will on the new court, zemstva (local self-government bodies) etc. The czarist government opted for precisely the second way."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":150,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Levandovski Andrey Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of the History Department of Lomonossov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":253,"author_id":150}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":254,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 1938\u20131940 \u0433\u0433.","en":"New Pages of the Soviet Czechoslovakian Relations in 1938\u20131940"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 (\u0441 1941 \u0433. \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430) \u0418.\u041c.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1933\u20131943 \u0433\u0433., \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 30-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0418.\u041c.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u041b\u044f\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e), \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 1938\u20131940 \u0433\u0433., \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 (29\u201330 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1938 \u0433.) \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d.","en":"I.M.Maiski was the Soviet plenipotentiary (an the ambassador since 1941) in London. The diary Maiski kept from 1933 to 1943, is a serious source for researchers of Soviet-British relations of that period and of international situation of 1930s. Thus the Diary sheds light on the issue of the WWII ripening and beginning. The personality of the diarist who so emotionally and vividly depicted the political landscape of London of that time is also of interest. The author is a superb stylist and that makes reading of his diary a fascinating and easy entertainment. Some biographical data on I.M. Maiski (Lyakhovetski) are given in the article. Entries put in the Diary and related to the Soviet-Czechoslovakian relations in 1938\u22121940 are examined. Appraisals of the Munich conspiracy (September 29\u221230, 1938) among Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy that initiated process of Czechoslovakia\u2019s dismemberment are analyzed too. Evidence contained in Maiski\u2019s Diary certainly require a low-keyed approach and are to be compared with other documents. Nevertheless this evidence is valuable for investigation of development of relations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union in the pre-WWII years and provides extra pabulum for reflections on positions of both states."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":254,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":255,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b. 1939\u20131940 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The Baltic Knot. 1939\u20131940"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0432 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\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"An American diplomat and historian George Kennan in his celebrated \u00abLong Telegram\u00bb (1946), which made such a strong impact in American official circles warned against assuming the Soviet foreign policy as entirely based on nationalistic cynicism or imperial ambitions. The USSR, he wrote \u00abis neither schematic nor adventuristic\u00bb. Thus the mere logic (though not the only one) prompts us that Stalin saw in the Secret protocols to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 23, 1939 not only the means of achieving some intermediate aims in his drive for restoration of a full-scale Russian power and a step toward the direction which was governed by the idea of world revolution, but in the first place as the most necessary attempt in creation of a security belt on the whole perimeter of the Soviet western boundaries. Winston Churchill described these steps made in the war crisis atmosphere of 1939\u22121940 as motivated by rational Soviet feelings of deep insecurity in view of the Nazi move through eastwards and introduced the term \u00abthe Eastern bulwark\u00bb for designation of the territorial changes, occurred with the pushing westward of the Soviet boundaries in the second part of 1940 during the dramatic events which have followed the capitulation of France in June 1940. The documents from the U.S. diplomatic archives cited in the article underscore the validity of this conclusion."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":255,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":256,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 1933\u20131939 \u0433\u0433.: \u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"V.S.Voitinski to Harvey and his Offsprings. Letters, 1933\u20131939: on the Time, Events and Politicians (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0412.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041e \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a 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\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"Doctrianiarism can kill Weltanschauung, even the most developed and wholistic one. V.S.Voitinski's letters published in the issue are, inter alia, about that. They are about those objective and subjective circumstances that inexorably led to wreck opinions held by the Overseas Delegation of RSDWP leaders. A.N.Potresov justly characterized these opinions as \u00abcreation of revolutionary fiction\u00bb. However let\u2019s not forget that those leaders were not just politicians but also people of their own time, of that phantasmagoric world which had been created by WWI, Russian revolution of 1917, fratricidal civil war and emigration. These people experienced terror of the Bolshevist dictatorship, emergence and success of fascism, bitterness of Munich surrender and beginning of WWII. Their assessments were wrong. They overestimated their own potential and forces, they believed in triumph of socialism even in circumstances that were inappropriate for such expectations. Let us respect them with all their weaknesses and shortcomings."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":39,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":256,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":257,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439?","en":"The Prosecutor General\u2019s Resignation: a \u00abTechnical Solution\u00bb or the Outset of Major Political Transformations?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0421\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c.","en":"The author examines the dismissal of the Prosecutor General not as a single event but as a component of a major political process and pays the particular attention to the alliance between Ustinov as a member of \u00abKrasnodar grouping\u00bb and I. Sechin, the deputy head of the President\u2019s administration. The author draws a parallel between resignation of Ustinov and resignations of A. Korzhakov and Yu. Skuratov and points out that excessive economic and political ambitions of clans that included the aforementioned persons are the common denominator in both cases. In case of Ustinov this hypothesis finds confirmations in the following events: attacks on Alpha Group, Gazprom, LUKoil and Transneft'. It means that the Prosecutor General office under Ustinov as well as under Skuratov initiated proceedings that affected too many influential figures. Sechin-Ustinov group much in the same way as Korzhakov-Barsukov-Soskovets group earlier sought after establishment of its monopoly over the key export segments of the Russian economy. The author indicates mistakes the Prosecutor General might commit and examines political and psychological consequences of the resignation for Sechin grouping and for the Russian power at large."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":40,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":257,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":258,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"The Tormentor\u2019s power. Conventional Models of Tyranny in the Russian History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 XI\u2013XVII \u0432\u0432. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 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\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443, \u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"The author undertakes an attempt to examine models of the tyrannical power that emerged in the Russian literary culture of the 11th to 17th century. The author identifies and analyzes the predominant ways of description of the conflict between the victim and the ruler-tormentor. Original ideological constant of the martyrdom for the sake of the faith was augmented by a new prototype plot based on typological story of Cain and Abel. The first Russian saints were beatified by the Church precisely as the innocent martyrs. Other victims followed their suit and also humbled themselves before their murderers and persecutors. However, as early as in pre-Mongolian period a new conventional model of a proud and unjust coreligionist was being developed. Since authority of a ruler must not extend to his subjects' souls the resistance had to be furnished to such prince. Gradually this notion acquired an eschatological tinge and the early Christian mythologeme of a martyr opposing the ungodly authority asserted itself with a new vigor. Eschatological expectations and prophetic protest became obvious and audible in the epoch of Schism. The semantic dominant tenet of the Russian medieval doctrine of power was the power\u2019s establishment by the God and that tenet influenced the discursive practices."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":40,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":258,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":259,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 (\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u041f.\u0418.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430)","en":"On the Russian Philosophy of Law (P.I.Novgorodtsev\u2019s School)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e\u00bb, \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0437\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u041f.\u0418.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0418.\u0410.\u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u043d, \u0411.\u041f.\u0412\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.","en":"The Russian school philosophy of law emphasizes the fact that by virtue of legal norms that by perforce are to be laid down with the \u00abaxe-cut precision\u00bb people are able to provide for regulation of the social life just at the lowest level where a person agrees to act like an automation-machine. Rights of the \u00abhumane in a human being\u00bb can be protected only by a more powerful system which, alongside with the law, also includes morality and religion. Therefore the liberal slogan \u00abthe supremacy of law\u00bb is a cheap politics which mislead people. In Russia the greatest contribution to understanding and recognition of non all-sufficient nature of the legal system was made by P.I.Novgorodtsev and his disciples among whom the best known are I.A.Il'in and B.P.Vysheslavtsev."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":40,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":259,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":260,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0444 \u043e \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb","en":"The Myth of \u00abthe Teutonic Captivit\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0418.\u0424.\u0428\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u00bb, \u0442.\u0435. \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439? \u041d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The idea of the \u00abTeutonic captivity\u00bb under which the Russian philosophy fell was expressed by Sobolev. Later on this idea was subject by some critical revaluation by I.F.Shapovalov. According to the author of the comment, the assertion that German philosophical ideas exerted a one-sided and sinister influence on the Russian intelligentsia that was unable to get free of the way of thinking which was alien to the Russian soil is to be rethought considerably. It is quite evident that the fact of captivity cannot be denied. But was that captivity really the Teutonic' one, i.e. were shallow and vapid rationalistic opinions of the Russian intelligentsia the results of the passion the Russian intelligentsia felt precisely for the German philosophy? On the contrary, the German is to be considered as an ally of the Russian religious and philosophical reflections in its struggle against common place rationalism and doctrinarianism. The author sees the origins of the intellectual paradigm wedded to speculative ideas and ready-made intellectual prescriptions exactly in the French tradition, in the French positivism of the 19th century in particular."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":40,"authors":[{"id":309,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shapovalov Victor Phedorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., Philosopher, Professor of the Philosophy department of Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":260,"author_id":309}}],"issue":{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":261,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0438...\u00bb","en":"\u00abSolov\u2019i, Solov\u2019i\u2026\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0435 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0446\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 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\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044e *k^leu-. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 (\u00abgelblichgrau\u00bb, \u00abSklave\u00bb) \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443.","en":"This article, which takes its title from the famous song \u00abNightingales, O Nightingales\u00bb of the Great Patriotic War, seeks to discover the source of the Russian historical ballad \u00abIl'ya of Murom and the Nightingale-Robber\u00bb in a spell to gain the power of the mythical Indian eagle Garuda. Two different forms of such a tale exist: a semi-Buddhist shamanistic spell-song from Mongolia, and a medieval Armenian magical spell-tale whose earliest variant is close to the Mongolian form. The tale would have reached Russia most likely via Central Asia, via Iran. The Armenian version is Christianised; the Russian, assimilated to the heroic genre. It is suggested that the eagle becomes a nightingale (slavii, solovei) because of the connection of the latter with the potent word (slovo) and the glory (slava) acquired by a hero through bardic acclaim: so the bard Boyan in the Song (Slovo) of the Campaign of Igor' is called the \u00abnightingale of olden times\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":40,"authors":[{"id":231,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441","en":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436, \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0441, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436, \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0441, \u0421\u0428\u0410"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":261,"author_id":231}}],"issue":{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":262,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439? (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Prosecutor General\u2019s Resignation: a \u00abTechnical Solution\u00bb or the Outset of Major Political Transformations?(the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 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\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0413\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u0430\u00bb, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 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\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0421\u0411, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f. \u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u00bb.","en":"Developing the topic of the article published in the previous number of the magazine the author performs a detailed analysis of events around the Prosecutor General' resignation and their connections with other conflict stories that unfolded in the Russian elite in recent years. The furniture salons \u00abThree whales\u00bb and \u00abGrand\u00bb affair initiated as early as in 2000 is obviously stood out among these stories. This affair is not a \u00abcriminal adventure\u00bb but a non-transparent episode of the struggle amongst inner parties of the power. At the level of known, open facts one discovers the conflict which totally destroys myths about \u2018confrontation between liberals and checkists'. It is not a struggle between liberals and people from power structures. It is the internal struggle of the people from power structures. And they fight not for the furniture but for something by far more important, for positions of clans in power and for property. \u00abThe furniture scandal\u00bb highlighted an intense conflict within the checklist community which seemed to be consolidated. The same scandal also demonstrated confrontation of the Prosecutor General and the chief of the Federal Security Service as members of certain elite groupings. There are other deals including international ones behind these collisions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":262,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":263,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"The Frustrated Revolution"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c 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\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\u00bb, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u2013\u0420\u0424 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d.","en":"The author undertakes an attempt to understand the roots of the Russian statehood, its specific properties and define national peculiarities of Russia\u2019s historical path and Russia\u2019s national priorities. The author pays the particular attention to the Soviet period of the Russian history and to the current stage of the state and national building which \u00abis sewn together rough-and ready\u00bb. According to the author, the principal problem of the society at the present time lies in the \u00abcrisis of meanings\u00bb which goes on unabated, in overcoming of the Russian political thought reduction and fugacity that have become quite customary features, in necessity of the new statehood self-identification within the framework of more than 1000 years old Russian historical experience. A serious, detailed \u00abtalk of foundations\u00bb, restoration of traditions of conceptual creativity, development of social and political philosophy, recognition of Russia\u2019s genuine condition and horizons in the world of the 21st century, investigation of the rapid shifts that have occurred and still occur in political, social, cultural spheres, discussion of the civilizational situation that has emerged and of the entire global changes mechanics are equal requirements of the period"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":195,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Neklessa Alexander Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the Chairman of the Committee for social and cultural problems of globalization and a member of the \u00abHistory of the world culture\u00bb Scientific Council\u2019s Bureau at the Russian Academy of sciences Presidium. Mr. Neklessa is the deputy director of Institute for economic strategies at the Social sciences division of the Russian Academy of sciences, chief of a laboratory at the Institute of Africa, the Russian Academy of sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":263,"author_id":195}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":264,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:43.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Back to the Perennial Natural Circle: in the Face of the Globalization Challenge"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 2006 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 50\u201370-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430.","en":"Outbreak of the youth and students' protest which occurred in France in spring of 2006 has aroused very little attention and a weak reaction in Russia. That presents a sharp contrast with evaluations provided by the European observers and politicians who have seen these protests as one of the most vivid and obvious symptoms of the \u00abend of epoch\u00bb mood which has begun to emerge in the West. The dominant note of this mood is the Angst to lose the social achievements conquered from 1950s to 1970s. The young people are afraid to find out that they are poorer than their parents and to lose the social guaranties that have become customary constants. Different opinions are brought out in respect of what should be considered as the determinant feature of the departing epoch. The author focuses on convergence of ideologies for this issue is the most accurate description of the problem\u2019s scale. The name of the carrier of the ideology which underwent the convergence is the USSR. This approach highlights the generally valid social consequences of the Soviet Union\u2019s collapse."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":264,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":265,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"The Lacking Component of the Non-existent Strategy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 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\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"The authors consider a key aspect of globalization, i.e. peculiarities of emergence of so called \u00abglocal\u00bb territorial formations that are by far more integrated into the world economy than they are integrated in a national economy. It is noted that this trend will inevitably affect Russia. Thus the trend is to be taken into account in the long-term strategy of economic development right now. It is stated that as of now such strategy is virtually non-existent. The authors provide substantiation to the thesis that a balanced and progressive advance of Russia cannot be based exclusively on knowledge-intensive branches. The authors offer their definition of branches that can accumulate a considerable part of population under circumstances of economic activity liberalization and a drastic aggravation of international competition. Tourism which is the basis of social and economic development of many local formations (regions) as well as of states and has a powerful multiplicative effect on development of a number of related sectors is explored as one of such branches."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gorokhov Andrey Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u041c\u0438\u043d\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D. economist, leading scientific specialist of the Scientific research center \u00abZarubezhskhema\u00bb, the Ministry of Economical Development RF"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":265,"author_id":58}},{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ignat\u2019ev Andrey Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438","en":"Ph.D., economist, assistant Professor of the welfare service and tourism department, the Moscow Humanities University, the president of Professional Tourist League"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":265,"author_id":93}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":266,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435: \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"To Gain a Sight of the Invisible: the Medieval Visionary and Theologian"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 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\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e. \u041c\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c: \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435? \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b.","en":"Visions of the other world played a very important role in the Medieval Europe\u2019s culture. They let a person to penetrate the next life\u2019s mysteries, were visual illustrations of the ecclesiastical eschatology, established links between the world of the living and that of the dead and performed many other functions as well. Historians for a long time and fruitfully have used texts of visions as the sources for investigation of the Medieval culture, religious life and psychology of a Medieval person. However it is for from easy to work with these texts. They speak a very complicated language of the visual images that have deep roots in the Christian symbolics and are not clear and plain to a present day researcher. Too often we do not know how these texts were read in the Medieval time and who constituted the audience for such texts. How attitude to them changed over the time? How these texts had to be understood, in the literal or allegorical sense? What was the perception of the other world visions in the popular and scholarly cultures? The author attempts to give answers to these questions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":266,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":267,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab... \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0443\u00bb","en":"\u00ab\u2026... Everything is Heading to a Coup\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 30 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043b \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 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\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0421\u041f\u042d\u041d \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041b.\u0410.\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 1915\u20131917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b 90 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044c.","en":"Leo Tikhomirov, a revolutionary and ideologue of \u00abNarodnaya volya\u00bb who became a monarchist and editor of the \u00abMoscovskie vedomosti\u00bb, for more than 30 years kept a diary. Shortly before his death Tikhomirov passed his diaries over to the Rumyantsevs Museum for keeping it in custody. In recent years monarchists have republished Tikhomirov\u2019s works and popularized his heritage actively. However Tikhomirov\u2019s diary is actually unknown to general readers. In many ways that is due to the fact that thoughts and opinions contained in the diary not always complement what Tikhomirov declared in public. At the present time ROSSPEN publishers prepare publication of the full text of L.A.Tikhomirov's diary for 1915\u22121917. The commentaries will be attached to the text. Many of what was written by Tikhomirov 90 years ago can arouse interests of researchers who study history of Russia and of the Russian conservatism. Selection of fragments from the diary for 1917 (it is published for the first time) demonstrates the deep crisis of the author\u2019s Weltanschauung and his disappointment in the principles he had professed upon his skip to the monarchist camp."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":41,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":267,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":41,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":268,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2006 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"Playing with the Fire. The Systemic Analysis of Events that Occurred in the World and in Russia Since Mid-October, 2006"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 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\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author does not dwell upon the specific excesses, the Georgian excess in particular. Instead, he investigates the strategic aims of Russia. One of these aims is related with the Russian presence in certain territories, namely, those that in the past had been parts of the Czarist Russia and the USSR. The author considers various contingent scenarios. Two of these are expansive ones, the third scenario is conservative while the fourth scenario implies the diminutive strategy which is allegedly consistent with the genuine Russian interest. The role of \u00abthe Russian Party\u00bb is considered in this connection. The author points out that the Russian Party\u2019s activity actually accelerates dying-out of the Russian people. Programming of Russians who have suffered the most from the collapse of the USSR to xenophobic attitudes means their programming to diminution of their territory. The Russian Party\u2019s doctrine is not the nationalism but its exact opposite, the syndrome artificially and intentionally concocted for disintegration of Russia. The state structure of the USSR was logical and effective because it was crowned by the super-national and super-confessional idea to which all nations and confessions were \u00abattached\u00bb and which provided the impetus to modernization. Attempts to create the nation state after the disintegration of the USSR failed because the social, economic and political regress was launched instead of the accelerated modernization. Russia where people who belong to hundreds various ethnic groups live is utterly unable to build the Russian mono-ethnic state because every molecule of the Russian history is encoded with multinational amalgam. If Russians split this amalgam they will encounter with collapse earlier than they will gather the desired mono-ethnic components. The only case in hand is building of the nation state which rejects the demand of the ethnic identification."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":268,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":269,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b","en":"China, Russia and the USA. Different Calculations Bring about Different Results"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0412\u041f. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 42 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0412\u041f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 1,5 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XXI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418 \u0432 1913, \u0438 \u0432 2005 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 15 % \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 25\u201327 % \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XIX\u2013\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article reflects main trends and results of the economic development in China, USA and Russia over the 20th century as well as over a longer hindsight. Doing that the author repeatedly emphasizes the objective inevitability and need to carry out multivariant calculations of any macroeconomic characteristics when levels of economic development of various countries with drastic differences of per capita GDP are compared. The particular attention is paid to the critical analysis of wrong calculations and assessments made by the World Bank experts who compiled the summarizing report on development of 42 countries over the 20th century. In contrast with conclusions of these experts (according to them the Russian and American per capita GDP ratio at the end of the 20th century allegedly fell twofold while the ratio of the same measure for China and USA presumably rose by more that 150%) the author demonstrates that from the beginning of the 20th century down to the beginning of the 21st century both these characteristics did not undergo any significant change. Both in 1913 and in 2005 per capita GDP in China comprised about 15% of per capita GDP in USA while per capita GDP in Russia was equal to about 25\u221227% of the American per capita GDP. The author also improves accuracy of data on rates of economic growth in Russia in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":269,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Back to the Perennial Natural Circle: in the Face of the Globalization Challenge (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435. \u0410 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430.","en":"In this part of her article the author continues her investigation of the end of the social guaranties epoch. However she focuses on Russia where this end manifests in the unprecedented harsh and cruel form. Alongside with that slackness, shapelessness of the society\u2019s responses to the process are also unprecedented, particularly in comparison with the similar events in France (these events were investigated in the previous issue of the magazine). Avoiding construction of linear relations the author suggests her answer to the question about certain reasons for this paradox."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":270,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":271,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"The Subject of the Philosophy of Mythology and Emergence of the Discipline in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u0425VIII\u2013\u0425I\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u041f.\u041c.\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\u00bb (1815\u0433.), \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 (1840\u20131850-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.).","en":"The philosophy of mythology subject encompasses the foundations of myth-making and regularities of myths\u2019 historical evolution. Designing of the non-construed specific sensual imagery by the conscience constitutes the basis of myth-making. This ability of the conscience does not disappear with the decay of the primordial society. Rather, it tens to be transferred from lower, earlier types of spirituality to higher, more culturally sophisticated ones. The historical fates of the philosophy of mythology are saturated with high-stakes drama and characterized by alternation of the heady blossom periods with periods of decline and oblivion. The Russian philosophy of mythology took its shape at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries and was aimed at development of general philosophical understanding and methodological prerequisites of the peculiar scientific understanding of the Slavic mythology. The period of accumulation of empirical and theoretical prerequisites for the philosophy of mythology in Russia evolved into the process of the discipline\u2019s immediate making which started with \u00abThe brief review of the Russian Slavs\u2019 mythology\u00bb work written by P.M.Stroev in 1815 and went on up to the emergence of the \u00abmythological school\u00bb in the Russian folklore studies in 1840s and 1850s."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":192,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b\u0448 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naydysh Viatcheslav Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"D.Sci., Philosopher, Professor, Head of the Department of Ontology and Epistemology, Russia Peoples\u2019 Friendship University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":271,"author_id":192}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":272,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u043f\u0435\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0436\u0430","en":"The \u00abHistorical\u00bb Portrait against the \u00abFolklore\u00bb Landscape Background"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u00ab\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u2013 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439, \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0438 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The authors deal with one of the \u00abfolklore and history\u00bb problem\u2019s aspects, specifically with reflection of knowledge about historical figures in the popular stories and legends. There is no doubt that popular legendary stories do not contain a \u00abbiographical\u00bb portrait of any historical personality. Moreover, due to the impact of the folklore narrative laws historical figures acquire fantastic qualities and by virtues of these fit the whole folklore mythological image of the world quite smoothly. How historical images are transformed in popular texts, what are the laws that govern incorporation of historical facts into the folklore imaginative system, to what archetype images historical characters are related \u2014 these are just a few issues the authors of the article address to. Some folklore \u00abportraits\u00bb of historical personalities that placed themselves in the memory of the people and in the \u00aboral history\u00bb (princes of the Ancient Rus, Peter I, Katherine the Great and Napoleon) are presented in the article. The article is based on the materials derived, first and foremost, from archive and field sources."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":272,"author_id":22}},{"id":215,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Petrukhin Vladimir Yakovlevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, leading specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":272,"author_id":215}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":273,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"On \u00abthe Czarist Okhranka\u00bb and \u00abthe Departamental\u00bb History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 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\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u00ab\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c. \u0418\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"Reminiscences of the Czarist secret police leaders are the source which allows shed light on the problem of the potential for reforming and increasing longevity of the Russian monarchy, hunt down elements of continuity that existed between pre-revolutionary and the Soviet political systems in reality and in perception of contemporaries including those who compared \u00abthe okhranka\u00bb with the CheKa. Describing technologies the \u00abokhranka\u00bb employed in its struggle against the revolutionary and opposition movements, the memoirists at the same time performed as the departamental historiographers. They try to understand the circumstances due to which the \u00abokhranka\u00bb proved to be incapable to save the monarchical regime. Their opinions, observations, assessments, precise as well as biased ones, reflected condition of the ruling elite, contradictions within the bureaucratic stratum on the eve of events that staggered Russia in 1917."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":273,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":274,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b","en":"The Civilizational Failure"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 2006 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0413.\u0410.\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0421.\u0412.\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0414.\u041c.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c). \u041e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u044e\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0418 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043d\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb. \u0420\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0447\u0451\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u0410\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439.","en":"\u00abThe Russian history\u00bb textbook by G.A.Eliseev, S.V.Alekseev and D.M.Volodikhin was published in 2006 and was allowed to educational institutions by the Russian Federation Ministry of education (already renewed, reorganized ministry). On behalf of all Russian science the ministry has certified with the state seal those amazing discoveries that lie in wait of young readers right from the first page of the textbook\u2019s first chapter and onwards. And the ministry has approved the remarkable methodology offered by the authors of the textbook instead of the bleak \u00abpositivism\u00bb. Previously the creative freedom was restrained by requirement of some arguments and evidence, substantiation or at least the precise definition of terms. Now these remnants of the totalitarian regime are dismantled. Aveskhan of Macedonia congratulates the authors of the textbook and their ministerial patrons with the victory they secured."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":42,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":274,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2006,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":275,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440-\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b","en":"The Children of a Non-commissioned Officer\u2019s Widow"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u041a\u041f\u0420\u0424, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 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\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00bb. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is a rejoinder to the boisterous reaction of the CPRF elite to the author\u2019s works that had been published earlier and contained criticism of the CPRF leaders. The author notes that the text published and disseminated by the CPRF press service cannot be perceived as a discussion material because it omits discussion of the principal issue: the political results of activities the CPRF carried on from its inception onwards, i.e. for 15 years. Persons who concocted this text also skirt topics that the author suggests to discuss for a long time. Collision of regress in Russia and forms of struggle under conditions of growing regress are among these topics. Instead of restoring the Soviet positive notions in the public conscience and developing ideas without which the country cannot survive the CPRF elite propagates extremely dangerous politically and ideologically topics, i.e. \u00absustainable growth concept\u00bb and \u00ablimits to revolution\u00bb. Thereby the CPRF elite reveal the ultra-comprador nature of their ideology."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":275,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":276,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"China, Russia and the USA: Different Calculations Bring about Different Results (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 20-\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 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\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433.","en":"In the second part of the article the author tallies up results of multiple-path analysis of China\u2019s economic development in the 20th century. In fact, ratio of per capita GDP in China and the USA by the end of the century remained what it was in the beginning of the century. All six-to-sevenfold growth of the indicator in China occurred during the last 30 years. The author examines economic dynamics of the Russian empire in the long-term historical hindsight (from the 18th to the early 20th century). Original calculations and estimates add a greater precision to our views of rates of development and scales of Russia\u2019s economic growth in 1883\u22121913. Even in these best years of \u00abRussia we lost\u00bb the absolute and even relative gap between values of per capita GDP in Russia and the USA did not decrease but kept to increase. Similar calculations made for the present day reality attest the end of recovery economic growth in Russia which undergoes reforms. By the end of 2006, i.e. 17 years after beginning of economic downturn in the USSR and the profound crisis of transition period value of per capita GDP in Russia again attained the maximum Soviet level of goods and services output."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":276,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":277,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c: \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f?","en":"The Human Life: Self-sustained Value or an Economic Notion?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 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\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u2013 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c.","en":"The author considers a new hypothetical trend in the contemporary economic science, i.e. \u00abthe human life economics\u00bb. He emphasizes that within the context of this notion the human life (the HL) is to be considered, in a greater extent, as an economic concept than as a self-sustained and self-sufficient value. The HL may be a subject of taxation and an item of purchase and sale. Due to that many problems of contemporary economic growth including those of rate of growth acceleration, control of migrant numbers, modification of the international currency system etc. may be solved. The author comes to the conclusion that by lapse of time the specific weight of components directly connected with skills of a person will decrease while the specific weight of parameters characterizing a person\u2019s adaptability to the environment (psychological stability, ability to cooperate with a team, supremacy of corporate interests over personal interests, commitment to leaders etc.) will rise. Consequently, the humankind may come up with the universal dissemination of the new behavioral pattern based upon principles of Neo-Darwinism. Finally, the author answers the question: to what extent content of the article complies with the present day realities and to what extent it is a product of his own imagination."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":10,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gorokhov Andrey Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u041c\u0438\u043d\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D. economist, leading scientific specialist of the Scientific research center \u00abZarubezhskhema\u00bb, the Ministry of Economical Development RF"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":277,"author_id":58}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":278,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Back to the Perennial Natural Circle: Facing the Globalization Challenge (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a 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\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"In the final part of her article the author focuses \u043en shifts that occur in the social psychology. These shifts are results of triumph of a specific version of the consumer society which has established in Russia. Triumph of this modification is combined with the most rough and ruthless ideology of inequality. It should be emphasized that, from the author\u2019s viewpoint, precisely these deformations of the public conscience constitute the main principle of the paradox described in previous parts of the article. The Russian public is unwilling to break a movement which, according to the opinion which is gaining increasing currency, leads to deadlock. In conclusion the author comes back to the current situation in France. She demonstrates that despite a very strong historical commitment of the French to the ideal of equality the French public conscience is absolutely unwilling to appreciate significance of social and political processes that go on in Russia nowadays and to put these processes in the proper global context."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":278,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":279,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Subject of the Philosophy of Mythology and Emergence of the Discipline in Russia (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f 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\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 (1840\u20131850-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.). \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430. \u0415\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"In the second part of his article the author analyses social, cultural and ideological prerequisites of the Russian philosophy of mythology emergence. This discipline emerged and developed in the second half of the 18th century and in the early 19th century in the works of the first Russian historians and myth creators. It was aimed at search and elaboration of basic methodological and worldview orientations for concrete scientific cognition of the Slavic mythology. Period of empirical and theoretical prerequisites accumulation of the philosophy of mythology in Russia grew up into process of its immediate emergence and went on until appearance of the \u00abmythological school\u00bb in the Russian folklore studies (the 1840s and 1850s). This school developed well beyond limits of specific theoretical generalizations related exclusively to the Slavic mythology and achieved the level of conceptual abstracts of the general theory of myth. Results and achievements of the Russian philosophy of mythology have not lost their significance down to recent times."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":192,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b\u0448 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naydysh Viatcheslav Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"D.Sci., Philosopher, Professor, Head of the Department of Ontology and Epistemology, Russia Peoples\u2019 Friendship University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":279,"author_id":192}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":280,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438","en":"P.I.Pestel under Investigation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 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\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\u00bb \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a, \u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435.","en":"The following article is dedicated to revision of the main aspects of Decembrist\u2019s secret societies history. Its author argues that usual to many scholars as well as readers ideas about secret societies are based on the conception created by the Southern society leader Pavel Pestel during interrogation. It had little resemblance to reality. This conception presented Decembrist movement as an endless ideological debate, complicated by bloody regicide projects. Pestel\u2019s conception suited him well to hide the real preparations to the seizure of power, leaded by him. It also suited well the new emperor, permitting him to hide from Europe the army\u2019s corruption and to justify hard sentences to the accused. The article points out, that the classical Decembrist studies had reached a deadlock, and needs complete rethinking."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":43,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":280,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":281,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"The Threat of Nuclear War. Pacifist Myths and Dangerous Reality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u00ab\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u043b\u0430\u00bb, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e 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\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u0420\u041b\u0421 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e 20-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442.","en":"The US Minister of defense speech in the US Congress in which he introduced Russia into \u00abthe axis of evil\u00bb was one of the reasons that caused the Russian President\u2019s hard-hitting report at the security conference in Munich. V.V.Putin in rather strong terms described US and NATO policy as well as the Pentagon head\u2019s statement on necessity to increase military expenditures, particularly due to the uncertainty of situation in Russia. Revitalization of US and NATO policy on the Russian direction creates considerable problems for Russia because NATO approaches the Russian frontiers immediately and even enters territory of the post-Soviet space. In fact, the US-Russia relations problem is the problem of Russia\u2019s weakness. The US is in haste to take advantage of this weakness. That\u2019s why the authors strongly criticize some Russian circles' reaction to the existing situation. These pundits repeat \u00abno need to dramatize\u00bb mantra while the authors provide well-founded arguments in favor of opinion that the intended deployment of NATO missile bases in Poland and radar stations in Czech Republic is pointed precisely against Russia. Thus 20 year epoch of illusions connected with \u2018Russia's entrance into the West' has come to the end. Russia needs to have the sovereign state and the sovereign super-project."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bardakhchiev Juri Bedrosovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb","en":"Head of military-political department of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":281,"author_id":21}},{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":281,"author_id":39}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":281,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"The Cold War: the Sources and the Lessons. Towards the Interpretation of the Origins of \u00abContainment\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 40-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c (\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043f-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b), \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, 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\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0411\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438, \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d, \u0411\u0438\u0440\u043b, \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043d.","en":"The cold war may have begun, in a formal sense in the late 1940s but its multiformity (including pop-cultural contest), unexpectedness, intensity and longevity only make sense if we understand that it had far older sources. To ignore the prehistory of the cold war politics is to miss some of the most important aspects of the story. The author quite explicit about this: it is a typical error to see the origins of the cold war largely from the perspective of the confrontation between ideologies, between Leninist communism and the Western liberal values dates to 1917. The author of the article strongly believes that the new approach to the history of international relations in the XXth century demands to analyse the problem from a different angle \u2014 mainly paying attention to the \u00abwars of position\u00bb in which both the pre-revolutionary Russian political elite and bolshevism in power in their perpetual search of security ever since the beginning of WWI, through the Revolution, the Civil War of 1917\u22121920, and the intermediate period between the world wars saw themselves as engaging against the more powerful and hostile West. In the first part of the article the author focuses on the U.S. diplomacy\u2019s efforts to implement a policy designed to prevent the consolidation of the Soviet influence in Europe and Asia. In fact it was the \u00abprotocontainment\u00bb project supported by conservative politicians and \u00abRussian experts\u00bb like Bullitt, Kelley, Henderson, Berle, Kennan."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":282,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":283,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u044f\u00bb: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abVendee\u00bb: Historical Event in a Role of Political Allegory"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0445\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432 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\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b.","en":"In 1793 a great uprising in the West of France threatened the very life of Revolution. Country people in adjacent sections of Poitou, Anjou, and Brittany joined to attach the forces of the Republic. These events, known as a War of the Vend\u00e9e or the Vendee counterrevolution, never stopped inspiring histories in great volume and variety. Many terms engendered by French Revolution are omnipresent today in any European language. Nevertheless theirs specific contents were shifted creating more wide signification. Thus, \u00abthe Right\u00bb and \u00abthe Left\u00bb are synonymous to Conservative and Democrat; the Thermidor represents the \u00abend of the Revolution\u00bb etc. The Civil War in the Vendee (1793\u20131796) and its aftermath (up to 1832) were the origin of the fundamental division in subsequent French politics, the division between the \u00abPatriot\u00bb East and the \u00abCounterrevolutionary\u00bb West, strongly perceived up to the late XX-th century. As a result \u00abthe Vendee\u00bb played exclusively a symbolic role, allegorizing a Counterrevolution in general, devoid of real historical substance. The tradition of imaginary instead of reality created the most favourable conditions for successful international adoption of a new term. Thus, the widespread perception in Russia was that the Revolution of 1789 was an uncompleted October 1917. As it was no place to peasant counterrevolution in Leninist doctrine the \u00abRussian Vendee\u00bb (as well as a French prototype) were lacking in historians interest"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":283,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":284,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u00ab\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 1973\u20131983\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0428\u043c\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430","en":"\u00abI just Was Born as \u00c9migr\u00e9\u00bb. \u00abAmerica in Diaries, 1973\u20131983\u00bb by Aleksandr Shmeman"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0428\u043c\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c.","en":"The author focuses his attention on \u00abDiaries, 1973\u22121983\u00bb by Aleksandr Shmeman, a prominent religious (Orthodox) thinker of the mid-20th century. More exactly, the author focuses on Shmeman\u2019s opinion about of the United States. Shmeman who was born out of Russia and spent most of his life in the US from cradle to grave felt himself to be a \u00abparticle of the Russian people\u00bb (his ancestors along maternal line were Russians). Father Aleksandr steadfastly watched the daily life of US, the country of his residence. He watched stratagems of US domestic and foreign policies of the 1970s and 1980s and provided refined comparative characterizations of the Russians and Americans. He offered his own interpretation of some aspects of US presidents' activities and argued about the American democracy which he compared with the European democracy. He expressed his opinions of the American literature, arts and paid attention to great variety of individual manifestations of the American life. One cannot but admit that Shmeman\u2019s thoughts continue to take part in the present day controversies for these thoughts suggest specific variants of answers to questions the contemporary life puts before use."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":284,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413.\u0418.\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"A Superfluous Man: Doctor G.I.Sokolski in the Mid-19th Century Moscow"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u00bb, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0418.\u0421.\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0413.\u0418.\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u041b\u0418, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0413\u0411 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0418\u041c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443.","en":"The paradoxical expression \u00absuperfluous people\u00bb introduced into the literature by I.S.Turgenev was widely used by the Russian literary critics and in the Russian culture history became the generally accepted, even stereotyped term. In this article this notion is used to show-up the extraordinary personality and amazing destiny of G.I.Sokolski, an outstanding representative of the mid-19th century medical science and professor of the Moscow University. The authors for the first time involved in their analysis such sources as letters written by Sokolski and other persons who played decisive roles in his destiny. These letters are kept the Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts (RGALI), manuscripts department of the Russian State Library and in department of written sources of the State Historical Museum. The authors also draw in numerous materials of memoir literature that characterize not only the very hero of their narrative but also the university and urban environment."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Borodulin Vladimir Iosifovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c.\u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"D. Sci. in medicine, Professor of I.Sechenov Moscow Medical Acade-my, principal researcher of the Institute for history of medicine, RAMN"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":285,"author_id":31}},{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":285,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":286,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u00bb! \u0413\u043e\u0434 1917 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u044e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430","en":"\u00abThe History Calls All of Us for Answer\u00bb! Events of 1917 as seen by eyes of contemporaries, masters of the Russian satire and humor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u044e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u2013 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 90-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u042f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438. \n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0448\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c.","en":"The author considers processes of the pivotal for Russia\u2019s historical destiny events of 1917 as seen by eyes of contemporaries, masters of the Russian satire and humor compared, predominantly at the level of subtext, with events of the 1990s. The latter presents phenomena that are in many ways recognizable and comparable in their external manifestations, even though they have absolutely different roots. The author intends this article in the first instance for those who in learning of the past and present are disposed to broad historical comparisons in identifying \u00abchromosome set\u00bb in fabric of events and phenomena of the Russian history. The essence of this \u00abchromosome set\u00bb consists in certain algorithm of reiterated and unique, inimitable features in behavior of the historical process subjects. The author thinks that if a researcher moves along this approach he\/she may, with some degree of conditionality and metaphoric usage, speak of presence of the Russian historical process \u00abgenetic code\u00bb which reaches the mental level. In the particular case examined by the author this code implies that feverish pulse which the Russian history acquires when modernization shifts prove to be intertwined with pre-modernization and counter-modernization phenomena. In result of such combination both revolutionary leaps and systemic reforms begin with the inflated hopes and loud overoptimistic declarations and then turn about to be a social and, moreover, civilizational back rush."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":44,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":286,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":44,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":287,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435-2. \u0414\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Organizational Weapon-2. Dialectics of the Natural and the Artificialin Forthcoming \u00abFinal Destruction\u00bb of Russia Geopolitics and International Policy Issues"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the burning issue of organizational weapon and prospects of its employment for purposes of final destruction of Russia. The issue has raised a wide public interest and thus deserves a detailed analysis. Experience of the USSR destruction gives the evidence of the fact that the strategy of pinpoint aimed actions designed to paralyze all mobilization activities of the \u2018victim' poses the greatest danger. Any enemy will look for peculiar points of system and attack them. Unfortunately, the Russian society is maturing not sufficiently promptly and is still unable to draw comprehensive conclusions from lessons the history delivered. \u00abHow to kill an elephant with a needle\u00bb collision described by A. Zinoviev is steadily acquiring a new poignancy for us. The organizational weapon starts with words, relies on them. Words allow reconstructing a lot. The pejorative headings the most influential world media use at address of Russia and its leaders prove to be a bodeful warning. These statements commit people who use them to very much. It is unlikely that these statements will remain to be a fake threat. Systemic measures will certainly follow and confirm words. War with employment of informational sabotage acts, intellectual challenges and mega-operations in the sphere of ideal is waged with due consideration of pragmatism and crass materialism intrinsic to the Russian elite and population. Employment of organizational weapon presents a complex and multi-dimensional plan of actions which provides for the absolute denial of the authorities' access to instruments of severe problems solution. The author considers problematic sectors connected with certain types of actions undertaken by the enemy mounting an attack."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":287,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":288,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. (\u041e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Cold War: the Sources and the Lessons. Towards the Interpretation of the Origins of \u00abContainment\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 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\u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0414\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u00bb (1946 \u0433.): \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u00bb.","en":"In the second part of the article the author explores the hidden political struggle in the U.S. establishment for the alternative scenario to the Roosevelt\u2019s Russian strategy on the eve of the WWII and until mid-1944. The U.S. ambassador in Japan Joseph Clark Grew ought to be mentioned as an influential senior member of the State department\u2019s staff who proposed to use the \u00abJapanese card\u00bb in order to out-game the Soviet Union and make it much more dependent on the U.S. good will and American power as the world stabilizer. His views were shared by W. Bullitt who among others proposed a bunch of measures to halt Soviet \u00abexpansionism\u00bb. Ex-ambassador to the Soviet Union was the most inventive and persistent protagonist for U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union which could increase enormously the strains under which Soviet policy had to operate. The idea of Pan-Europe including strong, militarized Germany was the keystone of his anticommunist containment project. The Cold War bacillus was originated also from the distrust among the Allies which arose together with the decision of Washington and London to develop secretly the atomic weapon for use against the axis powers and (as an effective means of preventive diplomacy) the Soviet Union. Thus the Cold War roots in the pre 2nd world war history helps to explain why this new long-term conflict emerged so quickly after the Great Alliance had won victory over its adversaries. It helps also to explain why the Kennan\u2019s postulate from his \u00abLong telegram\u00bb (1946) sounds like a final sentence: the USA \u00abmust continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner, in the political arena\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":288,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":289,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438","en":"How Germany Unification had Started"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0424\u0420\u0413. \u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 50-100 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"How Germany unification had started and what was the policy of the Soviet Union? These questions are being raised again and again by historians, journalists and common people. The author, who was at that time the Soviet ambassador and the USSR representative at the Viena negotiations on European security and reduction of the conventional armed forces in Europe, gives the answers on these questions based on his diaries of that time and new Soviet and Western declassified documents. The essay, based on facts, discovers illusions, which existed in this autumn of 1989 both in Soviet and Western leadership, that the German unification was not the reality in the near future. And only after the fall of the Berlin Wall both Moscow and Western capitals began to understand that Germany unification had bursted literally into the agenda of World politics. The author describes in details how these approaching problems of Germany unification were discussed in the Kremlin. This late recovery of sight, duality of Gorbachev politics, the absence of the strategic line, and the set that the history will decide all these problems in 50\u2212100 years has become the tragedy of the Soviet foreign policy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":289,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d. 1934\u20131945 \u0433\u0433. (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0413.\u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430)","en":"Georgi Dimitrov as a Soviet \u0421itizen: 1943\u20131945 (Based on G.Dimitrov\u2019s Diaries)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 1934 \u0433. \u043f\u043e 1945 \u0433. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0432 1935 \u0433. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445.","en":"Bulgarian Communists Georgi Dimitrov was a Soviet citizen from 1934 to 1945. At I.V.Stalin's wish in 1935 Dimitrov took the position of the Communist International Executive Committee Secretary General. In his work Dimitrov constantly followed instructions given by the Soviet chiefs, first and foremost by Stalin. Dimitrov described in his Diary meetings and conversations with Stalin and other Soviet political figures. Entries attest Dimitrov\u2019s unconditional loyalty to the Kremlin leader and adoration Dimitrov felt toward Stalin. Diary also testifies Dimitrov\u2019s conviction in rightness of and commitment to the cause which he devoted his life to, in the messianic role of the Bolshevik party and the Soviet state. The article is based on materials of Dimitrov\u2019s Diary and other archive documents."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":290,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":291,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u041e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430","en":"The Austere Creativity: On Alexander Aizenstat\u2019s Painting and Graphic Works"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0438 \u043e 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\u0412\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0410\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The review is devoted to creative works of Alexander Aizenstat, a contemporary artist from Jerusalem. Every visitor of his exhibition will see a spontaneous narrative, a meta-story of a nation\u2019s destine, of spiritual life secrets as well as of what is close not just to the artist\u2019s milieu but what is in consonance with the destiny of the Motherland, the country the artist is connected to by his biography, by his creative work and by his religious activities. However there is no need to indulge in interpretation, second-guessing, play of imagination and to transform associations into a well-thought-out scheme. As it is the case with any authentic creative work Aizenstat\u2019s pictures demand an explanation but at the same time they are elusive for description with the subsequent interpretation of images' meaning. Let what is expressed by the language of painting be the property of the pictorial arts. Any translation, any verbalization will not help to a spectator because Aizenstat\u2019s works, despite their intimate connection with the Jewish tradition, do not put a claim to be just an encyclopedia of symbols. The author of the review writes about religious and moral panhuman intentions of the artist whose creative work is formed by belonging to the supreme spiritual intentions of the traditional culture."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":291,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":292,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437\u00f3\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u00bb: \u043a \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435","en":"\u00abImages of no Image\u00bb: To the Evolution of Medieval Russian Ideas of Angels and Demons in the 17th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0432 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb XVII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432? \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b; \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c.","en":"The author studies medieval Russian concepts that concern the world of angels and demons \u2014 nature, origin, abilities of the immaterial spirits and their influence upon the world of men. The relevant notions of medieval authors are researched in their evolution from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Time. The author reconstructs significant ideas of ancient Russian literature in the context of works of early-Christian authors that were popular in Russia and traces the evolution of those ideas in the \u00abtransitional\u00bb XVII century. Can a demon kill, create or alter material things? What are the limits of demonic power in the earthy world? Can an angel err, sin or not obey the will of God? What are the limits of his freedom? Medieval scribes and authors of the XVII century found different answers to the questions that were of principal importance for the culture. Modifications that penetrated in traditional concepts in the XVII century appear to be very interesting and often unforeseen. The study of these themes helps deeper understanding of the originality of the epoch that lies between the Middle Ages and the Modern Time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":292,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":293,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413.\u0418.\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"A Superfluous Man: Doctor G.I.Sokolski in the Mid-19th Century Moscow (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413.\u0418.\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u2013 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u00ab\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043c, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043a \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445-\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438: \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443.","en":"This part of the article is devoted to investigation of circumstances and reasons of G.I.Sokoloski's unexpected discharge from the university, his life as a popular Moscow private practitioner and the dull final of his life which ended up in a quarter of century long desolation. Unraveling barely visible tangle of university plot in accordance with the detective stories' laws the authors come to the conclusion that not debacle of universities during \u00abthe Nicholas reaction\u00bb, not the banishment of \u2018the spirit of materialism and freethinking' from universities but the restless mind, innovative and creative ambitions, a peevish, \u2018thorny' characters, that is the very personality of Sokolski made him an inconvenient, unwanted figure for the higher authorities and predetermined his premature resignation. According to the authors, Skoloski belonged to a peculiar psychological type of natural scientists that were in a permanent discordance with the surrounding ambient. These were the out-of-season people. Such persons belong to the Future but are unwanted by the Present."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":4,"issue_id":45,"authors":[{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Borodulin Vladimir Iosifovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c.\u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"D. Sci. in medicine, Professor of I.Sechenov Moscow Medical Acade-my, principal researcher of the Institute for history of medicine, RAMN"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":293,"author_id":31}},{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":293,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":45,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"Dead-lock of Pragmatism: on the Genuine Cause which Generates New and New failures in Russian Domestic and Foreign Policy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0434, \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The author analyzes the peculiar way of political behavior which requires detaching ideals and motivations connected with them from a social system. Stability and soundness of a society depend on presence of ideals in this society. A system can be destroyed by employment of its inherent properties. It is very much like destruction of a bridge by a detachment marching in step. The author detects the cause of the USSR state collapse disaster precisely in initiation of the war against ideals of socialism and the ideal in general. In particular, this process activated certain syndrome which had been generated by the Western intellectuals' encounter with the Nazi ideology. During WW2 the pathology of the Nazi ideals system could be stopped only by the opposite wave of the Soviet society\u2019s ideal. The regrettable format of our reality is explained by erosion of the Soviet ideals and lack of any other intelligible ideal."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":294,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":295,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"How Germany Unification had Started (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 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\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0451\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e. \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u2013 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.. \u041d\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 100 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0414\u0420, \u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435, -\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"What were the mysteries of German unification and how the policy was working out in Moscow and Washington in the end of 1989 when it had become clear that unification was inevitable? The author, who was at that time the Soviet ambassador and the USSR representative at the Viena negotiations on European security and reduction of the conventional armed forces in Europe, gives the answers on these questions based on his diaries of that time and new Soviet and Western declassified documents. The essay based on facts discovers such a picture. By that time the USA and FRG had taken the firm position that the unification was inevitable and as soon as possible. Moreover, the United Germany had to be in NATO. But a disorder prevailed in the Kremlin where different positions were advanced. Gorbachev had chosen the policy of \u201cnothing to do\u201d, obviously not making up his mind to take responsibility on himself and hoping that everything would be settled by history if not in 100 years but in no case during his life. And so he had taken a two \u2013faced position. Depending on his interlocutors he told one that we had not to loose GDR in any case, and to the other that any country had the right to choose its own way."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":295,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":296,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d. 1934\u20131945 \u0433\u0433. (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0413.\u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430)(\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Georgi Dimitrov as a Soviet \u0421itizen: 1934\u20131945. Based on G.Dimitrov\u2019s Diaries (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b 1941 \u0433., \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0435 1943 \u0433., \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1945 \u0433. \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0413. \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"The idea to dissolve the Comintern started to ripen since spring of 1941 but after German attack on the USSR it was forgotten for a while. The Soviet leadership revived to the idea in May, 1943, when it took pains to strengthen cooperation within anti-Hitlerite coalition and to provide for consolidation of all anti-Nazi forces in their struggle against Nazi Germany. Functions of the dissolved Comintern were vested in International information Department of the All-Union Communist Party Central Committee. Until his departure to Bulgaria in autumn, 1945, the Department was headed by G. Dimitrov who presided over the body actually at first and later on officially. Prior to his leave for Bulgaria Dimitrov renounced his Soviet citizenship. While in charge of the most important state and Party positions in Bulgaria Dimitrov often visited the USSR for medical treatment and kept the permanent contact with Stalin whose instructions Dimitrov took as guidance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":296,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":297,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a","en":"Progressist Golitsyn and his Diary"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0412.\u041c. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043a \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445., \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1900-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"The diary of Prince V.M.Golitsyn, a Moscow liberal public figure contains diversified information on life of Moscow and Russia in pre-revolutionary years. This valuable source also allows making an opinion on the personality of Golitsyn. In spite of his aristocratic ancestry Golitsyn\u2019s views made him closer to bourgeois circles than to the gentry. From the diary a researcher may derive new data on the progressists' party which emerged before WWI and on progressism as a social-cultural phenomenon. Golitsyn\u2019s reflections covered a wide range of problems that excited him and his contemporaries. These included social, political, moral problems. Taken together, observations and opinions of Golitsyn create a multi-dimensional picture of the Russian reality of the early 1900s with all its inherent principal antagonisms."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":297,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":298,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437\u00f3\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u00bb: \u043a \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abImages of no Image\u00bb: To the Evolution of Medieval Russian Ideas of Angels and Demons in the 17th Century (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0416\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0432\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0415\u043f\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u044c\u043c\u0435. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c: \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0410\u0432\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u043f\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0445, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"In the final part of his article the author seeks for studying the evolution of canonical Christian ideas, common for medieval Russian literature, in some famous sources of the 17th century. Two autobiographical Lives of the first ideologists of the Old Belief schism, archpriest Avvakum and coenobite Epiphany, written in Pustozersk earthen prison, prove to present two different models of relations between man and God. While Avvakum followed the traditional hagiographical patterns in descriptions of miracles that had happened to him, Epiphany created a story, filled with bright ideas that appear to be both typical and new for the Old Russian literature. The phenomenon originally reflects the process of evolution that kept altering medieval Russian culture throughout the \u00abtransitional\u00bb century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":298,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":299,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"The Shrine beneath the Waves"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430 \"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0421\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\", \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"Using oral versions of the Armenian folk epic \u2018David of Sassoun' the author explores the first part of the epic which contains the narrative on birth from the rock of two ancestors of the Sassoun tribe heroes. Details given in these oral versions allow diving deep into mythological sources of this episode. These sources can be traced back to the most ancient periods of the Armenian nation formation and, at same time, have much in common with mythology of neighboring peoples and even of ancient Slavs. The author demonstrates that legends that emerged around the Armenian St. Grigor Narekats\u2019i, are not just permeated with these mythological images but, in their turn, brought to bear mutual influence on the further development of the epic itself."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":46,"authors":[{"id":231,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441","en":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436, \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0441, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0436, \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0441, \u0421\u0428\u0410"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":299,"author_id":231}}],"issue":{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":300,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a? \u0418\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"Where to did the Rabbit Run? Some Thoughts about Psychological Sources of Lack of Strategy in the Contemporary World"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430) \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 XXI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\".","en":"Inaptitude to carry on strategic interaction at all levels of decision-making is one of the most painful and sad signs of the contemporary world. The principal topics of the presentation are possible exits from the current situation of ideological deadlock and decline of values, the urgent need to overcome the mental dumbness, breakthrough to authenticity which is the most important under-stratum of political dialogue. Lack of strategy in the contemporary political culture is result not of some recurrent crisis of ideas but of the actual reduction of the ideal which has been pushed out to periphery of cultural and public life. However a strategic purpose can emerge only in the context of ideal. To what extent this strategic purpose is realistic and attainable is a separate issue. Ultimately the point is about challenge of authenticity, about very prospects of authenticity presence in the political thinking of the 21st century. Nowadays the answer to the question whether the 21st century will be the epoch of complete triumph of imitations, fakes and substitutes or consideration of real problems of the genuine meaning of processes, substantive component of the world politics will prevail depends on those people who are engaging in the complex discussion on the most important problems of strategic interaction."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":300,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":301,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"Values as a Psychological Factor of Strategic Decision-making"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 (\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438) \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432) \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\".","en":"Having drawn a distinction between values connected with the highest (ideal) registers of decision motivation and interests determined by utility the author points out that the rational (interest-based) approach in the theory of decision-making strengthened in the 20th century. It is precisely the approach which seems to be one of the most important reasons of failures in the foreign as well as domestic policy of many countries. All motivations of decisions are tinted by values. Therefore in the process of strategic decision making it is necessary carry out not just their rational expert evaluation focused on interests and utility but also certain examination of values hidden behind decisions."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":301,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":302,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c 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\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443 \u043a \u0444\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"It is thought that strategic dialogue between states in the contemporary epoch takes place and evolves within the context of international law norms. However in reality it is most often not the case. States that have greater economic and military power impose their will on weaker states. Sometimes more powerful states impose their terms on weaker states by military force. Meanwhile in some cases such dictatorial behavior of strong states stumbles across seemingly illogical and irrational resistance of weaker states. This phenomenon is caused by existence of historical trauma syndrome in victim countries. Under \u2018historical trauma syndrome' the author means various forms of moral trauma and social psychological frustrations of a society (a nation) caused by so called \u2018defeat syndrome'. The author considers psychological mechanisms leading a nation or a major social group to frustration and historical trauma, describes a nation\u2019s compensatory reactions to situation of defeat and principal risks a winner takes due to pressure on the loser."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":21,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0445\u0447\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bardakhchiev Juri Bedrosovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb","en":"Head of military-political department of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":302,"author_id":21}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"How Germany Unification had Started (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0410 \u0437\u0440\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0435 45 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\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0433\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0430\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c.","en":"In the third part of this article the author explores the negotiations on Malta between Gorbachev and Bush. Not many people remember that meeting to day. But it\u2019s a pity. As on Yalta 45 years before, two leaders of the USSR and the USA had decided on Malta in December 1989 the fate of Germany and of the Eastern Europe, but only in a quite opposite direction. Gorbachev had recognized there the right of any state for a freedom of choice, including the right to reconsider the previous one. The Soviet Union would not use the force, though just a few days before he declared that we had not to lose GDR in no circumstances. This unexpected admission Gorbachev in Malta was taken in Washington as a signal that the road to NATO for unified Germany was opened now without any conditions. More over, the road was opened as well to collapse of Warsaw Pact and to flight of Eastern European countries to the open arms of the West. And the USSR policy was taken as policy of idleness -only to bark, but to do nothing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":303,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":304,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0431\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b","en":"\u00abBalkanization\u00bb of Europe Strategy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 90-\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 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\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u2013 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u044c\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u2013 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"Since the late 1990s, after the demonstrative bombardment of Yugoslavia the world business elite straightforwardly and without reserve started to talk about necessity to impose the \u2018global management' gradually inuring the public to recognition of this notion as a generally accepted one which expresses some objective and unavoidable process aimed at principles of the higher ethics and efficiency securing. This being said, it is absolutely obvious that in reality the question is about establishment of extra-legal private authority of corporate elites. This new power will provide for the maximum concentration of the capital in their hands and will secure the total control of main financial and information flows in the world. Insofar as the still lingering sovereignty remains to be the main obstacle on this path and it is impossible to eliminate the sovereignty outright the elites place their stake on whatever facilitates decomposition and erosion of the sovereignty, in particular, on regionalization, ethnic fragmentation and parochialism. European Union presents the ideal model in this respect and the new \u2018world architecture' is created in accordance with this model. The policy pursued by EU leaders revealed quite obviously the true aim of this formation. This aim is to dismount national state formations per se and their replacement with a network of regions and ethnic regions that are to be the support structures of the \u2018European construction' controlled from a single center. In practice integrations turns out to be the national disintegration, the continental area dismemberment and cut-off. Nowadays this process is described with a new term, glocalization. This term expresses the objective alliance between adherents of the global approach and champions of local interests. What are specific mechanisms, ways and means of this strategy implementation, whose interests this strategy serves \u2014 these are the principal issues considered in the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":304,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":305,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438","en":"Heritage of the Russian Social Democracy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435. \u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0441 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author undertakes a systemic holistic analysis of opinions and theoretical notions of the Russian Social Democracy. The author focuses on the key propositions of the world and Russian labor movement\u2019s doctrine elaborated by Mensheviks after 1917, investigates reasons of divisions amongst Social Democratic leaders who took different views on the most important issues of international and domestic life. Divergence of opinion amongst Menshevik leaders on prospects of possible forms of struggle against the Bolshevik experiment worsened further and further. At the same time the author examines also the fundamental aspects of Weltanschauung that dovetailed Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. In spite of obvious community of some political slogans, antagonists interpreted the meaning of social revolution, role of proletariat dictatorship, essence of democracy as people\u2019s power differently. The author pays a peculiar attention to specific directives and political statements the Social Democrats addressed to the international labor movement on the eve of the war between the USSR and Hitler\u2019s Germany and to views of some representatives of the movement after the WWII."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":305,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":306,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab...\u041a\u0430\u043a \u044f\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb (\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0412.\u0412.\u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430)","en":"\u00ab\u2026As the Inveterate Foe of Bolshevists\u00bb (Excerpts from Judicial Scrutiny File of V.V.Shulgin)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0412.\u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d (1878\u20131976) \u2013 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"V.V.Shulgin (1878\u22121976) was a well-known political and public figure of pre-revolutionary Russia and the Russian emigration. Even though his books are reprinted again in Russia, much in destiny of the man is a secret for historians. In particular, that refers to materials of the judicial scrutiny file that are stored in the Russian Federation Federal Security Service Central archive. The fragment published here refers to Shulgin\u2019s public and political activities in pre-revolutionary period and during the Civil war in Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":306,"author_id":233}},{"id":301,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0443\u0434\u044e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0425\u0443\u0434\u044e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":306,"author_id":301}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":307,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"The Evil-doers and the Righteous"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to those people who under the hardest circumstances and at the risk of their own life saved people doomed to death. One of the cases related by the author occurred during the WWII, the other occurred after the war but both of them are about people who deserve the name of the righteous."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":47,"authors":[{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kadzhaya Valeriy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b (2000 \u0433.)","en":"journalist, the winner of the Moscow journalistic Union\u2019s premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":307,"author_id":103}}],"issue":{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":308,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430","en":"Teeterboard: A New Swing in Secret Services\u2019 War and its Impact on Political Process\u2019 Progress"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f 9.10.07 \u0433. \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0412.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \"\u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\" \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0412\u0441\u044f \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430), \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0430\u0441\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \"\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0443\" \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"The subject matter of the author\u2019s analysis is the article \u2018It is impossible to allow warriors to turn into salesmen' by Victor Cherkesov published on October 9, 2007, and the nature of the Russian analytical community\u2019s reactions to this article. The author notes not only topicality of Cherkesov\u2019s article but also a great scope of problems Cherkesov deals with. Generally, such endeavors are uncommon for top officials. However the author indicates that acuteness of the problem has been reflected inadequately. The life of the present-day elite is imbued with blood of the primitive accumulation (that is larceny). Oligarchy which unites money and power is forming within this absolutely rotten process of this accumulation. Oligarchy may disrupt the existing state system. If the system comes down it will ruin everything. Therefore, the issue consists, first of all, in prevention of this nightmare. To prevent it ideology is required as sine qua non. It must be ideology in proper sense. Substitutes, pseudo-ideological sects, imitations of the CPSU will be inadequate. The principal danger on the way to genuine ideology is reliance on existing conceptual institutions that are submerged into the anti-systemic \u00abcloaca\u00bb and are taking over qualities of this \u00abcloaca\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":48,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":308,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":309,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0431\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abBalkanization\u00bb of Europe Strategy (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Ethnic regions play a key role in implementation of Europe geopolitical restructuring. The essence of the process consists in dismounting state structures and their replacement with network organization structure. Intensification and mobilization of European ethnic and national minorities occur neither spontaneously nor in accordance with local needs. The process is coordinated and managed from centers that have to ensure unity of minorities' demands and synchronization of their advancement. Big corporate business hides behind these centers. Using anti-universal minorities' ambitions big business by virtue of respective mechanisms directs these ambitions into anti-state streambed and makes minorities its objective allies. Though Germany performs the principal role in realization of this strategy it will not reap fruits of such political creativity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":48,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":309,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":310,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 XVIII\u2013XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438","en":"The Caucasian Warof the 18th\u201319th Centuriesin the Historical Memory"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b XVIII-XIX \u0432\u0432., \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a 1914 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044c\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0411\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 XX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author considers commemorative complex of the Caucasian war of the 18th-19th centuries as it emerged by 1914. Monuments, names of warships, toponymy, historical publications, medals, jubilee ceremonies, museum exhibitions are considered in the context of forging of historical memory about inclusion of North Caucasus and Trans-Caucasia into the Russian Empire. Military operations against mountaineers appeared at the periphery of the state and pubic interest because such activities didn\u2019t exactly fit the military-memorial scheme which emerged by the early 20th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":48,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":310,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":311,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0421.\u041f.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430)","en":"The Abortive Revolution Revisited (S.P.Trubetskoi and the Chernigovsky Regiment\u2019s Rebellion)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 14 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1825 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u00ab\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044e \u0421.\u041f.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c.","en":"The article is devoted to one of the most acute in the current research of Decembrist movement issues, the issue of the Decembrists' \u2018plan of actions' on the even of the rebellion of December 14, 1825. The authors pay the particular attention to the Northern society\u2019s leaders, to S.P. Trubetskoi, the rebellion \u2018dictator'. It is demonstrated that at the basis of S. P. Trubetskoi\u2019s intentions lied the idea of joint action of the Northern and the Southern societies. His activities aimed at implementation of this intent are analyzed. The authors also analyze the reasons due to which this \u2018plan of action' was left unrealized."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":48,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":311,"author_id":59}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":311,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":312,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043a \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443","en":"Winding Ways to the Temple"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c. \u041d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0451 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\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Heretofore the public education in Russia has been considered to be secular one. However such state of affairs is increasingly questioned. Clerics come to schools and universities. New textbooks are published (pertinent examples are \u00abIslam. Spiritual and Moral Education of Schoolchildren\u00bb and \u00abThe Orthodox Biology\u00bb). Religious organizations are resolute in their claims to perform a peculiar role in moral instruction. All these trends cause intense discussions in the society. Separation is occurring: on one side of the barricade (or rather church fence) secular humanists are gathering, on the other side religious conservatives are rallying. Historian Il\u2019ya Smirnov repeatedly published in \u2018Russia XXI' his tongue-in-cheek critical reviews of textbooks where mystics and clerical-monarchical propaganda substitutes for strict scientific knowledge. However in this article the author does not take so resolute position and recognizes that on a wide range of issues believers articulate more humane, responsible and, strange as it may seem, more liberal judgments than their secular opponents. At the same time under the cloak of secular humanism we with increasing frequency find dogmas that have neither scientific nor moral substantiation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":48,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":312,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":48,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2007,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":313,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0437\u044b\u0440\u044c","en":"The Bubble"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0418 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435.","en":"The article is devoted to the topic recurrently discussed by the author, in this magazine in particular. The topic is lack of ideology and strategy in the Russian structures of power. This lack may become a source of collapse even in a more safe country than Russia. It was precisely collapse of ideology and lack of strategy capable to orientate the society as a whole to creative activity brought about disintegration of the USSR. And precisely ideological and strategic impotence of authorities may to bring to naught all rather provisory achievements of the past 8 years. A society deprived of ideals cannot be sound and consistent and it is impossible to implement its development without strategy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":313,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":314,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u041f\u0420\u041e?","en":"To Be or Not to Be ABM?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u041f\u0420\u041e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418 \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0420\u041e, \u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u041f\u0420\u041e, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0451\u043d \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u041f\u0420\u041e \u0432 1972 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443. \u0418 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441.","en":"The situation with the ABM is one of the most acute problems in the Russian -American relations to day. And we collide here with a historical paradox: Heading for a creation of an ABM system the USA to day are wiring for sound the former Soviet position, and Russia, which are against this US policy is taking in reality the former position of the USA. The author who was one of the participants who had made the ABM Treaty examines this situation and tells how compromise was found and the ABM Treaty was concluded in 1972 in spite of the fundamental differences in the positions of the sides. He undertakes also a systematic and holistic analysis of the present situation and comes to the conclusion that compromise is also possible now so far as the sides have the common interest in the counteraction to terrorism and Islamic extremism. And he writes what might be this compromise."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":314,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":315,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Fundamentals of US Business Culture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The American civilization is the product of Enlightenment epoch. It radically differs from other civilizations. Historical and geographical circumstances had a tremendous impact on business culture of a young nation. Unlike countries of the Old World country which was to become US was not suffering from remnants of feudalism. Protestantism as the stimulant to social and economic activities and spiritual influence of Britain facilitated formation of market mentality in almost every sphere of American society life. A businessman, an entrepreneur enjoying a relatively high level of success and public recognition became the social type specific to the USA."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":315,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":316,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u00ab\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435\u00bb \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438","en":"Memory about \u00abFinnish War\u00bb in Russia and Finland"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to comparison of Finnish and Russian historical memories about Russian-Swedish war of 1808\u22121809. The author describes Finnish and Russian \u2018memorial places' connected with the war, predominantly Finnish memorials in the places of battles and Russian monuments related to conquest of Finland, and draws the conclusion that the war occupied very different places in the Russian and Finnish historical memories. For Russia it was successful but unpopular campaign which afterwards was nearly buried in oblivion. For Finland the war became one of cornerstones for construction of the national historical memory. In the second half of the 19th century memory about the war became a decisive vehicle for formation of the young Finnish nation. Rate of memorial construction at battlefields corresponded to intensity of national feeling upsurge. In Russia the memory about that war was revived only at the early 20th century. It was done with the purpose to strengthen the imperial concept at the conquered periphery. Two monuments that expressed this idea and conquest of Finland jubilee celebration proved to be purely bureaucratic events and aroused emotional response neither in the Finnish nor in the Russian national consciousness. The imperial historical myth was losing the ground to the mythology of little nation which experienced the peak of its emergence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":43,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u041a\u0430\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Vitukhnovskaya-Kauppala Marina Aleksandrovn"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0425\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philosopher, the teaher and the researcher of Helsinky University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":316,"author_id":43}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":317,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u041e.\u0420\u0443\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u0412.\u041a\u0430\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"The Hyperborean Myth in Sweden and Russia: O.Rudbeck and V.Kapnist"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0412.\u041a\u0430\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445\u00bb, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 1815 \u0433 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d, \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u2013 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u041e.\u0420\u0443\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0435\u0439\u043c\u00bb (1675); \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 XVII \u0432. \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041e.\u0420\u0443\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 XVII\u2013XVIII \u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVIII \u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043f\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u00ab\u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0420\u0443\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c XVI \u0432. \u0419.\u0413.\u0411\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 XVII \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author investigates work \u2018Short research of Hyperboreans' written by Russian poet and dramatist V. Kapnist (the work was published in 1815 and devoted to the Hyperborean origins of Russians) and its Swedish source, \u2018Atlantica, or Manheim' by O. Rudbeck (the work was published in 1675). The author also investigates history of \u2018Hyperborean myth' prevalence in Sweden of the 17th and 18th centuries and perception of O. Rudbeck's works in Sweden of the 17th and 18th centuries and in Russia of the 18th century. Kapnist\u2019s work is considered as one more Russian response to the abovementioned work of Rudbeck and, at the same time, as the final stage of 300 year history of \u2018Hyperborean myth' existence in Europe. This history was initiated by the Dutch scholar J.G.Becanus and continued by Swedish authors in the 17th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":8,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":157,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lyustrov Mikhail Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., phylologist, senior specialist of the Institute of World Literature RAS, the teacher of the Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":317,"author_id":157}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":318,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435","en":"Metaphysics of Boycott in Moscow University"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0413.\u0410.\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d.","en":"Conflict situations that occurred in Moscow University in the late 19th century and were caused by insistent urge of medical department students to assert their rights to the full-fledged higher education and to get instruction from worthy and respected teachers. These situations are investigated on the grounds of archive materials, first of all, on the basis of Moscow law protection department\u2019s files. The article describes how the most famous Moscow therapeutist, distinguished ordinary Professor G.A.Zakhar'in had to resign in result of students' boycott."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":318,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":319,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\u2013\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442: \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (1948\u20132008)","en":"Moscow-Budapest: Liners of Mutual Relations, 1948\u20132008"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 60-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 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\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 2002 \u0433. \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to 60 year long history of relations between Moscow and Budapest, from conclusion of treaty between the USSR and Hungary up to present days. The author distinguishes and analyzes stages and important moments of the Soviet-Hungarian and Russian-Hungarian relations and emphasizes that prior to fall of 1956 Hungary had no independent foreign policy of its own and was subject to the interests of the USSR and of block the USSR constructed and presided over. The author identifies and characterizes qualitative elements that developed in relations between two countries after revolution and change of the Hungarian political elite. A considerable attention is paid to analysis of Soviet-Hungarian relations during rule of Y.Kadar. At that time relations between two countries were influenced by economic reform in Hungary, Kadar\u2019s personal contacts of with the Soviet leaders, and interaction of political processes that developed in 1950s and 1960s in Hungary and the USSR. A particular attention is paid to drives to democratization of social life and attempts to build bridge between East to West. The author indicates importance of the first treaty which was signed between the RF and Hungary in December, 1961, in emergence of relations of the new type. Formation of foreign policy doctrines in both countries and transition of both countries to parliamentary democracy contributed to the process. The author does not circumvent difficulties and omissions in development of Russian-Hungarian relations at the turn of the 20th and 21 centuries. He considers problem of community of interests in protection of rights of fellow-countrymen who happened to be beyond frontiers of their countries. Specific issues of revival and considerable resuscitation of relations between Russia and Hungary are considered in the concluding part of the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0419\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhelitski Bela Jozhephovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":319,"author_id":76}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":320,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f","en":"Museum and time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438) \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 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\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author analyses strong and weak aspects of the collection published in connection with the jubilee of Contemporary Russian History Museum (former Museum of Revolution) and elucidates problems arising from historical-political character of such museums. The collection is dedicated primarily to history of the museum, to its founders and officers. It enriches understanding of cultural development peculiarities in the Soviet period. Valuable reminiscences about the museum are published for the first time. The author notes that balance of scientific popularization and ideology, information and propaganda in the museum exposition requires a special treatment and expresses his doubts about selection of the museum foundation date and the official name of the museum."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":49,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":320,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":49,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435","en":"Medvedev and Development"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0424 \u0434\u043e 2020 \u0433.\", \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u041c\u042d\u0420\u0422, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e 2010 \u0433., \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0423 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f), \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"The author expresses his positive attitude to Medvedev\u2019s professions of striving for stable development of Russia. At the same time the author emphasizes that \u2018sustainable development' concept authored by Albert Gore is a myth. It is impossible to mobilize a system for purposes of boosted development without ingredients of correct, flexible authoritarianism. Interests of individual careers, clannish interests, and ideological differences are to be sacrificed to development. People alien to each other in every respect may come together in \u2018the territory of development' provided they are ready to put development above everything else. The author examines \u2018The conception of long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation up to 2020' elaborated by the RF Ministry for economic development and trade and demonstrates the conception is devoid of analysis of several important aspects: implementation of the previous Conception of development up to 2010, the current condition of Russia. Besides that, the new Conception lacks of a serious discussion on possible strategies of Russia\u2019s development. The aim of the Conception is declarative and vague, ways are not indicated. Nowadays the authorities' principal task is not substitute political intrigues for development. The contemporary humankind has one topical mega-project of development and this mage-project is called \u2018modern' which has nothing common with blind replication of Western models of development (Westernization). The prerequisite of \u2018modern' is the national state which is absolutely necessary for implementation of this mega-project."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":321,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"The Evolution of Impire Mentality and Nuclear Strategy of the USA"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 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\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0421.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430.","en":"The first part of the article focuses the reader on the source of global destabilization which arose from the major post-WW II geopolitical confrontation with the involvement of two superpowers, the USA and the USSR. The author shows how the US has used nuclear weapons to bolster its imperial ambitions and to suppress the Soviet influence. The main point is that ever since the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the US has deployed nuclear weapons as the centerpiece of its strategy of achieving and maintaining global hegemony. The study documents the way that American leaders have not been sparing of the threat to use nuclear weapon to achieve US foreign policy objectives. The author reminds that the doctrine of \u00abfull spectrum dominance\u00bb, the cornerstone of which are technological supremacy and nuclear arms did not come into being with Harry S.Truman. He simply took over a traditional American global strategy to ensure that the US remained the dominant power for the long term if not forever."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":322,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":323,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"Central Asia and Caucasus in the Global Economic Spa\u0441e"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The author examines positions of Central Asian and South Caucasus countries as well as states adjacent to these countries occupy in the world. The author supports his interpretation with analysis of the latest data on absolute and relative (in per capita terms) GDP calculated on the basis of purchasing power of currencies. The adduced materials give evidence of the fact that in circumstances of independent development and reconstructive economic growth, under impact of deep economic crisis these countries did not converge. On the contrary, they increasingly came off within global social and economic space. A particular attention is paid to social consequences of economic dynamics including main characteristics of majority of these countries' populations. For this purpose per capita consumption indicators are examined (per capita consumption of the most qualitative foodstuffs, i.e. meets, fish, milk, eggs and sugar) as well as indicators of population provision with durable goods. Situation in the sphere of popular education is examined primarily on the basis of data on development of higher education. The similar examination of public health is done on basis of data on dynamics of infant mortality, aggregate per capita expenses on medical services and comparison on these data with cumulative economic characteristics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":323,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":324,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Faith in Middle Ages"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e, \u0432\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442 (\u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \n\u0416.-\u041a. \u0428\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0442 \u2013 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u2013 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438? \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f?","en":"Faith is one of history\u2019s motors. At the same time history of the faith itself is inadequately investigated so far. Faith is not identical to religion. This notion embraces not only what people believe in (in God, saints, after-life) nut all diversity of individual and collective practices that embody this belief. Faith is a social and psychological process. In different societies people believe differently. J.-C. Shmitt, the French Historian is a specialist in the history of Middle Ages. His subject is Middle Ages. History of faith he plots is not merely history of Catholicism, institutes if the Church, sacraments and rites. He tries to understand what did it mean to believe in Middle Ages. Author raises a series of fundamental questions. What was the role of faith in medieval society? What were specific mechanisms of new beliefs' dissemination and of the Church control of the faith? Was there any place for religious doubts in the medieval culture?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":317,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0442 \u0416\u0430\u043d-\u041a\u043b\u043e\u0434","en":"Schmitt Jean-Claude"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (EHESS) \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435","en":"the historian-medievalist, Professor of Higher School of Social Researches, Paris"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":324,"author_id":317}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":325,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Blockade. Reminiscences"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d.\u041d. \u0428\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u041b\u0413\u0423, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u041d.\u041d. \u0428\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.","en":"Reminiscences of N.N.Shevyakina, teacher of Russian language and literature, graduate of Leningrad State University are devoted to the blockade of Leningrad. Everyday life and workdays of the blockade have become the principal interest of the author. The author\u2019s aspiration to communicate her personal experiences authentically and precisely make Shevyakina\u2019s notes a valuable historical source."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":312,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Shevyakina Nina Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a","en":"language and literature teacher"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":325,"author_id":312}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":326,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f? \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0432 1953 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443","en":"Which Way Germany? Soviet Plans to Resolve the German Question in 1953"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u00bb \u2013 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 1), \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0418\u044e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0443 \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 1953 \u0433., \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e) \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u041b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u00bb, \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0413\u0414\u0420, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, 3 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1953 \u0433. 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\u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f 16-17 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1953 \u0433. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u2013 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1990 \u0433.","en":"The re-united \u2018bourgeois-democratic' Germany on the pattern of the Weimar republic \u2014 this was the Soviet blueprint for resolving the German question as of late May-early June 1953 (see Doc.1). A month later a subject of a German unity was first tuned down (Doc.2) and eventually vanished altogether from the Soviet political agenda (Doc.3) Why this sea-change? In an introductory article an attempt is made to pinpoint the reasons and motives of the Soviet leadership in making such a sharp turn. In commentator\u2019s view, it was the explosive events in East Germany in June 1953 that played a crucial role in this context. Further transformations in the Soviet treatment of the German question \u2014 up to the early 90s \u2014 are addressed to in a final part of the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":286,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Filitov Aleksey Mitrophanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, the Chief researcher of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":326,"author_id":286}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0438","en":"Redzhy Zelnik \u2013 Scholar and Rebel from Berkeley"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0411\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043b\u0438) \u0420\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 (1936-2004 \u0433\u0433.) \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0420\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0438 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX - \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0432. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434.","en":"This article is written in memory of Reginald Zelnik (1936\u22122004), former professor of history at the University of California (Berkeley). Distinguished specialist in Russian studies, he was highly respected by his colleagues and friends both in the USSR and post-Soviet Russia for his innovative approach to the many aspects of the Russian labor movement. Having still retained their pioneering spirit Zelnik`s works keep inspiring scholars in their attempts to penetrate into the depth of the most controversial problems of Russian social developments after 1861."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":50,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":327,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":328,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435?","en":"At the Crossroad: Is Development Possible in Russia?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0435.","en":"Events taking place with Russia for past 20 years are unprecedented. After disintegration of the USSR people and leaders of the country cherished a hope to fit into the new order while the general trend of its development was determined mainly by Western strategists. This policy generated predominantly from refusal to carry out a mission of its own, to sacrifice the mission for the benefit of foreign interests. Having forgotten out own historical mission we began to claim rights equal to rights of those who had been present in the external world order project from the start. No one waited for Russia. The successor to the USSR is plunging into regress. In spite of the fact that in Putin epoch disintegration of the state and its institutions which threatened the sovereignty was temporary halted the danger of further slipping to the abyss of historical non-existence is still very high. Sure, the question is about invigoration of the mobilization resource. The very mobilization is to be carried under circumstances of the super-power project. Does contemporary Russia have strength for achievement of this task? The author speaks not of a formal mobilization but cultural and historical mobilization, \u2018mobilization model of existence'). So far political establishment of the country does not comprehend the task. New ideas are to be laid at the foundation of any project. There must be the new word the country can say to the world. For us the discussion must not be of functional significance. It is of paramount importance and it must have a value in itself. This discussion must not carry us off politics but must bring us in politics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":328,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":329,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Evolution of Impire Mentality and Nuclear Strategy of the USA (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0425\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 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\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"In the second part of the article the author touches on the main points in the postwar United States' strategic thinking and behavior stimulated by their privileged position of atomic superiority. Hiroshima led to believe that the american organized West and the constant threat of using the nuclear weapon could deter the rising of the Soviet influence, address new long-term challenges from the Third World and maintain the global dominance of the western civilization. As might be seen from documentary material the major conflict between \u00abhegemonic liberalism\u00bb and communism of different versions was the product not only of great colliding forces of history but also of the personalities and human inconstancy of those making the decisions, politicians, military men, nuclear scientists, ideologists and strategists. In this section of the article the author concentrates in particular on the Soviet-American technological competition moving through the new cycle beginning with the end of the american atomic monopoly and the appearance of a dangerous intention in U.S. foreign policy and military establishment to support different plans of preemptive nuclear war. As the author see in a big transfer in U.S.-Soviet relationship from the early nuclear decades to the present period, when leaders of both states can seriously discuss nuclear proliferation and abolition, was in large part due to the combination of \u00abgood diplomacy\u00bb provided by the approximate nuclear parity, the psychological turn after Sputnik launch and the fundamental change in the world structure."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":329,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":330,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b. \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1948\u20131949 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Disrupted Bridges. The Berlin Crisis 1948\u20131949"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1948\u20131949 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0445\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 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\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0435 1949 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"The 1948\u22121949 Berlin crisis was the first in the long line of post-war crises related to the former capital city of the German Reich that illustrated the unresolved status of the German issue and an unsatisfactory state of security in Europe. The immediate cause of the crisis was a unilateral currency reform in the three western occupation zones of Germany, which also covered West Berlin. The deeper cause, however, was the policy of the western capitals aimed at the partition of Germany and the inclusion of its western part in anti-Soviet political designs. Relevant decisions were made at a separate conference of Western powers in London (23 February \u2014 6 March 1948), to which the Soviet Union had not been invited. The Soviet Union had few options to influence Western policies without taking recourse to force. One of them was West Berlin whose existence depended on the transportation lines linking it with the Western occupation zones of Germany. After the 20 March walk out of the Soviet representative from the Allied Control Council of Germany to protest the London decisions, the Soviet occupying authorities introduced \u00abcontrol and restriction\u00bb measures on the West Berlin transportation lines, which seriously hampered their use. After the entry into force of the unilateral currency reform in the western zones and in West Berlin on 20 June, the land and river transportation lines were totally closed. The air corridors, however, remained open, although it was relatively easy to make them impossible to use. This article explains why that was not done, and how the crisis was settled in May 1949 by a Soviet-US agreement."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":330,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":331,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448: \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 1943 \u0433.","en":"E.Benes: between London and Moscow. From Plan of Czeckoslovakian-Polish Confederation to the Idea of the Soviet-Czeckoslovakian Treaty of 1943"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 1943 \u0433. \u0412 1940 \u0433. \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c (\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c) \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0424\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d \u041e\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044e \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author investigates a difficult way to preparation and signature of the UUSR-Czeckoslovakia treaty of 1943. In 1940 the Polish \u00e9migr\u00e9 government brought forward an idea of Poland and Czeckoslovakia unification in a confederacy (federation). The idea was approved and supported by the British. The Foreign Office perceived confederation arrangement of territories adjacent to the USSR as a certain step to strengthening of the British influence in East European region and to continuation of the cordon sanitaire policy towards the USSR. Leaders of Czeckoslovakian political emigration enthusiastically took up the initiative stipulating at the sane time that the USSR must agree with creation of the confederation. Moscow adopted a wait-and-see suspicious position. The article is written on the basis of recently opened Russian and Czeck archives."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":331,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":332,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044f\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u041a 40-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb","en":"Blossom and Berries. In Connection with the 40th Anniversaryof \u00abYouth Revolution\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e 60-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0443\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u043a-\u043d-\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043c 1968 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0451-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0435\u0432. \u041d\u043e, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0433, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438\u2026","en":"Un 1960s Western Europe and USA were convulsed with youth riots. A fanciful mix of rock-n-roll, pacifism, anarchism, Maoism and exotic mystics slopped over streets. So called Paris spring became the peak of the movement. Flat 40 years passed since that time. Jubilee publications are written in romantic and nostalgic tones. Que faire? Picturesque and na\u00efve \u00abflower children\u00bb could not survive in stone ju7nggles. Their idealism proved to be incompatible with harsh expedient laws of economics and politics. Some iconoclasts died, others \u00absold themselves to the bourgeoisie\u00bb and sit in European parliament. From the author\u2019s point of view, many pillars of the contemporary global world order are realized slogans of the Paris spring. One would think what can the Russian Federation Ministry of education officials have in common with Paris students who marched out under slogans \u00abProfessors are out of date!\u00bb and \u00abTwo times two doesn\u2019t equal four any more!\u00bb Meanwhile the orientation to \u00abemancipation\u00bb of young people from \u00absuperfluous knowledge\u00bb lies at the basis of the contemporary so called \u2018reform of education'. We confront a paradox: progressive (even too progressive) movement has turned into obscurantist reaction, while long-haired fighters for \u00abtotal emancipation' didn\u2019t not lose at all and didn\u2019t sell themselves. The social order which asserts itself nowadays in place of capitalism owes a lot to rioters of 1968. If one takes a look form this point of view one will see that finally they conquered hated bourgeois. However by God it would be better if they hadn\u2019t done that\u2026"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":332,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":333,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435?","en":"Public in pre-Soviet Russia.What Can be Gained from Studyof the Entity?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430.","en":"Place of non-governmental organizations in the process of civil society formation in early 20th century Russia, various interpretations of \u00abpublic' notion, interrelations of public structures and the state are content of a new monograph of A. S. Tumanova which is analyzed in the article. Study of these issues enables us to give an answer to a more wide question whether there was a potential for further modernization of the Russian society or not and whether modernization was interrupted by the WW1 and revolution or not. Material consolidated in the book reveals inconsistency of the pre-revolutionary situation. A. S. Tumanova analyzes factors that influenced the gradual withdrawal of bureaucracy from the total control of the public. However the author thinks that the proper measure of control was not found."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":51,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":333,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"The Russian Elite and Challenges of the Time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c 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\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c.","en":"The article deals with challenges that are urgent for contemporary Russian elite. The present day geopolitical, ideological and spiritual context requires from Russia an adequate attitude to survival problems in complicated conditions of the big strategic game which is pursued for redistribution of global resources, for global supremacy and, in the final resort, for human minds. The Russian elite take risk losing this struggle once again. That happened repeatedly in our history. Russia needs development as much as the air. The country needs to strain all its forces in order to prevent the catastrophe of disintegration and anomie. Principles that development leaders may follow amount to activation of intangible assets, to expansion of production, to imposition of cult of labor and Law, to confirmation of a value system which would exclude backward motion to the traditional and archaic state. Sure, any modernization, any reform, any action will be stopped without clear understanding of who precisely will carry out the project. \u00abReflection on the subjectivity\u00bb, cultural revaluation, definition of social core groups that will actively support modernization are the most important complex of demands that are to be lodged to people who perform strategic planning with expectation of success in the nearest future."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":334,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":335,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438","en":"Breakthrough in Unification of Germany"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 1990, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0451\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0414\u041e\u0412\u0421\u0415.","en":"The breakthrough happened in January 1990 when it had became clear that unification of Germany advanced on the first place in European and world politics. In hot discussions in Washington and European capitals the fate of Germany was closely tied with the presence of Soviet and American troops in Central Europe. These discussions were held in the Kremlin also but they have not appeared on the surface. What was the result of these discussions and what decisions were made are thoroughly analized by the author who was the ambassador and the head of the Soviet delegation on the CFE Treaty negotiations in Viena at that time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":335,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":336,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u2013 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445\u00bb?","en":"Russia Today:\u00abObjective Reality Transformed?\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u2013 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0418 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u2013 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author on the basis of great array of facts demonstrates that the current Russian social, political and economic reforms lack systemic character from the outset. That lack of coherence imparts a diluted character to their results. The results acquire a transmuted form when proclaimed goals and intentions of reforms do not match their real results. In the end, as the author thinks, the peculiar situation has emerged: in nowadays Russia actually all basic institutions of the public life (social existence) have a transmuted form because functions these institutions perform differ from functions formally prescribed. For instance, institution of private property in Russia has not become the foundation of the creative economy, the parliament has not become a mechanism of democracy and a type of independent branch of power while political parties have not become mouthpieces of mass moods in society. In this general situation the university does not perform its mission too. The university has nor become a leading form of civil society, a barometer of democracy that exists in political life, the basis of science and technology development. And the most important point: law and legal relationship system does function because in the real life it is displaced by corruption."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":275,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0445\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043f\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0413\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tkhagapsoev Khazhismel\u2019 Gisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci. in phylosophy, Professor of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":336,"author_id":275}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":337,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u00abKRAHO-\u0414\u0415\u041b\u00bb. \u0421\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abKRAHO-DEL\u00bb Project. Separatism in the Present Day Russia: Facts and Trends"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u00ab\u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u00bb \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e, 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\u0441 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e 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\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 2008 \u0433. \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author analyzes separatist trends exacerbation in contemporary Russia which has artificial character. This phenomenon is caused by various reasons including \u00abexport\u00bb of Chechen terrorism into Ingushetia, Dagestan and other North Caucasus regions. The author points at new destabilization of the Volga region, at escalation of the \u00abRussian issue\u00bb in regions inclined to separatism (including Stavropol and Kuban regions), at official proposals of the Siberian and Ural authorities on long-term lease of territories to China in context of consequences delivered. The author supposes the coincidence of the Russian process and intensification of global trend to development of regionalism which is the integral part of global and supranational separatism European projects. Interest the West expresses to development of regionalism and overt separatism in Russia manifests itself in different forms. These forms include international pressure on Russia which faces the demand \u00abto expand rights of regions and ethnic communities\u00bb, and the forthright support of separatism, and imposition of alien doctrines of regional development, and European integration programs extrapolation on the Russian territory. Use of separatist ideas within framework of major political campaigns becomes a new phenomenon. According to the author, the possible support of decentralization doctrine by the central authorities under urgent social and economic trends is the greatest danger. The announced in early 2008 course line towards the full-fledged economic independence of regions is considered in this light."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":142,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kurginyan Irina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the researcher of the analytical department of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":337,"author_id":142}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":338,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:45.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448: \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 1943 \u0433. (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"E.Benes: between London and Moscow. From Plan of Czeckoslovakian-Polish Confederation to the Idea of the Soviet-Czeckoslovakian Treaty of 1943 (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1943 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u042d.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e. \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 12 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1943 \u0433. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"In spring 1943, when Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations were interrupted the USSR declared its disagreement with creation of Czechoslovakian-Polish confederation. The USSR approved neither the idea of signing Czechoslovakian-Polish treaty nor tripartite Soviet-Polish-Czechoslovakian treaty. So the idea of Soviet-Czechoslovakian treaty emerged. Theoretically this treaty was opened for the third country, Poland at an appropriate moment. The Soviet leaders and Czechoslovakian president E. Benes were intent to sign the treaty as soon as possible. The British objected because they thought that treaties of this kind between the great powers and small countries could be signed only after the war. Finally, the British resistance was cracked down. The treaty was signed in Moscow on December 12, 1943. The author adduces many documents that confirm her concept and conclusions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":338,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430-\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"Excerpts from a Dilettant-Traveller\u2019s Diary"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \"\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\" \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The basis of these notes is a diary written in different years during travels across Latin American countries, even though the word \u00abdiary\u00bb can be applied to these notes in a very tentative sense. In this particular case notes are supplemented by various reminiscences that have emerged after travels as well as by judgments derived from miscellaneous sources that attracted the author\u2019s attention. The focus of these notes occupies discourse on what Latin America and Russia have in common."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":9,"issue_id":52,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":339,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":340,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435","en":"The Caucasian Crisis and our Future"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0431\u0445\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 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\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0442.","en":"The article deals with recent events in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The Georgian aggression aimed at peaceful Tskhinvali uncovered many geo-strategic, political, ideological contradictions that require prompt reaction from the RF leadership and the Russian public opinion. Moreover, these contradictions require restructuring of elite relationships and development of new mental matrices. Brilliant execution of military operation aimed at peace enforcement does not put the end to a series of the most acute problems. We face not a recurrent crisis generated by a new round of confrontation between Russia and the West but the global demolition of stereotypes which affects pure technological aspects of the RF foreign policy as well as its conceptual nerve. The old relationship system was constructed pursuant to scheme which implied the gradual RF entry to the Western world. Events in Caucasus ruined this scheme totally and irreversibly. Mentality of leaders must match the changed situation and that will directly define character, stylistics and aims of decisions to be made. Now Russia cannot turn its back to idea of development. The challenge is too serious. We have no other option and have to become the superpower and subordinate disposal of mobilization resources to this end."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":340,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":341,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Breakthrough in Unification of Germany (continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 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\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440y \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044e, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0443 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0451\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"In the second part of this article the author explores the negotiations in Moscow between Gorbachev, Shevardnadze and the State Secretary James Baker in February 1990. And these negotiations had become the real turning point in history of German unification. Three main problems were discussed than in Moscow:\n\n\u2014 On what conditions it is possible to have German unification.\n\n\u2014 It will be neutral or in NATO after unification.\n\n\u2014 Who and how will conduct these negotiations.\n\nBut it turned out, that the Soviet leadership had not have the clear position on these problems and was ready to adopt the Western positions. Baker had come to conclusion that Gorbachev would agree on unification of Germany without any serious political conditions. More over, he will agree on its membership in NATO. And Baker promised that NATO would not move its military presence on the territory of East Germany. These positions Gorbachev had confirmed in several days to the West German chancellor Kohl and Kohl called their meeting \u00abthe grate day for Germany\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":341,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":342,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u041d\u0413: \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Russia and CIS: Social Linguistic Dimension"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 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\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432.","en":"The article deals with problems of the present day situation and prospects of Russian language development in conditions of increasing globalization, intensification of ethnic linguistic pluralism on one hand and exacerbation of national linguistic self-identification problems on the other hand. Status of Russian language and title languages of former Soviet republics and autonomies has changed radically and brought about the change in mutual relationships between the general Federal language and national languages. Struggle for promotion of national languages' status has become a tool of political manipulation used not just by national elites but by certain social strata too. Majority of CIS countries pursued the purposeful policy of ethnic linguistic distance from Russia and this policy contributed to disintegration of once unified linguistic political space and to radicalization of disintegration processes. Issues of language law development are among the most acute issues for multinational states."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":5,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":267,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0418\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u043a\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Tatarovskaya Inna Mkrtychevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, the researcher of the State University \u2013 the Higher School of Economy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":342,"author_id":267}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":343,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"How did Eurasianism Emerge"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The authors consider ideological origins, history of the Eurasian thought formation and development. A particular attention is paid to eminent representatives of this movement. Their opinions and fates are investigated not just on the basis of their works but also on the basis of documents from the Central archive of the RF Federal security service."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":160,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Makarov Vladimir Gennadievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in philosophy, assistant Professor, the researcher of the Central Archive, Federal Security Service of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":343,"author_id":160}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":343,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b","en":"The Change of Generations that might Have been but didn\u2019t Happen: Liberals and Eurasians"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u00bb, \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435: \u00ab\u0425\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u00bb, \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00bb. \u041d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430.","en":"Initiators of the February Revolution confessed that they had \u00abdesired\u00bb quite different result. However the positivist style of mentality aimed at \u00abresult\u00bb inevitably brings about the same tune: \u00abWe wanted the best but events too their regular course\u00bb. Overcoming of utopist mentality style might be expected only with the change of generations at the political forestage. Failure of evolutionary development caused even greater triumph of utopianism. Not the change of \u00abpolitical regime\u00bb but profound changes in culture, way of thinking, tonality of human relations had to occupy the higher priority positions in program of actions. These changes would, in the long run, transform the \u00abpolitical regime\u00bb. But such program could be advanced only by personalities of another caliber."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":253,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sobolev Albert Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"the senior specialist of the Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":344,"author_id":253}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421.\u0415.\u0428\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Persons from the Footnotes. S.E.Shevich, the American Socialist from Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445? \u0414\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1871, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d.\u0421.\u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u041e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u0424.\u041b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044e. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u0442\u043e \u041b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u044d\u043b\u0438. \u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u2013 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441 \u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435.","en":"What one can get to know of a person from a reference given in a footnote? Date of birth and death, social origin, positions the person occupied, and person\u2019s party membership. The hero of this essay is a typical person from the footnotes. Gentleman, officer of the Senate, admirer of Marx he gained celebrity in radical liberal circles of the Russian intelligentsia in 1871, after his performance at the meeting hosted by Professor N.S.Tagantsev where the person made a report \u00abOn the essence of Constituition\u00bb according to F.Lassalle. 7 years later this person met the lady who had been the cause of Lassalle\u2019s death in result of duel. Since that moment they lived together for nearly 25 years in Russia, USA, and Germany. The essay published in our magazine is the first narrative about their life, bright and difficult, with ascents, falls and the tragic outcome."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u044f \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Dvorkina Maya Davidovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438","en":"the scientific secretary of the Socio-Political State Library"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":345,"author_id":70}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":346,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439","en":"Paradise Lost"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0430\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0451 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0451 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c.","en":"Gerogia goes through very difficult times. Policy of militarization pursued by President Mikhail Saakashvili has ended up with invasion in South Ossetia, military clash with Russia and the complete defeat which brought about the profound systemic crisis. The author scrutinizes the Georgian history through lenses of Georgia interrelationship with Russia and emphasizes that the current policy of Saakashvili aimed at confrontation with the northern neighbor will have disastrous effect on Georgia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":53,"authors":[{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kadzhaya Valeriy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b (2000 \u0433.)","en":"journalist, the winner of the Moscow journalistic Union\u2019s premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":346,"author_id":103}}],"issue":{"id":53,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":347,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430: \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Post-modern Modernization: Contemporary Policy Vectors"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443? 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\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0411\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430? \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.","en":"Will Russia be able to preserve sovereign domestic and foreign policy in the nearest forthcoming years? That is one of the most unpleasant and sensitive issues. It proves to be in agenda under circumstances of global crisis. The author considers two vectors of the contemporary geopolitical strategy. One vector is aimed at the recent past and does not promise progressive development and stability. It is contained in gradual rollback to prior frontier lines and beyond them a bitter prospect of the state\u2019s independence disintegration and extinction. The second vector is contained in continuation of the chosen course. Multitude of difficulties lies in wait for Russia\u2019s elite. Firstly, it is necessary to heal not effects but causes, unravel these causes. Is the stratum of superrich able to sacrifice profits for the sake of the country\u2019s future? Is development in the context of the spiritual and metaphysical exhaustion of the elite possible? Can the true Being prevail over philosophy of quantitative increments, profits, economic and class egoism? These are questions the national leaders and all who is not indifferent to the country\u2019s future will have to answer in the nearest time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":347,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":348,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Breakthrough in Unification of Germany (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 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\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a.","en":"In the last part of the article the author shows based on the facts that the Soviet Union had started the negotiation on unification of Germany without distinct strategic goal where to lead the matters and without well thought-out tactics how to lead them. At that time we could secure our interests very seriously, but nothing had been done for that. We just swallowed an assurance made at the very beginning of the diplomatic bargaining that NATO would not move to the East on an inch and had been rested on that. But the recently declassified documents shows, that the USA and Europe were ready for very serious search of compromises as to entering of unified Germany into NATO and to further NATO expansion to the East as well."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":348,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":349,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438","en":"The Army in the Empire, the Empire in the Army"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The multinational and poly-confessional Russian empire experienced problems with use of human resources in military purposes. The government had to take into account martial customs of various regions' population as well as the danger connected with arming of nations political loyalty of which caused well-grounded doubts. Situation was aggravated by the estate differentiation of the society and negative attitude toward soldiery which was considered as a punishment. Different levels of Russia\u2019s Western and Eastern peripheries cultural and social development hindered the process of military service regulations standardization. The authorities tried to use the army as a school of state education and the state integration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":3,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":349,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":350,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f","en":"Valentinov and his Times"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041d.\u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u041d.\u0412.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0441 1930 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435. \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439; \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0430; \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b; \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u044f \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"The author tracks down the evolution of known publicist and historian N. Valentinov (N.V.Volsky) opinions in the course of his long life. Valentinov, a non-party democrat and Socialist, since 1930 a forced emigrant demonstrated a rare independence of judgments as well as ability to critical self-judgment. He was interested in difficult problems of the Russian history that were banned in the USSR as subjects of scientific investigation. In particular, Valentinov was interested in such subjects as transformation of Russia before the WWI, potential of the New Economic Policy, role of intelligentsia in the country modernization, Marxism on the Russian soil, personality of Lenin and ideological roots of Bolshevism, Russia and Europe, causes of the Stalinist regime validation, causation of this regime by short-term circumstances and traditions of the national conscience, world-views and public positions of Gorky, Block, Andrei Belyi et al. Valentinov was an objective scholar and many his observations and conclusions preserve their importance to this day."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":350,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":351,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"The Central Rada of Ukraine as the Subject of Myths in the Contemporary Ukrainian Historiography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 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\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b XX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u0438\u0444\u044b \u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e 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\u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d.","en":"Attempts undertaken by researchers of Ukraine and Russia to eliminate the gap that emerged between historiography schools of Russia and Ukraine after disintegration of the Soviet statehood not just failed. On the contrary, the gap is getting to increase. The principal reason for that is hidden in the Ukrainian historiography basic \u2018paradigm' aimed at ever increasing ideological and mythological components of the Ukrainian history as well as at forgery of the most contradictory facts. Emergence, political nature, and activities of the Central Rada as a political institution from the contemporary Ukrainian statehood takes its ideal origin is one of the most mythologized moments of the 20th century Ukraine history moments. Myths about the Central Rada invented by Ukrainian historians have not a historical but obviously political character and are targeted to forgery of the common historical past, unsubstantiated accusations of the Russian government, and victimization of the Ukrainian party. Such myth invention is easily disclosed by virtue of genuine scientific and objective approach to study of history. Unfortunately, however, until creation of myths, not scientific examination of historical facts will dominate in the Ukrainian historiography the dialogue between historians of Russia and Ukraine will be exceptionally hampered."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":30,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bondarenko Dmitriy Jakovlevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442)","en":"Ph. D. in history, assistant Professor, the Chair of Russian history and law, the Moscow Institute of a radio engineering, electronics, automatics (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":351,"author_id":30}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":352,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041e\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435","en":"On the Grace-filled Flame and Theological Rationalism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041e\u0433\u043d\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041e\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044c \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article is a theological investigation of the Grace-filled Flame based ob analysis of the Orthodox tradition authentic texts, including the Holy Scripture, Books of the Old and New Covenant, Holy Fathers' writings, sacred worship chants. In result of analysis the author comes to the conclusion that the very notion of the Grace-filled Flame being immutable in the course of its existence is the integral attribute of the Orthodox Church spiritual practice and theology. The problem is analyzed in terms of Grigory Palama\u2019s theology. According the hypothesis set forth in the article the Grace-filled Flame is the portent of the Lord and a human being meeting and their spiritual and energetic mergence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":54,"authors":[{"id":245,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Semenko Vladimir Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"Senior Researcher, Institute of Religious and Social Studies, the lead editor, \u00abDevelopment Problems\u00bb journal"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":352,"author_id":245}}],"issue":{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2008,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":353,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435)","en":"Theory of Development (Existential and Metaphysical Blind-alleys)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f? \u0418 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f? \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author deals with one of the most acute and debatable issues of the contemporary political philosophy: whether the notion of development a basis for consensus of various political forces or the notion is unacceptable for different rival ideological systems? May people who hold different outlook positions and value assumptions rally around the idea of development? As the practice demonstrates, there is no unequivocal answer to these questions. Representatives of conservative circles development associate with evolutionism and predetermination of progress, with building of the Earthly City of God, with a dangerous social Utopia. Is the idea of development really alien to Christianity? And can a present-day intellectual or a simple Christian bless the logic of retroversion, bear with archaization, with the blind alley of social hell and the ruthless machine of dehumanization? The author focuses on debate over possibility of reconciliation of the theory of systems with concept of development."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":1,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":353,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":354,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abThe Silver Age\u00bb in Duplex Perspective of the Memory: By the Example of Textbooks on Cultural and Civilization Studies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445.","en":"The author deals with problems of the present-day cultural studies. This discipline contributes to creation of the new, post-Communist man and \u00abman of culture\u00bb. The civilizational approach to history develops in close connection with cultural studies. The author focuses on problems of the Silver age discovered by representatives of the civilizational school of the Russian humane studies. For the authors of textbooks on cultural studies the Silver age is connected primarily with the Russian religious thought. Culture as religion is the old idea of Symbolists re-discovered by the present-day specialists on cultural studies. This trend of humanitarian and philosophical reflection and theory considers the end of the 19th and the early 20th centuries as an age of spiritual upsurge though attained at the expense of failure to investigate specific historical facts, in isolation from the actual economic, political and ideological context. The Silver age is becoming a Utopia in the present-day Russia and this Utopia is offered as an effective model which pretends to be a role model. The article is a discussion reflection on approbation of the past which is being performed for ideological purposes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":6,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":314,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u042e\u0442\u0442\u0430","en":"Sherer Jutta"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436","en":"professor, School of Graduate Study in the Social Sciences, Paris"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":354,"author_id":314}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":355,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"The Banality of Evil or Evil of Stupidity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0442 \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043b\u0430. \u042d\u0439\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0418\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u042d\u0439\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0434\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043e \u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c.","en":"The author focuses on study of the book by the known German political philosopher Hannah Arendt \u00abEichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil\u00bb. Arendt proves that Eichmann became one of the most terrible criminals in the history of humankind precisely \u00abdue to his irreflection\u00bb, stupidity which is \u00abcapable to bring more evil to the world than all evil instincts dormant in any person\u00bb. Process of the world cognition for Arendt has not just social and political but also ethical meaning. Free of banalities, the book on the banality of evil is filled with original ideas and approaches to issues that seem to be clear and solved in the historical literature long ago."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":355,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":356,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440","en":"Sobibor"},"desc":{"ru":"14 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1943 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0441\u044d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044e II \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043c.","en":"On October 14, 1943, prisoners of the Jews extermination at Sobibor rose in rebellion. They killed all SS watchmen. The majority of prisoners wrested out of the camp. It was the only case in the whole history of WWII when revolt in a death camp succeeded."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kadzhaya Valeriy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b (2000 \u0433.)","en":"journalist, the winner of the Moscow journalistic Union\u2019s premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":356,"author_id":103}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":357,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434: \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b","en":"Decembrists and the People: Presentation of the Problem"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 1820-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 1825 \u0433. \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"This paper is a publication of documents on peasants' riots in Ukrainian village Germanovka in the mid-1820s. The documents reveal that in summer pf 1825 peasants were pacified by a troop team of the Chernigovski infantry regiment which a few months later took part in the Decembrist revolt. The publication is prefaced with the article analyzing Decembrists' attitude to the people at large and to the public disturbances in particular."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":12,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":357,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u044b \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0439","en":"\u00abFeminine Issue\u00bb in Prose and Publicist Works of Alexandra Kollontai"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 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\u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u00ab\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043f\u0447\u0451\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445. \u0418\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u201c\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u201d\u00bb. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.","en":"The author examines publicist works and prose of the Russian and international movement\u2019s prominent personality, diplomat, political writer and prose writer A.M.Kollontai (nee Domontovich). For the first time she came out as a political writer in \u00abObrazovanie\u00bb magazine (1898). In a series of her works Kollontai set collectivism of the proletarian morality against philosophy of individualism which, according to her, was represented by F.Nitsche. Kollontai devoted a particular attention to problems of women\u2019s equality, of woman\u2019s position within family and at work, of maternity protection. Kollontai linked change of women\u2019s life with the necessity of drastic transformation of the social system. She devoted some of her fiction pieces to the topic of women\u2019s social emancipation and assertion of women\u2019s right to the free choice in love (these works were gathered in \u00abWork bees' love\u00bb. From a series of \u00abRevolution of feelings and revolution of morals\u00bb stories' collection). At the present time Kollontai\u2019s heritage increasingly attracts attention of researchers: historians, specialists in literary studies, sociologists including specialists in the gender issues."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":272,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Trofimova Elena Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u041f\u041a \u041c\u0413\u0423, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"specialist in theory and history of literature, lecturer of the Chair for cultural studies, Institute of advanced vocational training for lecturers, Moscow State University, lecturer of the 20th century literature, Department of philology, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":358,"author_id":272}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":359,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u00ab\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb","en":"A New Book in the Context of Old Disputes between \u00abPhysicists\u00bb and \u00abLyricists\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0410 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442. 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\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u042e.\u0418.\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u2013 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u2013 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 Homo sapiens \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"A scholar has to be cautious with words much in the same manner as a physicist is to be careful with radioactive materials. But the opposite turns out. It is precisely historians, sociologists and art historians bury us in words with elusive meanings, with dozen of different meanings (that are in no way specified) or with no meaning at all. The science is not a heap of facts but a system of knowledge. And if we want to respect social sciences they are to be reduced to a system and be expounded in a way which presupposes distinct and clear, if possible unequivocal terminology. Yu.I.Semenov, specialist in primordial society economy, professor of Moscow physics and technological institute is engaged in this work for many years. In his new book Yu.I.Semenov approaches the subsequent history of Homo sapiens from the same position. The article is a review of Semenov\u2019s new book."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":""},"column_id":13,"issue_id":55,"authors":[{"id":252,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Smirnov Il'ya Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"historian, independent journalist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":359,"author_id":252}}],"issue":{"id":55,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":360,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043e \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435)","en":"The Lack of an Entity\u2019s Properties Syndrome (On the Imminent Catastrophe)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 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\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430. \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.","en":"The author refers to the theory of catastrophes. The task for the present day Russia is to understand what is going on in order to remain a real active entity of the world policy and to avoid the role of the big play victim. To that it is necessary to assess risks, to grasp the real arrangement of forces. Nowadays the quality of analytical studies is to be absolutely different from what it used to be. An irresponsible approach of the elite to preconditions of the evolving crisis may bring about the most fatal consequences. In this respect Russia is the least protected country. Willingness to conceal the real logic of catastrophe is bringing about the irreversible slipping down, to the Perestroika-2. Analysis and comprehensive examination of all factors of the regress mechanism comprise the principal content of the article. But the author pays the particular attention to the factor he describes as the lack of the entity\u2019s properties which is characterized by inadequacy of actions taken under circumstances of emergencies. Such inadequacy is related to decay of ability to define objectives and targets and break-down of the conceptual core. The elite involved in the condition of identity collapse may take the whole country away with it. Reconstruction of the entity\u2019s properties is the paramount and urgent task which the power is to solve in the immediate future."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430-2.","en":"Political philosophy; elite; culture; catastrophe of deregulation; macro-society; microsocial."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":56,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":360,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":361,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"On the Brink"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 80-\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0418\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c 60-\u0445 \u2013 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0418 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0451 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0418\u0414\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The early 1980s were among the most volatile years in Soviet \u2014 US relations. They might be equated with the early 1960s, the era of the Berlin and Cuban missile crises. The international tensions were greatly intensifying, and once again the world could have come on the brink of war. This occurred not because war was desired and prepared for by the leaders of both superpowers, but because, not knowing and understanding one another, they suspected the worst of each other\u2019s intentions. The author who was at that years the director of the Middle East department in the USSR Foreign Ministry and the Head of the Soviet delegation on the Stockholm Conference on European Disarmament thereupon, undertakes a systematic and holistic analysis of that situation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0420.\u0420\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0430\u043d; \u042e.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432; \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b.","en":"Cold war; Soviet-American relations; R.Reagan; Yu.Andropov; strategic arms; secret services."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":56,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":361,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":362,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430... (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430)","en":"On Danger of Travels to Europe and the French Language Learning\u2026 (Discussions about Orthodox and Catholic Faiths in the Mid-19th Century Russia)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 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\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The Russian Catholicism emerged in the first half of the 19th century as a result of Jesuit missionaries\u2019 activities, predominantly French, among the Russian aristocrats who were convinced in importance of changes and Russia\u2019s necessity to join the European cultural tradition based on the Catholicism. Preaching in Russia was a component of the policy Holy See pursued in the 19th century. In the mid 19th century the religious discussion intensified against background of the confrontation between Russia and France over future of Poland and influence in the Balkans. During the Crimean war propaganda of the both opponents had the religious tinge. Catholic and Orthodox writers accused each other in the schism of the Church and were unwilling to take steps aimed at rapprochement, even though they admitted the necessity of reconciliation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb; \u0410.\u0412.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u041d.\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u0418.\u0421.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b-\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0421\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"Russian Orthodox Church; Roman Catholic Church; proselytism; the Crimean war; the Russian catholic community; the \u2018Polish question\u2019; A.V.Martynovski; A.N.Murav\u2019ev; I.S.Gagarion; Jesuit missionaries; Schism."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":56,"authors":[{"id":181,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mironenko-Marenkova Irina Konstantinovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436)","en":"Ph.D., historian, the teacher, Russian State University for Humanities, doctor in philosophy, EHESS, Paris"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":362,"author_id":181}}],"issue":{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":363,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438: \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0416\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0430","en":"The Spiritual Troop of the Russian Autocephaly: Lucas Jeedyata"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 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\u041b\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0416\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article reproduces a series of the little known literary and epigraphic sources. On the basis of these the author reconstructs peculiarities of the earliest stage of the Russian Church organization. Taking Lucas Jeedyata\u2019s activities and writings as an example the author analyzes the set of actions aimed at establishment in Ancient Russia of the church organization independent of Byzantine Empire\u2019s church. Lucas is considered to be a fellow-champion of Metropolitan Ilarion. Together they provided the substantiation for the sovereign ideology of independent state authority and the Church independent of Greeks. The author comes to the conclusion that there were certain contradictory tendencies in relations between the Priesthood and the Temporal Power that resulted in abrupt vacillations of Yaroslav the Wise that ended up with the autocephaly closing down."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f; \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0416\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0430.","en":"Church of ancient Rus; autocephaly; Lukas Judyata."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":56,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":363,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":364,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041a \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"Russian-American Company in the Decembrists\u2019 Plans. Addendum to K.F.Ryleev\u2019s Biography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f - \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0410\u041a). \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041a \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443 (\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 1826).","en":"The author examines the revolutionary activities of Kondrati Ryleev, one of the Decembrists\u2019 movement leaders and finds out that in the process of anti-government coup preparation Ryleev took advantage of his duty position of the senior manager of the Russian-American Company, the biggest Russian joint stock company of the time. For the first time in historiography the author specifies the Decemberists\u2019 plans to bring the Czar\u2019s family out of Russia and demonstrates that these plans were connected with a maritime expedition to Russian America which was scheduled for August, 1826, and was organized at the Russian-American Company\u2019s expense."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0414.\u0418.\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d, \u041a.\u041f.\u0422\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438","en":"Decembrists\u2019 military revolution; K.F.Ryleev, D.I.Zavalishin, K.P.Thorson; overseas expeditions, Russian-American Company, the Northern society, destiny of the emperor\u2019s family."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":56,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":364,"author_id":59}}],"issue":{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":365,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b: \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Zealots of the White Truth: on Political Price for Repentance"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0418 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u0423 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438?","en":"The article is a rejoinder to the contemporary demands of the Right radicals that receive certain support of the Russian Orthodox Church. These forces demand a new repentance of the Russian nation under the circumstances of the global crisis. The Right radicals pedal the theme of the tsar\u2019s family shooting and in this connection a new round of de-Bolshevization of the Russian society. It would seem where to and for what this preaching is performed? But the White Truth zealots do not quiet down. Sure, the Russian Orthodox Church as one of the state frameworks of the here-and-now enjoys the right to have its point of view. Finally, the spiritual assessment of the past belongs to people striving to restore the historical justice.\n\nHowever the repentance has two aspects. And what is moral from a preacher\u2019s point of view may by utterly immoral from a politician\u2019s point of view. That happens not because politics is the dirty business a fortiori but because politics has its own logic different from logic of preaching.\n\nA new round of repentance is a move which is politically detrimental and dangerous. In the short run it poses a threat to Russia\u2019s political independence. The blockade circle is contracting. In these circumstances manipulation with symbols and values is fraught with new disaster for the Russian people. Is there any use in such preaching?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0420\u041f\u0426; \u0434\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Execution of the Tsar\u2019s family; penance of the Russian people; the Russian Orthodox Church; de-Bolshevization."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":365,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e?","en":"America: Reiteration of the Past"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 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\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c: \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c. \u0424\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435.","en":"The present world economic crisis and its diverse influence on the U.S. economic, social and political life make every observer to look after the experience before 1929 when America was a society in which a small number of very rich people controlled a large share of the nation\u2019s wealth and the next wretched years of the Great Depression and bewildering changes brought by Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal. Some economists think the New Deal imposed norms of relative equality in pay that persisted for more than 30 years, creating a broadly middleclass society. Those norms have not survived being replaced by an ethos of the superrich, the genuine core of the reaganism. Princeton economist Paul Krugman showed that the country\u2019s economic disparities are as stark today as they were in the 1920's and that the effort devoted to maintaining that inequality leads directly to a deep poverty, underconsumption and in the end to the second edition of the Great Depression. He concludes his forecast with a grim warning: either democracy must be renewed or wealth and its political fellow-champions are likely to cement a new and less democratic regime. The Obama\u2019s phenomen is considered by the author in the corresponding context."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"Global economic crisis; economy of the present-day USA."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":366,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":367,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041c\u044d\u0439\u0434\u0437\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Meiji Japan in the Western Perception"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 1904\u20131905 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0436\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article provides an analysis of Japan\u2019s image that Tokyo was projecting in the countries of the West in the Meiji era (1868\u22121912), mainly on the eve and during the Russo-Japanese war. The negative character of Japan\u2019s image in the West (\u00abyellow peril\u00bb) was recognised as one of the major security threats for the country, especially in war conditions, and an energetic public relations campaign was launched to improve it. The article explores the core elements of this \u00abconstructed image\u00bb and image-making techniques. Finally, it considers the implication of the ambition to create this \u00abdesired\u00bb image for Japanese foreign policy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Russo-Japanese war; media; public opinion."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":208,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pavlov Dmitriy Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041c\u0418\u0420\u042d\u0410)","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for Russian history and Law of the Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automatics"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":367,"author_id":208}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":368,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u042d\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u00ab\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb)","en":"Stalin and Eisenstein (the Discussion about the Film \u00abIvan the Terrible\u00bb)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 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\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0448\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443.\n\n\u0422\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"The author examines Stalin\u2019s attitude to tsar Ivan the Terrible as it was revealed and evolved in debate with film-maker Serge Eisenstein. Traditionally it is presumed that the point of view expressed by the leader of the Bolshevist party was unique Stalin as the creator of the Great Terror simply liked tsar Ivan and his cruelties. The author argues that this interpretation is wrong. Stalin did not express any unique point of view. He just repeated what Soviet historians wrote not just in their general works but also in textbooks. Traditionally it is accepted that Sergey Eisenstein, the creator of \u2018Ivan the Terrible' movie expressed the view which was quite typical for his time. However the author argues that the film-maker's position differed from the conventional scientific explanation of Ivan the Terrible reign. Stalin refused to add any psychological motives to Ivan\u2019s image and deeds and presented him as the embodiment of the objective process of the Russian national state formation. Stalin was quite satisfied conventional positions of historians as well as content of textbooks that formed the stable stereotype of Ivan the Terrible epoch perception. Stalin did not abandon dialectics. Therefore he did not disclaim the tsar\u2019s cruelty or atrocities. According to Stalin, any super-task is more important than instruments and ways of its attainment and efficiency expiates \u2018subjective' errors. While Eisenstein emphasized contradictions inherent to the tsar Stalin was strong in stating the facts that were obvious for the contemporary historical sciences. As a big artist Eisenstein could not please the power to the full, he was more sympathetic to pre-revolutionary historians. Beneath collisions of Ivan the Terrible Eisenstein guessed a Shakespearian psychological drama. So ideology and creative work ran against each other."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVI \u0432.; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0421.\u042d\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d.","en":"Oprichnina; historiography; history of the 16th century Russia; I.V.Stalin; S.Eisenstein."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":368,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":369,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f 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\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b.","en":"The confessional dimension of the \u2018my own \/ alien' opposition is one of the principal factors of self-identification. This peculiarity is most vividly manifested in multiethnic and multiconfessional areas where the tradition of Christian Slav population\u2019s neighborhood with representatives of other religions persisted for centuries. Regions where the field studies were carried out (from Bukovina to Grodno region) are exemplary in this respect because Orthodox Christians, Catholics, adherents of Eastern rite Roman Catholicism, and Jews resided in close neighborhood in such regions for a long time (up to World War II). Experience of direct neighborhood could not but leave traces in the popular perceptions of ethnic neighbors' faith and religious rites. Image of a minister in the popular world picture acquires folklore and mythological features."},"keywords":{"ru":"c\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b.","en":"Slavic folklore; ethnic cultural contacts; traditional spiritual culture; popular religiosity; ethnic confessional stereotypes."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":369,"author_id":22}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b 9\u201310 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1989 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"A Time to Throw Stones. 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\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u041e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.","en":"This year, it will be exactly 20 years since the opening of the border between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany that took place on 9 November 1989. The world saw in this event mainly the \u00abfall\u00bb of the Berlin Wall that for 28 years had divided East Berlin, the capital of GDR, from West Berlin that maintained the nature of a territory occupied by the victorious powers of World War II. The legal status of the border between the sectors in Berlin, theoretically considered to be within quadrilateral responsibility, was not equal to the status of the \u00abGermano-German\u00bb border, which, from the outset, had been the border between the autonomous zones of occupation, that in 1949 became (with a number of caveats) independent states. The inclusion of the Berlin sector border in the decision taken by the GDR authorities in November 1989 to liberalise the regime of the crossing of the border with FRG by East Germans was an unforgivable international-law mistake that resulted in serious domestic political problems. By midnight 9 November, the situation at the Berlin Wall border-crossing points became explosive: crowds of GDR citizens demanded to be allowed to cross to West Berlin, while the border guards had not yet received any clarifications of the new border regime. Those dramatic events that nearly degenerated into armed violence are described in the journal notes of the then Minister-Counsellor of the USSR Embassy in Berlin that are complemented by the memoirs of other participants and eye-witnesses of this turning point in post-war history of Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0438 \u0413\u0414\u0420; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0413\u0414\u0420; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b.","en":"Reunification of Germany; relations between FRG and GDR; internal political crisis in GDR; West Berlin; downfall of the Berlin Wall."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":57,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":370,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":371,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c","en":"Names and Reality: a Feedback"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430, \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e- \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430.","en":"According to the author, vital political philosophy is developed along the paths of overcoming of the gap between names and reality. There is a connection between the external positioning of the power and a state of affairs which may either contradict or correspond the positioning. Now experience of Confucian philosophy may be more instructive for the present-day Russia than the Western experience. Russia is at crossroads. A deep rift has teethed between shibboleths and \u2018slogans' the highest ranks use and the deplorable condition of horizontal social ties. And every day this rift is widening and getting deeper. Only change of macro- and micro strategies the political elite pursues may overcome the gap. The elite must acknowledge and recognize how dramatic was the path passed through by Russia in the recent decades. The vital popular political philosophy is a philosophy of action and of meaningful deed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c; \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Political philosophy; elite; culture; catastrophe of deregulation; macro-society; microsocial."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":371,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":372,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442","en":"The Forgotten Sammit"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c\n\n20 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0432 1989 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443. \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0451 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0414\u041e\u0412\u0421\u0415, \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0410 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430 -\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"The situation with the European security is one of the most acute problems in world politics today.\n\n\u041cany European leaders declare about constructing the new Europe that is based on juridically obligatory agreements. This reminds in many ways the 20-years old statements, when an attempt was made to build such a Europe in Paris 1989. The base of that Europe had to be the CFE Treaty, the European Security Treaty and a new agreement on CSBM\u2019s. The author who participated in those negotiations undertakes a systematic and holistic analysis on how this base was build at that time. The readers of the article can themselves make conclusions on the result of the Paris summit."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442; \u0414\u041e\u0412\u0421\u0415; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"International relations; Paris summit; Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe; end of the cold war."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":372,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":373,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e: \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0422\u041d\u041a","en":"Laboratories for Control of the Future: Occult Sects as Partners of Multinational Corporations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0451\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c 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\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438-\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u041d\u041a, \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Training of the population for acceptance of a \u2018new world order' presupposes a leveling of human conscience by way of creation of a global and comprehensive religion. Nowadays \u2018New Age', an occult and spiritual movement makes a claim for the role of such religion. The distinctive characteristics of \u2018New Age' movement are syncretism, pluralistic universalism, and global thinking. Spread of this movement in the Western society is carried on under disguise of various new religious movement and sects activities. In Europe these activities have acquired a threatening scale. In conditions of the European liberal moral tolerance domination occult sects employ flexible and mobile methods of penetration. In fact, the sects are penetrating with all spheres of the social, political and economic life and create a parallel network society. Heading for, first of all, education, science, culture, public health, and informatics the sects also actively integrate in the entrepreneurship and develop close contacts with the business world, the more so because the present-day multinational corporations are increasingly acquiring features of quasi-religious entities. Commonness of basic assumptions chiefs of sects and corporation business elite use in appraising a human personality and their own ultimate goals makes sects reliable economic partners of multinational corporations. Actually, sects borrow from multinational corporations their methods of management and control of individual conscience."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u00ab\u041d\u044c\u044e \u042d\u0439\u0434\u0436\u00bb; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0440\u044d\u043d\u0434.","en":"Occultism; sects, scientology; New Age; corporation religiuon; brand."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":373,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":374,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439","en":"Russia and Europe: Chase in the Field of Technologies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 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\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u2013 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041d.\u0421.\u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u00bb, \u0442\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0443.","en":"In the Russian historiography studies in the field of technological history are traditionally \u2018equidistant' from investigation of its impact on social, economic, and cultural development of a society while foreign historians have investigate interaction between technology and socio-cultural environment which is contemporary to a particular technology. Russia has accepted innovations that came from the West in waves selectively. It should be noted that a series of national development peculiarities proved to act as brakes to introduction of some technological innovations. The countryside turned out to be the least adapted for acceptance of Western technologies. Peasants and landlords were not ready for transition and latter-day methods of agronomics and cattle breeding. A feeling of lagging behind the West engendered a peculiar cultural phenomenon which the author takes liberty to designate as \u2018Levshism'. The designation is derived from the name of N. S. Leskov\u2019s short novel hero Levsha, a craftsman from Tula who hacked the English flea."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 I; \u041d.\u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0442; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441.","en":"Peter the Great; Nicholas I; N.Leskov; A.Engelgardt; social, political and economic modernization of Russia; technological progress."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":374,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":375,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438: \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439","en":"The Spiritual Troop of the Russian Autocephaly: Ilarion of Kiev"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0416\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author reproduces and comments a set of little known book and epigraphic sources that are used as the basis for a detailed reconstruction of the most ancient phase of the Russian Church organization history. A set of measures aimed at assertion of the church organization autonomous from Byzantium is analyzed by the example of activities and creative works of Lukas Jidyata. The author appraises Lukas as the ally of Ilarion, the autocephalous Metropolitan. Lukas and Ilarion jointly substantiated the sovereign ideology of independent state power and of the Church independent of Greeks. The author concludes that there were contradictory tendencies in interrelationships of the Body of Priesthood and the Temporal Power that resulted in acute fluctuations of Prince Yaroslav the Wise that ended with the autocephaly winding down."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0439; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438.","en":"Church of ancient Rus; autocephaly; Ilarion of Kiev; Yaroslav the Wise; ideology of independent church and autonomous church."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":375,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":376,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:46.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1939 \u0433\u043e\u0434: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435)","en":"1939: the Soviet Foreign Policy as Perceived by Coevals (Examined by the Czecho-Slovak Example)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 1939 \u0433., \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 23 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1939 \u0433. \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c.","en":"In the first part of the article the author considers reactions of the Czech-Slovak emigration and the Czech public in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia to the negotiations Great Britain, France and the USSR held in summer, 1939, to the Soviet-German non-aggression pact of August 23, 1939, and the drastic twist of the Soviet foreign policy as well as to resulting changes in strategy and tactics of the Communist International. The article is based on archive materials, published documents, memoirs, and on results of the author\u2019s studies of the problem."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u042d.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448; \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438.","en":"Forerign policy of the USSR; E.Benes; Munich Agreement; beginning of the World War 2; Communist International; history of Czechoslovakia, Czechia and Slovakia."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":58,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":376,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":58,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":377,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Not Transgress the Edge: Russia and Strategy of Russia\u2019s Security"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b 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\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041f\u0420\u041e \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u041d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u041a\u0435\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e?","en":"Pressing issues of defense policies pursued by Russia and the USA are discussed. Contingency of a fundamentally new approach to nuclear security problems have emerged in the moment when START-1 run of validity is expiring. Any discussion is useful if the both parties have equal interest in it. Dialogue of Russia and the US is not only possible but it is urgent. Particularly in the context when these powers continue to present each other as potential enemies. The new strategy of mutual security which has been recently proclaimed as an innovation project is to be greeted. Thereat Russia cannot reduce its nuclear capability down to a dangerous minimum. This edge must not be transgressed. One has to make advances to the partner\u2019s initiatives with open eyes and clear understanding that under no circumstances any detriment to Russia\u2019s own security and strategic interests cannot be made. Now, after the US initiatives related to ABM defense deployment in the West one should remember about internal contradictions that affect behavior of the \u00abold Europe\u00bb elites and those of Eastern Europe. The issue of strategic expansion of NATO and prospects of this alliance remains to be of current concern. What does NATO want to be?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041f\u0420\u041e; \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430.","en":"Non-proliferation of nuclear arms; global security; defense policy; AMD; NATO; East Europe."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zolotarev Pavel Semenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"the Major General, Ph. D. in engineering sciences, the Deputy Director of the Institute of USA and Canada, Russian Academy of Sciences, the Councilor on the External and Defensive Policy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":377,"author_id":91}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":377,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":378,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1939 \u0433\u043e\u0434: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"1939: the Soviet Foreign Policy as Perceived by Coevals (Examined by the Czecho-Slovak Example) (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420), \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"Responses of Czechoslovak emigration, the civil wing of the Czech anti-Fascist Resistance and of the Slovak society to \u00abthe Western march\u00bb of the Red Army, to annexation of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia by the USSR (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) and the Soviet-Finnish war. The study is based mainly on archive materials, published documents, memoirs and on results of the author\u2019s own examination of the issue."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u042d.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448; \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438.","en":"Foreign policy of the USSR; E.Benes; the Munich Agreement; beginning of the World War 2; accession of West Ukraine and West Byelorussia to the USSR; the winter war between the USSR and Finland; Communist International; history of Czechoslovakia, Czechia and Slovakia."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":378,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":379,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 XVII\u2013XXI \u0432\u0432.","en":"History of Russia within Military Technologies Framework, 17th-21st Centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0445: \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439.","en":"In the history of Russia the military factor was exceptionally important virtually in all branches: in economics, in domestic and foreign policies, in social organization as well as in Russians' self-perception. During last three centuries Russia had to sustain a difficult race in the sphere of military technologies in order to retain its great power status and the opportunity to follow its own way. The author analyzes the domestic socio-cultural realities' impact on the process."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVII\u2013XXI \u0432\u0432.; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"History of Russia in the 17th to the 21st century; military technologies; military and technical might; defense industry."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":379,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":380,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u00bb: \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"\u00abNot every Shining Piece is made of Gold\u00bb: On some Aspects of the Present Day Studies of the Post-October Menshevism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 20 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u041d.\u0412. \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"New documentary material introduced in scientific turn in recent 20 years, recovery of the theoretic legacy of the Russian Social-Democrars' leaders, expansion of the range of research problems and directions, transformation of key definitions that characterize ideological development of Menshevism for the first time allowed revealing to the full extent the essence of the strong criticism P.B.Akselrod, A.N.Potresov, I.G.Zereteli et al. raised against position the RSDP new leadership under by Yu.O.Matrov occupied toward Bolshevism after October, 1917. According to N.V.Volsky, only after loss of the party the Russian Social-Democrats repudiated what Dan and his followers tried to present as the so called \u00abMartov's line\u00bb and retained \u00absome positive profession of the higher human values and brought them into foundation of their programmatic notions\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u042e.\u041e.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u0413.\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u0420.\u0410.\u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447.","en":"The Russian Social Democratic Workers\u2019 Party (the RSDWP); post-October Men\u2019shevism; modern source base; historical experience of Social Democracy; Yu.O.Martov. I.G.Tsereteli; R.A.Abramovich."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":380,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":381,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438: \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Spiritual Troop of the Russian Autocephaly: Ilarion of Kiev (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c 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\u0434\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"The article deals with analysis of ideological and religious aspects of Metropolitan Ilarion\u2019s \u00abThe Word on the Law and Grace\u00bb. It is demonstrated that the work\u2019s core meaning were historical philosophical contemplations of the thinker. His attention is focused on the progress of the universal history while the Russian history is considered as an integral part of the world history which is rich in its own achievements. According to Ilarion, the Russian people passes through two phases of development much as all other peoples do: the pre-Christian phase (infantile period of imperfection) and the Christian phase (which is Grace-filled and opens the way to salvation). The Russian Metropolitan expresses his profound patriotic idea of the young Russian people\u2019s predestination for its junction opens prospects for performance of great exploits. From standpoint of equality in faith Ilarion condemns old Christian peoples' claims to superiority. At the same time Ilarion does not deprived of pride for glorious pre-Christian past of Rus. The baptized Rus became the true inheritor of this glory. Against this background Ilarions condemns claims to national and religious uniqueness. Overall Ilarion\u2019s doctrine is appraised as the doctrine of state independence and of historical optimism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Church of ancient Rus; autocephaly; Ilarion of Kiev; ideological and religious aspects of creative work; ideology of a strong independent state."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":381,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":382,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u00bb: \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043a\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438","en":"\u00abDaemonum Exterminator\u00bb: Michael the Archangel as Exorcist in Medieval Russian \u0421ulture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 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\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f: \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0432. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u00bb)? \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u00ab\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb.","en":"The cult of Michael the Archangel is one the central elements of Medieval Russian religiosity. The first of archangels played an important role both in strictly orthodox ecclesiastical teaching and syncretic popular beliefs \/ magical practices. He was regarded as a vanquisher of the Devil in the first days of Creation, the Satan\u2019s most powerful enemy in this world, principal protector of humans against the ruses and attacks of demons, demon-slayer and angel-exorcist. Common to the Christian East and West, this set of beliefs and corresponding practices wasn\u2019t, however, uniform in various parts of the Christian world and depended on the cultural context of every region. The present article proposes to trace the history of Michael the Archangel as demon-slayer and protector against the Devil in Medieval Russian culture. It will also analyze the rapports between the cult of Michael and the cults of other saints \u2014 demon fighters and the possible ties between the syncretic demonology of so called \u00abzmeeviki\u00bb and the demonological motifs in hagiography."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445; \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb; \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f.","en":"Medieval Rus; Michael the Archangel; angelology; demonology; cult of saints; syncretism; \u2018zmeeviki\u2019 (amulets); iconography."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":382,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":383,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441\u0435: \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435-\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435","en":"Notes on Herbert Wells, a Globalist Dreamer and a Sharp Realist"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u00ab\u042d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The author analyzes certain theoretical conceptions that were advanced by Herbert Wells and are included in his three-volume autobiography recently published in Russia. The particular attention is devoted to Wells' opinions on the future of humankind and to his forecasts that came true or failed. Wells' \u2018sketch of the future' is seen through the present day prism. The concluding section of the article is devoted to Wells' thoughts about Russia and his portrait sketches of Lenin, Stalin, Gorky."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVII\u2013XXI \u0432\u0432.; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"History of Russia in the 17th to the 21st century; military technologies; military-technical thought; defense industry."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":59,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":383,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:08.000000Z","year":2009,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":384,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Destiny of Development in the Present-day Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0421.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0418\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u0412 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u00bb, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u00bb, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0432 (\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435)","en":"The article is a publication of the methodological introduction to S. Kurguinjan's new book entitled \u2018Esau and Isaac'. The central problem of the book is consideration of development\u2019s destiny in Russia and the world at large. The author repudiates two methods that prevail nowadays: the academic method which he defines as the retro-method and the postmodernist method. The author offers \u2018the third method' which requires various syntheses (of actual political studies and political philosophy, of religious metaphysics and the secular philosophy and so on.)"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441; \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.","en":"elites; anthropos; humanism and post-humanism; actual political science, political philosophy; development in Russia."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":384,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":385,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"The Last Convulsions of USSR Policy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e -\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The latest year of the USSR existence began with the crises not only in the domestic and economic policies but in the foreign policy also. Two critical situations were before Moscow: The reaction to growing unrest in Lithuania and other Baltic states which threatened the existence of the Soviet Union, and the reaction to the American invasion in Iraq which betokened loses of Soviet supports in the Middle East region. Making a systematic and holistic analysis the author shows well-founded that the Soviet leadership didn\u2019t have distinct strategic goals and tactic what to do in this situation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435, 1991; \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435; \u00ab\u0411\u0443\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0435\u00bb; \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u041a\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0430.","en":"growing unrest in Lithuania; situation in Baltic states; leaving of the Iraq army from Kuwait."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":385,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":386,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435","en":"The Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet Heritage"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u041c\u041f. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u041c\u041f \u0438 \u0420\u041f\u0426\u0417 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to analysis of the Russian Orthodox Church present day position and attitude to the Soviet period of Russia\u2019s history. In connection with that the author refers to the prehistory of the question and considers evidence provided by representatives of those cultural and proper church Russian traditions from which the higher clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate has recently taken an increasing distance. A particular attention is paid to the Moscow Patriarchate hierarchs\u2019 opinions of causes and character of the Great Patriotic war that were aired in the course of the outgoing year. In the concluding part of the article the author examines possible general meanings of these new trends as well as of reunification of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate and of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0439; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438.","en":"Second World War; Russian Orthodox Church; socialism; reunification of Churches; freedom of will."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":386,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":387,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e?","en":"Nicholas II and the State Duma: a New World?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0435 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\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043a \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author examines the version according to which Nicholas II was not a conservative, he was a moderate liberal, adherent of constitution and of the popular representation. Presumably from the very outset of his reign Nicholas consistently implemented a project of monarchy renewal and acted irrespective of opposition or revolutionary movements. This version presents a special case of Nicholas II idealization connected with the present-day ideological conditions but unconfirmed by sources. The negative attitude of the emperor to the State Duma was determined by his traditionalist outlook, the idea of continuity without changes and of stability as the tranquility. In the early 20th century the autocracy was the real form of government as well as the mythology a part of which was the autocrat\u2019s faith in the mythical people. The official concept of the autocracy started to contradict the logic of modernization process. The fate pf Stolypin\u2019s reforms revealed that the reformist potential of the autocracy had been exhausted. The gap between the authorities and the changing reality coupled with widely spread religious indifferentism brought about the situation when the regime proved to be absolutely insulated at the critical moment."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f.","en":"autocracy \u2013 a reality, a myth and interpretation; parliamentarianism sources in Russia; modernization; Nikolay II; traditionalism and its political consequences."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":387,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":388,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0428\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043e\u043a...\u00bb: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435","en":"\u00abAn Old Man Passed by\u2026\u00bb: Veneration of Saints in the Popular Culture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b (XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432.), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435: \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440.","en":"The author examines the peculiar nature of veneration in the popular tradition on the basis of sources published earlier (in the 19th and 20th centuries) as well as the most recent unpublished folklore records made by the author and his colleagues and kept in the folklore archives of various scientific establishments. On the basis of the popular myths, beliefs, calendar signs, recitations of the book saints' lives and similar texts the author demonstrates components of a saint\u2019s image formation in the popular culture and what attributes, characteristics and deeds of a saint are relevant for the folklore culture and what are irrelevant. Among such features the author points out the appearance and social status of a saint, his deeds and speech behavior, saint\u2019s name and its interpretation etc."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440; \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435; \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044c; \u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"folklore; legends; national religion; beliefs; the sacred; lives of the sacred; relics; a national calendar; national etymology."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":185,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Moroz Andrey Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., philologist, Assistant Professor, Head of chair of the laboratory for folkloristic studies of Russian State Humanitarian University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":388,"author_id":185}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":389,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0430 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"\u00abThe New Middle Ages\u00bb of Priest Paul Florenski"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u041d.\u0410.\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u00bb (\u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d, 1924). \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0417\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044e XIV\u2013XV \u0432\u0432. \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f. \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e\u00bb, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044c\u043c\u044b \u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f\u00bb \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439, \u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u043e \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u044f\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u2013 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u2013 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435.","en":"The article deals with revelation of \u2018The new Middle Ages' notion which attracted the general attention upon publication of N.A.Berdyaev's book \u2018The new Middle Ages' (Berlin, 1924). Florenski used the term somewhat earlier in texts that have been published recently. Florenski argued that there were rhythms in history and this rhythm was the rhythm of replacement of the Medieval culture with the Renaissance culture. After the Renaissance epoch and after the culture of the Modern times which developed the Renaissance culture the epoch of the \u2018new Middle Ages' follows. Florenski guessed the characteristics of the \u2018new Middle Ages' in the reality which surrounded him. All Florenski\u2019s sympathies were in favor of the Middle Ages outlook. He thought that his own outlook was correspondent to the Russian Middle Ages style of the 14th and 14th centuries. Florenski supposed that the Renaissance culture crisis began in the late 19th century and the twilight epoch of transition to the \u2018new Middle Ages', transition from the darkness to the light started. Florenski saw the specific omen of the \u2018new Middle Ages' in growth of apocalyptical moods: his coevals already spoke of destruction of nature and crisis of culture, of depletion of the Earth\u2019s bowels, of revolt of elements, of contamination of the air and the waters, of terrible earthquakes. Florenski sought a deeper return to the Middle Ages. It is interesting to think the contemporary life in Florenski\u2019s terms: the Middle Ages, Renaissance, the Modern time, the new Middle Ages."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d.\u0410.\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432, \u041f.\u0410.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438.","en":"N.A.Berdjaev, P.A.Florensky, a history of religious idea."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":60,"authors":[{"id":222,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Polovinkin Sergey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., philosopher, Assistant Professor of the chair of russian philosophy history of Russian State Humanitarian University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":389,"author_id":222}}],"issue":{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2009,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":390,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Destiny of Development in the Present-day Russia (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e. \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Fate of development in Russia and the world is the political issue. In itself it requires unconventional solutions, rejection of traditional intellectual patterns and obsolete methods. Appraising role of operational and conspiracy approaches to the political analysis the author focuses on logical analytics. A political analyst has to rely on any recorded open statements. Any word said in public is a micro fact. Henceforth the direct statements on development are to be the subject matter and the foundation of thematic and objective analysis. The aggregation of all logos is the primary material. Logical analytics of the 21st century is striving to confront the dehumanizing reality. A study has to base on non-literal understanding of various political logos and their context to which a word is connected. A word always is a circumlocution fraught with potential for a rational reading."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434; \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"development in Russia and the world; conspiracy pseudo-method; logical analytics; factology; public consciousness."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":390,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":391,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443","en":"Catholicism on the Offensive: Ideology and Politics of Vatican in Conditions of Transition to the Globalized World Order"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 1950\u201360-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 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\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0425VI \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.","en":"At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s Catholicism adjusted to requirements of the epoch for the sake of preservation of its influence allowed a renovation turnover which was made at the Second Vatican Convocation. This move ushered the ecumenical openness of the Church and had serious consequences expressed in dissemination of religious pluralism and tolerance, in the process of active absorption of secular life which accelerated de-Christianization of the Western society. Pope John Paul II started the \u2018new evangelization' which was accompanied with expansion of outward openness of Catholicism and implemented in parallel with restoration of Vatican\u2019s international influence. These processes did not arrest erosion of the religious conscience of Europeans but brought about erosion of their traditional values which acquired a threatening character. All attempts to bring Christian concepts of moral virtues and to confront degradation of a Westerner failed. Under Benedict XVI the Catholic Church is striving to recover its spiritual leadership and to keep its position on the forward frontiers of the world development began openly to undertake ideological leadership in the process of the world integration into a new global order, to form its moral code and impart the religious sense to the system of control over humankind which supranational ruling elites are constructing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d; \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0414\u0435\u0438.","en":"Vatican; Church; religion; religious consciousness; Opus Dei."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":303,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u0421hetverikova Ol\u2019ga Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor of Moscow State Institute for International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":391,"author_id":303}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":392,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"The Russian Military Emigration and Fascism: Politics and Geopolitics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russian military emigration of the first wave in the European states of the Versailles system appeared in the conditions of formation of nationalism, fascism and nazism. Concerning these phenomena different representatives of Russian emigration defined their position in different way. The article gives the analysis of the most weighed position of the representatives of Russian emigration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c); \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0410.\u0418.\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u0412.\u0412.\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432.","en":"Russian military emigration; military union; the Versailles system; nationalism; fascism (nazism); collaboration; geopolitical position of Russia; A.Denikin; V.Orekhov."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":251,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Simonova Tat'ana Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u041e \u0420\u0424, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, senior lecturer, the senior scientific employee of Institute of Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":392,"author_id":251}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":393,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0447\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0446\u0435\u0445\u00bb","en":"The \u00abSilver Age\u00bb as a Proverb and a Byword"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u042e.\u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0418.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u00bb, \u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e.","en":"In polemics with J. Sherrer I.V.Kondakov notes that Sherrer has offered a prejudiced interpretation of the present day Russia\u2019s cultural development. The picture of scientific and social life in Russia painted by Sherrer is far away of the reality. The Russian culturology is not a single flow phenomenon and the Russian academic community is split in their outlook and in conceptual terms."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a.","en":"the Silver age; history; culturology; sociology; textbooks; TV; network culture."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb","en":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":393,"author_id":125}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":394,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0444 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb","en":"Myth at the Higher Education Institution\u2019s Chair: the Fate of the \u00abSilver Age\u00bb in the Historical Materialism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 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\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 (\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443\u00bb) \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"The author follows the critical line of Jutta Sherrer\u2019s argument on the current textbooks on culturology. According to the author, the principal deficiency of these textbooks is the absolute break with the historic realities that are substituted with various contrived abstract concepts. Eventually that brings about disturbance of natural relationships among the real, the imaginable and the symbolic in the young generation\u2019s eyes. The author demonstrates on the specific examples how poor is knowledge of the present day specialists in cultural studies (many of them were specialists in \u2018historical materialism' and \u2018scientific communism') of the historic realities, to what extent are unfounded their claims to generalizations of all kinds. The author thinks that, by and large, the current textbooks on cultural studies can play a role no less harmful tan the bygone courses of scientific communism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430.","en":"the Silver age; history; culturology; sociology; textbooks; TV; network culture."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":36,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00abSoviet and Post-Soviet Review\u00bb (\u041b\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d, \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f)","en":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00abSoviet and Post-Soviet Review\u00bb (\u041b\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d, \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":394,"author_id":36}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":395,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u042e\u0442\u0442\u044b \u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440","en":"On Culturology, the \u00abSilver Age\u00bb and Jutta Scherrer\u2019s Article"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u042e\u0442\u0442\u044b \u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0412.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0418.\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u042e\u0442\u0442\u044b \u0428\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb (\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041d.\u0410.\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432\u0430) \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.) \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"The author considers Jutta Scherrer\u2019s article and responses to it produced by V. Bouldakov and I.Kondakov. Jutta Scherrer\u2019s opinion that the present day culturology is a \u2018servant-girl' and an ideological tool of the current Russian authorities is challenged. The idea that the present day culturology is creating a myth of the \u2018Silver Age' (and, in the first place' of N.A.Ber-dyaev' philosophy) and these efforts are manifestations of the fundamentalist national self-identification is perceived rather critically. The author emphasizes the complex and totally non-fudamentalist origins of the Russian culturology (it developed under strong influence of the Tartu-Moscow school etc.) which contains trends that are very distant from totalitarianism and fundamentalism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"culturology, humanities, education, the Silver age, philosophy, ideology."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":395,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":396,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XVIII \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"K.F.Ryleev\u2019s Family History in the Historical and Literary Context of the Late 18th \u2013 early 19th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430-\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.","en":"The article deals with the family history of K.F.Ryleev, famous poet-Decembrist. The authors examine people who surrounded K.F.Ryleev in his childhood and adolescence, characterize the ambience within which he was born and emerged as a personality and within which his adult life ran to some extent. Connection of Ryleev\u2019s history with his collection of letters, his creative, financial and journalistic activities is analyzed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432; \u0410.\u0412.\u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II; \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b I; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0424.\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0433\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430.","en":"family history; K.Ryleev; A.Suvorov; Catherine II; Pavel I; Alexander I; P.Maljutin; Gatchina armies."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":396,"author_id":59}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":396,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":397,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f: \u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u00bb","en":"The Historical Phenomenology: it is Necessary \u00abNot to Explain but to Understand\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u043c \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e.","en":"Prospects and problems of the historical science are in the center of attention in the interview given by Professor Yurganov. According to him, the historical science has every chance to become a fundamental science. Such science is not subject to any fluctuation of political moods. It is a tool of their study and not a substantiation of specific values. In this capacity history has no inherent prior beliefs. However it is a key to understanding of any value and cultural continuum while an applied science used for ideological purposes exists and will exist forever. It is necessary only to define limits and do that with understanding for what purposes a study is performed and for what ends it is intended."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0433\u043e; \u041a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439; \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043b; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c.","en":"Tatar-Mongol Yoke, Kulikov Battle, Dmitry Donskoj, despotism, historical phenomenology; imperial title, Holy Russia."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":61,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":397,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":398,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441","en":"Putin\u2019s Project. Political Genesis"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443. \u0423\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0436\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0418 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u043e, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"Discussion of political figures cannot be reduced to private opinions, to talk about personal traits of a person. A politician is not just a person but he is a certain configuration of forces, a creature of some social groups. A politician promulgates certain interests. The sphere is a turf where \u201cplayers\u201d act. There are no victims here. Therefore either a politician achieves a success or fails but anyway a politician gets involved in this or that play. The lesson derived from Putin\u2019s tenure of power consists in understanding that politician Putin personifies opposite tendencies: longing for stabilization and dependence on regress. And there is no Putin\u2019s blame in that. However it seems that Putin cannot pursue the old line forever. The choice Putin has to make nowadays is the choice between what is desirable and what is proper. And unless the choice is made in favor of what is proper, the desirable will extinguish the country slowly. This is the principal collision of our time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a; \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441.","en":"stabilization; democracy; political genesis; recourse; politician; oligarchs; political process."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":398,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":399,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430","en":"On the Modern Problems of Teaching and Studying of the North Caucasus History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"This is an article on the teaching and studying of the controversial problems of the North Caucasus history. The author argues that this branch of Russian historiography is going through severe crisis partly due to the demise of Marxist paradigm to be followed by ideological vacuum. He sees the way to overcome it in the post-modernist overarching approach to the issues sensitive to non-Russian peoples on the one hand, and in ridding of powerful myths firmly established in nationalistic-oriented consciousness, on the other, to develop broader vision of the past."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"history of the North Caucasus; teaching of the \"national\" stories; historiography; Russia and Caucasus; the Caucasian war of the XIXth century; mythological consciousness."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":399,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":400,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442?","en":"The Russian History within the Framework of History of Technologies. What it was, what it is and what it will be?"},"desc":{"ru":"XXI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043e \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435.","en":"It is indisputable that the 21st century as well as the preceding century is the period of rapid transformations in the world of technologies. It turns out that position of every country in the world stage is increasingly depending on an extent to which a country succeeds in adjustment to generational change of machines and forms of labor organization. Historical traditions and mentality of population and of national elite find expressions in this breathtaking competition. Types of social and productive relationships of the past epochs that seem to be moribund reemerge first as menacing shadows and then acquire flesh and in its renewed forms they feel quite comfortable among very sophisticated devices the very ideas of which only fantasts or scientists who normally direct their regard to the future could grasp just a decade ago. The concluding article casts the total to the historian\u2019s reflections on chances of Russia in the technological race and on the burden of the historical heritage that impedes progress of Russia in this race."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435.","en":"evolution of ways and means of communication; social mobility; ecological history of Russia; hunting culture; technological discipline; influence of engineering on public development."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":400,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":401,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"Splitted Memory: Russia and the World War 2"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1941\u20131945 \u0433\u0433.\u2013 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c 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\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The Great Patriotic War of 1941\u22121945 is the single and the only event of the past memory of which is shared by all the country and plays the paramount role in reconstruction of the national identity after collapse of the USSR. The author investigates reasons that caused changes of attitudes toward the war and veterans in different periods of the Soviet and post-Soviet history. Two different memories have been traced to the war experience. The first memory is the recollections of the war tragedy, of liberation of not the Motherland but of the whole Europe from Nazism, memory of the utmost effort made for the sake of universal ideals of freedom. The other memory is connected with the revival of the state might and with creation of the cult of victory in the years of Brezhnev\u2019s rule. This cult was designed as a new source of legitimization, a source which had to replace ideals of the October revolution that had run dry by that time. According to the author dissemination of the totalitarianism concept in the present day society (this concept combines Stalinism and Nazism) also distorts the memory of war. Yet, despite the state cult of victory which is still dominant the memory which carries ideals of freedom is alive in the present day Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c; \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438; \u043b\u044c\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438.","en":"Great Patriotic War; national heroism; spirit of freedom; falsification of losses; a victory sacralization; a revisionism in a historiography; privileges of veterans; memory revival."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":283,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f","en":"Ferretti Maria"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of Viterbo University, Italia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":401,"author_id":283}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":402,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb","en":"\u00abThe Scrag of the developed Socialism\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 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\u0441\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0451\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0446\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0451\u043a\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The article is devoted to M.A.Suslov, one of the leading politicians of the USSR. The author undertakes the first attempt to offer an answer to the question why this man war so attractive for the first leaders of the party and the state and why I.V.Stalin, N.S.Kruschev and L.I.Brezhnev who regarded such Suslov\u2019s purely human traits as excessive formality of communication and the absolute lack of predisposition to backslapping and to foul language perhaps critically and even disdainfully nevertheless appreciated Suslov\u2019s extensive and retentive memory, ability to grasp complicated international and ideological issues, diligence and efficiency, lack of exorbitant ambitions that brought to ruin carriers of many other colleagues in the top Soviet leadership. The article also deals with the issue to what extent the fame that Suslov was the embodiment of the mean aspects of the regime which fostered Suslov who tried his best in serving to the regime with no fear or reproach (this fame was ascribed to Suslov by the efforts of the liberal intellectuals) corresponds to the reality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438 1956 \u0433.","en":"M.A.Suslov; the local party organizations; the Great Patriotic War; ideological work; the international activity of the CPSU; Hungary events of 1956."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":5,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aksutin Yuri Vassilievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":402,"author_id":5}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":403,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e\u00bb: \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041f.\u041d.\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"The Old Patriotism \u00abReoriented to New Russia\u00bb: Eurasian conception of P.N.Savitski"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u041f.\u041d.\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0413.\u041f.\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u041f.\u041f.\u0421\u0443\u0432\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 55 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 50-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 60-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c.\u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041d.\u0421.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041b.\u041f.\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d. \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"The article and the attached letters P.N.Savitski exchanged with G.P.Struve and P.P.Suvchinski cover the principal guidelines of Savitski\u2019s Eurasian conception that Savitski not only kept for 55 years but, after change of his mind, consistently applied to Soviet Russia. The author exposes the atmosphere of emigration in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Renowned persons (M.Tsvetaeva, N.S.Trubetskoi, L.P.Karsavin etc.) are mentioned in the recollections. In an amazing way Savitski succeeded in combining an admiration for the Soviet Russia\u2019s achievements with the impregnable faith in the Russian people\u2019s religious feeling."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"eurasian conception; russian emigration; soviet-russian messianism; westernization of Russia; world russification."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":189,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u042e\u043b\u0438\u044f","en":"Melikh Yulia Bilyalovna"},"desc":{"en":"D.Sci. in philosophy, Professor, Chair of philosophy of natural faculties, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":403,"author_id":189}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":404,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u00ab\u2026\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u00bb. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"People from Footnotes. \u00ab\u2026Dear Grisha Tovstoles\u00bb. An Addendum to the Eurasian Movement\u2019s History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441 (1887\u20131957) \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0436. \u0412 1946 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0430 \u0432 1951 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0411 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Grigori Nickolaevich Tovstoles (1887\u22121957) is a figure of the Russian emigrant community who is virtually unknown in the present day Russia. G. Tovstoles fought in the White army during the Civil war and he was one of the earliest participants of the Eurasian movement in emigration and a member of several Masonic lodges. In 1946 Tovstoles who lived at that time in France accepted the Soviet citizenship. In 1951 Tovstoles was detained by the USSR Ministry of State security in the territory of East Germany. The article for the first time introduces into the scientific turnover materials of investigation against Tovstoles (these materials are kept in the Russian Federation Federal Security Service' archive)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0413.\u041d.\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441","en":"Russian abroad; the Euroasian movement; emigration; a freemasonry; political reprisals, G.Tovstoles"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":160,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Makarov Vladimir Gennadievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in philosophy, assistant Professor, the researcher of the Central Archive, Federal Security Service of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":404,"author_id":160}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":404,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":405,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435: \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440","en":"The Varangian and Slavs: the Eternal Dispute"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u041b.\u0421.\u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0445. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u00bb, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432 2009 \u0433. \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041b.\u0421.\u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438.","en":"The article is a response to L.S.Klein's book \u00abThe Varangian dispute. The history of confrontation and arguments of the parties\u00bb published in 2009 in Saint-Petersburg by \u2018Eurasia\u2018 publishing house. \u00abThe Norsemen problem\u00bb or \u00abThe Vrangian issue\u00bb is the topic connected with the origins of the Russian statehood and the role Norsemen played in the process. Relevancy of the topic is obvious in the early 21st century too. Research made by L.S.Klein is considered to be an important contribution to history of the Ancient Rus studies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0438; \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f.","en":"The Varangians; Norsemen theory; archeology; a historiography."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":62,"authors":[{"id":326,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430","en":"Kamenetskaya Elena Viktorovna"},"desc":{"en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior lecturer, Managing chair of social studies, Institute of Humanitarian Education and an Information Technology"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":405,"author_id":326}}],"issue":{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":406,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b","en":"Counteroffensive of the Modern: Options and Alternatives"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 (\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438) \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 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\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u041d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434, \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.","en":"The contemporary world has transgressed the line which divides the old world of the Modern (the world of rational secular civilization) from the archaized world which denies valued of humanism and development. Destinies of the Modern depend on politicians who due to various reasons are not ready to counteroffensive of the Modern and incapable to advocate its values. The Modern has many enemies. First of all, it has strategic enemies, i.e. the post-Modern and the counter-Modern. They share the negative attitude towards progress and possibilities of development. For instance, Radical Islam easily finds allies precisely on the basis of fight against the Modern. At the same time any attempt to justify the Modern civilization system by religious motives causes its inner degeneration and accelerates its fall. The negative nature of the post-Modern corresponds to the general trend which is aimed at overcoming of national states' culture and proves that humankind have neither history not possibilities for development. In these conditions the Modern is being destroyed ruthlessly and steadily. Contemporary political leaders should to recognize the danger posed by the current situation and to act not in defense but in offense because for the Modern which embodies the movement forward any stagnation is tantamount to its final and ultimate defeat."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430; \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a.","en":"the Modern; the post-Modern; the counter-Modern; creation of Israel; Radical Islam; the Khalifat world; the USA and the Near East."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":406,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":407,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u00bb: \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"\u00abThe Vilest Might\u00bb: on the End of the University Epoch and Reform of the Russian Higher Education"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 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\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c.","en":"The author discusses the reform of higher education in the present day Russia and, in particular, transformation of educational system in accordance with Bologna Convention. The reform is considered against the historical background of higher education model changeovers that occurred from the Antiquity up to the present day. In the traditional educational system the value of knowledge was not utilitarian. Humanitarian disciplines occupied a high position in the traditional educational system. In the consumption society knowledge and education acquire extremely practical value while moral component of education is reduced to grafting of some simplest skills of socialization. Education needs changes but the ideology of total orientation to demands of market and cuts in expenditures determines current involuntary, often forced transformations and can bring about enormous losses."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435; \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"University; educational systems and their philosophical bases; models of educational systems; reforms of education in modern Russia; Bologna Convention; the Internet in modern educational process; a figure of the professor."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":407,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":408,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0413\u0414\u0420. \u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435","en":"The Post is Surrendered. The DDR\u2019s Last Year. Extracts from Diaries of the Advisor-envoy of the USSR Embassy in Berlin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 1989\u20131990 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c 9 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1989 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 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\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f 3 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1990 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432.","en":"The fall of the Berlin Wall was the most dramatic event of the 1989\u22121990 crisis in the German Democratic Republic. The opening of the border crossing points of the Wall for unimpeded passage that happened late night on 9 November 1989 was later called a peaceful revolution. However, GDR continued to exist after that event. That period that ended on 3 October 1990 is much less known even in Germany, let alone the rest of the world. The end of GDR was the beginning of a new world, in which we live now, and a better understanding of the circumstances of its disappearance means a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms that govern our existence today. In the year of the 20th anniversary of the unification of Germany, it would make sense to recall how it was prepared. Nothing was as easy as it seemed from afar. The notes from the diary of the then Minister-Counsellor of the Embassy of the USSR in the GDR will help reconstruct the history of that period, along with the publications of the press of that time, which was quite sensitive to all the turns in the course of the solution of the national problem of the Germans."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0437\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b 18 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1990 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \"\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\".","en":"the unification of Germany; the government of Hans Modrov; the government of Lotara de Mezera; chancellor Helmut Kohl; the German elections on 18 March 1990; the Western Berlin; the \u0441onclusion of Armies from Germany; the Western group of Armies; negotiations \"two plus four\"."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":408,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":409,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0421\u0428\u0410: \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430","en":"Russia \u2014 USA: Two Countries, Two Worlds"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0412.\u041b.\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435\u00bb, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430.","en":"The author matches two worlds, Russia and USA, against each other and analyzed the history of Russian-American relations which is characterized by recurrent changes of thaws and cooling-downs. In particular, the author deals with opinions of two prominent thinkers and experts in cultural studies of the past, To\u0441queville and Keiserling, about possible paths of Russia and USA future development. The time has proved accuracy of these thinkers\u2019 many judgments. The author pays a particular attention to the new monograph by V.L.Mal\u2019kov \u201cRussian and USA in the 20th century\u201d. Mal\u2019kov considers relations of two countries in close connection with problems of spirituality, of the world perception by Americans and Russians taken as cultural entities with their inherent similarities and dissimilarities. The author pays a great attention to cooperation of two countries during the initial phase of the Great Patriotic War and to role played by Franklin D.Roosevelt in development of this cooperation and, first of all, in establishing diplomatic relations between two countries and in creating anti-Hitler coalition with the USSR participation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c; \u041a\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434-\u043b\u0438\u0437; \u0431\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440.","en":"A world picture; a civilisation; Tocqueville; Keiserling; the Great Patriotic War beginning; Franklin D.Roosevelt; the doctrine of \u00abbalance of forces\u00bb; lend-liz; the bipolar world."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":148,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapitskiy Mark Isaakovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor of Russian Academy of Foreign Trade"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":409,"author_id":148}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":410,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1944\u20131945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435","en":"1944-1945: The Red Army in East Europe"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438, \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0438), \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0432 1944-1945 \u0433\u0433. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0443. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.","en":"In the first part of the article the author deals with attitudes of population of Poland, Yugoslavia (Serbia), Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria towards the Red Army as it entered territories of these countries in 1944\u22121945. The author characterizes the USSR policy to these countries and analyzes the Nazi propaganda in the East European countries, demonstrates positions various political forces involved in the Resistance movement and struggle for national liberation at the terminal phase of the WW2 took in respect of the USSR. The article is based on Russian archive materials, published documents and the most recent literature."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430.","en":"The WW2 closing stage; Red Army; a policy of the USSR in countries of Eastern Europe; the relation to the USSR; national-liberation struggle."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":410,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":411,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u042d\u043a\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0437\u0430","en":"The Image of Man in the Work of Johann Eckhart. The Theory of Ecstasy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u042d\u043a\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 (\u043e\u043a. 1260 \u2013 1328) \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 3 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 (\u00ab\u0417\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u00bb \u041c. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u00ab\u0421\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0439\u00bb \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.), \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 13\u201314 \u0432\u0432. \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u042d\u043a\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413. \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u044b. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"This article on the essential teaching of great German mystic Meister Eckhart (c.1260\u22121328) is the result of many years of personal study. The article introduces to his anthropology and his scholastic theory of ecstasy and is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is an overview of heretical studies of man (\u00abLe Mirouer des simples ames\u00bb of M. Porete, anonymous \u00abSchwester Katrei\u00bb etc.) from the 13\u221214 centuries which had an influence on Eckhart\u2019s theology. The second and third chapters are a description of Eckhart\u2019s study of ecstasy, that have in the author\u2019s view a lot of common traits with the theological teaching of Byzantine theologian Gr.Palamas. The reseach is aimed to find a common approach to the comparison between German and Byzantine theology and mysticism of the late Middle Age."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u044d\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0437\u0430; \u00ab\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430.","en":"Christian neoplatonism; emanationism; the theory of ecstasy; \u201cspiritual perfections\u201d; criteria of mystical experience."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":234,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Reutin Mikhail Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 (\u0418\u0412\u0413\u0418 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423)","en":"Ph.D., philologist, assistant Professor, senior scientific employe of the Institute for Higher Humanitarian Researches at the Russian State Humanitarian University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":411,"author_id":234}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":412,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"P.S. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0414.\u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430","en":"P.S. Details of Life of Franklin D.Roosevelt, the USA President"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0441 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0444\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 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\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"From his entrance into public life before World War I through the years of Truman administration and up until his last days Felix Frankfurter, a prominent American lawyer and university professor with a profound concern to the whole sphere of human rights and social reform was always at the vital center of American politics. He reached a key position in American intellectual elite during the Great Depression in the 1930's and thanks to President Roosevelt\u2019s promotion became an influential member of the US Supreme Court. He was known as a leading adviser to the New Deal administration. Moreover he was closely associated with \u00abthe Roosevelt\u2019s family circle\u00bb and frequently took part in conversations with the president behind the closed doors of the White House. Frankfurter\u2019s previously unpublished letter to a friend from April 24, 1945 describing the first reaction on Roosevelt\u2019s death and analyzing the future of American politics gives a vivid reflection of the transitional time the American nation was to live though in the immediate postwar situation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438; \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a.","en":"Roosevelt; last days; Yalta; an image of the politician; memory of generations; a boundary situation; a world order."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":63,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":412,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":63,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":413,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b","en":"Indirect Threats"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e (\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0417\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430. \u0418 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The interview is devoted to a wide range of the present day geopolitical problems that bear relation to domestic situation in Russia (accident at the Raspadskaya coal mine) as well as the sphere of Russia\u2019s interaction with its nearest and \u00abfar away\u00bb neighbors. Situation in Kyrghyzia, interaction of Ukraine and Russia and issues of struggle against drug traffic and terrorism also become the subject of expert analysis. All these omens of our uneasy time are evidence of fragility and, sometimes, illusionary stability in the world might be. An indirect threat hides behind every event. And any explosion understood literally or as a metaphor may have unpredictable consequences. The correct political analysis serves as a reliable bearing for those who have to take balanced and efficient decisions in the contemporary circumstances."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438; \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb; \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u041c\u0418; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"The conflict in Kyrghyzia; refugees explosions at the Raspadskaya coal mine; misinformation in mass-media; Russia\u2019s relations with France, the USA, Ukraine, Iran; drug mafia and terrorism; radical Islamism."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":413,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":414,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:47.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b","en":"The Fringe but not the Periphery. Stability of the International System"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0425VIII \u0432. \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0443, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044e, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044e. \u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0425I\u0425 \u0432. \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u044f, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c.","en":"At the end of XVIII century England had acquired the colonies Canada, Australia, New Zealand. At the end of XIX century the countries became the settler\u2019s colonies, passed wonderful evolution, transformed in the agrarian-industrial dominions, laboratories of social and political experiments. At the end of XX century the countries continued their evolutionary way, kept and developed all achievements. Today they are the great food states, large producers of raw materials, energy resources, high technology goods. In the contemporary international system these middle states are not leaders, but on the cause of the high level of development they played important stabilizing role."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b; \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435\/\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"international system; the centre of the international system; colonies; dominions; the small great \/ the middle powers; agro-industrial economy; post-industrial new economy."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":247,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Semenova Ludmila Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a","en":"Ph.D. in history, Associate Professor, Professor of chair of political science and humanitarian disciplines of Institute of Parlamentarism and Business, Minsk"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":414,"author_id":247}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":415,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0413\u0414\u0420. \u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Post is Surrendered. The DDR\u2019s Last Year. Extracts from Diaries of the Advisor-envoy of the USSR Embassy in Berlin (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0423 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0424\u0420\u0413. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435.","en":"The crisis in the GDR had it own logic. After the opening of the Berlin Wall, the demand of the marchers to democratise the political life of the Republic were gradually replaced with the appeals to unite with FRG. The GDR population had an opportunity to see the living standards of West Germans, which were among the highest in the world, and they hoped that after joining the Deutsch Mark zone they would also be living like that. The issue of preserving the GDR independence was soon replaced with the terms of its surrender. Few were those who took the trouble to think of what would ultimately become of social safety nets, of an exemplary system of education, effective measures of support to families and mothers, and other achievements that GDR and its citizens were rightfully proud of."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0437\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 18 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1990 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u00bb.","en":"the unification of Germany; the government of Hans Modrov; the government of Lotara de Mezera; chancellor Helmut Kohl; the German elections on 18 March 1990; the Western Berlin; the \u0441onclusion of Armies from Germany; the Western group of Armies; negotiations \"two plus four\"."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":415,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":416,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1944\u20131945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"1944\u20131945: The Red Army in East Europe (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f (\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438) \u043a \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0432 1944\u20131945 \u0433\u0433. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0438, \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0438, \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 8\u20139 \u043c\u0430\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The second part of the article deals with attitude of populations of Roumania, Hungary and Trans-Carpathian region to the Red Army which entered these territories in 1944\u22121945. The author uses materials from the Russian archives, published documents and literature and describes difficulties of the subject investigation and necessity of specific historic investigation of Russophilia and Russophobia phenomena as well as the present day countries' and regions' attitude to the fact of their liberation by the Red Army. The author adduces materials concerning condition of the Soviet servicemen\u2019s graves in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Roumania and on ways the West celebrates May 8\u22129, the day of victory over the Nazi Germany."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b; \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445.","en":"Red Army in countries of Eastern Europe; phenomena Russophilia and Russophobia; condition of the Soviet servicemen\u2019s graves in the released countries."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":416,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":417,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0422\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u00bb: \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb","en":"\u00abSemigodness of Tver\u00bb: Grand Duchess Ekaterina as Leader of Conservative National-Aristocratic \u00abParty\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 (1788-1819), \u00ab\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u00bb, \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I, \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 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\u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d 1812 \u0433. \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0424.\u0412.\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u2013 \u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"Grand Duchess \u0421atherine (1788\u22121819), \u00abSemigodness of Tver\u00bb, the sister of Alexander I, played an outstanding role in the process of genesis of Russian conservatism as a political trend. She initiated a creation of Manifesto of Russian conservative thought \u2014 \u00abThe Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia\u00bb by N.M.Karamzin. She proposed the leader of Russian conservative \u00abRussian party\u00bb F.V.Rostopchin as a \u00abdictator\u00bb of Moscow on the eve of the Patriotic war of 1812. Grand Duchess consequently fought against official liberalism of Alexander I. She was one of the personalities who managed to resign M.M.Speransky \u2014 the most important politician of official liberalism of that period."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041d.\u041c.\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u041e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"Grand Duchess \u0421atherine; Russian conservatism; \u00abRussian party\u00bb; \u00abThe Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia\u00bb by N.M.Karamzin."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":180,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Minakov Arkady Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0417\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0412\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, Associate Professor, Voronezh State University, head of the Zone Research Library in VSU"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":417,"author_id":180}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":418,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1853\u20131856 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438","en":"Images of \u00abNational Heroes\u00bb of the War 1853\u20131856 in Cultural Memory"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1853\u20131856 \u0433\u0433., \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0439\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u00ab\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 I, \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0451 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0443, \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430.","en":"Despite the frustration the Crimean War caused its contemporaries, it did not become a forgotten war. On the contrary it inspired the creation of some of the Russian people\u2019s most important patriotic symbols. From feelings of euphoria and expectations for victory after the Russian forces' initial success, the patriotic sentiments of early days of the war developed into a sense of mournful pride at the beginning of the twentieth century. It became increasingly important to remember the military and physical defeat, but not the moral one. This article shows the influence of the heroic tradition of past wars, in particular, the campaign of 1812 against Napoleon I, on the evolution of the memory of the Crimean War. This tradition gave the memory of the Crimean War its peculiar form; it also softened the image of the traumatic past by minimalizing the tragic nature of the war and increasingly emphasizing the heroic deeds of Russian soldiers. This article discusses the images of characters \u00abfrom the people\u00bb formed in the narrative and included in the original pantheon of the war\u2019s heroes in Crimea. The images were supposed to emphasize the popular character of the war, with much space being devoted to heroism, sacrifice, and moral superiority over the enemy. These characters change into the symbols that form part of the Sevastopol myth."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1853\u20131856 \u0433\u0433.; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438.","en":"the war of 1853\u20131856; cultural memory; historical myths; national heroes."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":281,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Fedotova Marina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432","en":"Post-graduate student of the European University in St.-Petersburg and the St.-Petersburg University of Economy and the Finance"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":418,"author_id":281}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":419,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418.\u042d.\u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u041a.\u0415.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u041a.\u0415.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431)","en":"Babel\u2019 and Voroshilov. Voroshilov\u2019s Report to the Central Committee of RCP(b)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u041a.\u0415.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0418.\u042d.\u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0410.\u0418.\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c-\u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u00bb \u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u00bb.","en":"Present work is the first publication of the report on \u00abRed Cavalry\u00bb by I.E.Babel\u2019 from the archive of K.E.Voroshilov. It establishes the fact that the report written by the writer A.I.Tarasov-Rodionov had to become a culmination point of the annihilating campaign aimed at Babel and A.K.Voronsky, the editor-in-chief of the magazine \u00abKrasnaya Nov\u00bb. The publication allows readers to understand better the backstage literary life of the 1920s, and at the same time to follow the changes in the Bolshevick party policy towards the \u00abpoputchiki\u00bb in literature."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418.\u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"I.Babel\u2019; K.Voroshilov; magazines; paper warfare; society; politics; Red Cavalry; Civil war."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":210,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Parsamov Yury Vadimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Post-graduate student of chair of literary criticism of faculty of journalism, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":419,"author_id":210}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":420,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430","en":"The British Spy\u2019s Girl-friend"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041c.\u041f.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c 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\u0432 \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u041c\u0412\u0414 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0434\u043e 5 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0435 1953 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f 4 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 1953 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 10 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c-\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"M.P.Golikova, a daughter of a peasant from Astrakhan region who had a large offspring, was a nurse in the N.V.Sklifosovski's Institute. From 1934 she was the permanent instrument nurse and the secretary of the famous surgeon the Academician S.S.Yudin. At dawn of December 23, 1948, Golikova was apprehended as a person involved in Yudin\u2019s case (Yudin was denounced as the British spy). Golikova was forced to provide fictitious testimony against the Academician and 10 months later she was sentenced to 8 year imprisonment in the USSR Ministry of Interior Special regime camp. In spring of 1952, upon her denial of some evidence given earlier her sentence was reduced to 5 years and in May of 1953 she was released due to the amnesty. 4 years later all accusations against her were abrogated and she was exonerated. Yudin himself was exonerated in August, 1953. 10 months later he died of a heart disease. Having lost the most close to her heart man Golikova dedicated the rest of her life to preservation of Yudin\u2019s archive and to publication of his works. For the first time in the history of Soviet medical science an editor-compiler of the Academician\u2019s works was not a prominent professor but an unknown medical nurse."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0421.\u0421.\u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d; \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430; \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442; \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440; \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"the famous surgeon S.S.Yudin; nurse; arrest; consequence; verdict; amnesty; rehabilitation."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":64,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":420,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":421,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442","en":"System of Coordinates"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0435\u0435 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\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0424\u0443\u043a\u0443\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XX \u0438 XXI \u0432\u0432. \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u041d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438\u00bb. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435.","en":"The author deals with theoretical and practical aspects of the conceptual analytics and with its heuristic potential. The conceptual analytics is based not only on adequate description of a phenomenon but also on examination of geopolitical reality from the conceptual system of co-ordinates standpoint. The conceptual analytics is not fascinated with pseudo-theories and it is not inclined to primitive quasi-conceptualization. The conceptual analytics is quite compatible with sober positivism and has to supplement this positivism and not to oppose it. That said it is important to distinguish adequate notions as instruments of correct analysis from notions loaded with ideology. Within frameworks of genuine conceptualization not only models established by F. Fukuyama and S. Huntington but destinies of the Modern projects are discussed. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries this project\u2019s destiny has turned out to be open to question. However the very future of humankind and preservation of such urge sing as the \u2018life instinct' depend on ability to realize the alternative of Super Modern. For ultimately the point at issue is in what world we will live further."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d.","en":"Radical Islam; global terror; the theory of plot; the Modern; the post-Modern; the counter-Modern."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":421,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":422,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0413\u0414\u0420. \u0418\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Post is Surrendered. The DDR\u2019s Last Year. Extracts from Diaries of the Advisor-envoy of the USSR Embassy in Berlin (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0414\u0420. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0424\u0420\u0413. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.","en":"Apart from internal causes of the aggravation of the GDR crisis, there were also external ones. The FRG spared no effort to accelerate the unification by absorbing the weaker East German republic. The options of creating a new state for all Germans (this necessitated the adoption of a new constitution and a new name) or of having an all-German referendum, which could underline the democratic nature of the unification process, were rejected. Those who believed in the convergence of the two German states as equals looked to the USSR, an ally of the GDR. But the Soviet Union shifted to the support of the FRG position. And forgot its own security interest. It is only ten years later that the new FRG and the new Russia managed to establish equal relations of co-operation and understanding that are vital for the prosperity of the whole of Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0425\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0437\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 18 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1990 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u00bb.","en":"the unification of Germany; the government of Hans Modrov; the government of Lotara de Mezera; chancellor Helmut Kohl; the German elections on 18 March 1990; the Western Berlin; the \u0441onclusion of Armies from Germany; the Western group of Armies; negotiations \"two plus four\""},"column_id":2,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":422,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":423,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439","en":"The Summit of Unrealized Possibilities"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u041d.\u0421. \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0451\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0424. \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 1961 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439.","en":"In June 1961 at the first meeting of N.S.Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy in Vienna there were real possibilities to start with a nuclear test ban agreement in order to begin the lessening of international tension and solving the Berlin crises. But instead of the concrete discussions of these urgent problems the leaders of the two superpowers were involved in general talks with no attempts to solve them. The result of the Vienna summit was the decision in the Kremlin to brake the moratorium, to start nuclear tests, making the most powerful explosion at Novaya Zemlya proving ground. The author who was the witness of these events writing in detail and making a systematic and holistic analysis why and how it had happened."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442; \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432; \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f; \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u041a.","en":"The Viennese Summit; Khruschev; Kennedy; the international safety, an easing of international tension; prohibition of tests of the nuclear weapon; the Berlin crisis; negotiations in Geneva; the Political bureau; the Note in the Central Committee."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":423,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":424,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u044f. \u041b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430","en":"Palee Sensible. The Legend about Falling of Sataniil"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043b\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043a. \u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043b\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435.","en":"In article one of the challenges in the history of philosophy and divinity \u2014 a problem of occurrence and evil existence is investigated. On a considerable quantity example Slavic medieval texts it is shown, how the problem of occurrence of evil in the world dared. The great attention is given Palee Sensible and a legend about falling of Satanail thanks to which representations of our Ancient Russian ancestors about the evil nature were formed. In conformity with tradition Ancient Russian scribes interpreted evil as \u00abnon-existence\u00bb which did not enter into a plan of the Creator about the world. On concrete texts it is shown that angrily it is not involved in an order of things that it not independent ontologic essence, and result of distortion of life and the spiritual conditions of people connected with it. Malicious and the sin which has come with it in monuments of Ancient Russian writing are considered as \u00abillness\u00bb of free will which owing to a human nature is inclined to accept its phantom for good. Are reconstructed based on bible postulates dogma installations according to which evil is considered as a reality only in consequences strong-willed actions of the created subjects which contrary to a divine plan and give existence to evil in the world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u044f \u0422\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f; \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430; \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e; \u0437\u043b\u043e; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445; \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043c.","en":"Good; Evil; the Fall of man; the legend about falling of Satanail; the Devil; Evilony; Finiteness; the Universum; the Person; the Reality; Substance."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":319,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0429\u0435\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Scheglov Andrey Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u0424\u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph. D., philosopher, Operating Affairs of Council of Orthodox Church Arrivals in the Preobrazhenskiy monastery"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":424,"author_id":319}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":425,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1906\u20131916 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"The Deformed and Decadent Modern Self: Public Discourse on the Urban Self in Russia, 1906-1916"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445) \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 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\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0445. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f .\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435\u00bb, \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u0418 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u0430 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Urban writers in prerevolutionary Russia, even those writing in mass-circulation newspapers, sounded a persistent alarm about the moral and spiritual condition of the self in the \u00abconditions of modernity\u00bb. They described the present as an age of sickness and decline. This decadent history was embodied in quite concrete forms (such as worries about modern sexual life or the \u00abepidemic\u00bb of suicides) and in quite abstract feelings and thoughts. In particular, at the heart of talk about the fate of the person in the modern life of the city, notably in St. Petersburg, was a pessimistic view of time itself: an anxiety that the modern myth of time as \u00abprogress\u00bb, the promise of continual change for the better, was falling into ruin. At issue was not simply Russian \u00abbackwardness\u00bb but also the intensifying experience of urban modernity. Given the harshness of the Russian experience, Russian urban observers were especially aware of the dark and destructive sides of modernity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a; \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442; \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435.","en":"self; decadence; city; modernity; immorality; debauchery; sex; disenchantment; suicide; time."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":257,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a","en":"Steinberg Mark D."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00abSlavic Review\u00bb, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA), Department of History, Editor, \u00abSlavic Review\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":425,"author_id":257}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":426,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438","en":"The First Step in de-Stalinization of the Historical Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a 20. 03.1953 \u0433. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0446. \u0423\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0410.\u041c.\u041f\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c.","en":"The author investigates the situation in the Russian historical science after Stalin\u2019s death. The critical attitude toward the historical science was most vividly demonstrated at the supreme level conference held at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of science on March 20, 1953. The main topic expounded in speech of A.L.Sidorov, the deputy Director of the Institute of history was recognition of genius of Stalin\u2019s work and the total failure of the historical science. The greatest blow was directed not against some particular person or even a group of persons. It was directed against Leningrad department of the Institute of history. Critics were going to liquidate Leningrad department due to its uselessness. The ideological machine could not stop immediately. However the disclosing hue was changing with the course of time. The official circles settled down to a course of the historical science gradual de-Stalinization. An example of this trend was preparation of materials for the summarizing article of A.M.Pankratova, one of the principal ideologists of the time. Many ideological exigencies were gradually smoothed over at the various stages of this preparation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c-\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"de-Stalinization; historical science; ideological campaign; Marxism-Leninism."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":426,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":427,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438","en":"Grand Strategy of the USSR after WWII by the Eyes of the British Intelligence"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c 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\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044c\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0447\u0451\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0451. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0441 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c.","en":"The publication is devoted to estimates of Soviet strategic interests produced by the British intelligence toward the end of WWII. These documents from Britain\u2019s National Archives are primarily interesting because of their fairly objective and comprehensive analysis of Soviet postwar security requirements and a rather accurate forecast of future Soviet policy in pursuit of those interests. The Soviet sphere of influence as outlined in these estimates is quite close to and sometimes even exceeds the actual geopolitical requests made by Stalin by the end of WWII. This implicit recognition of legitimacy of the Soviet geopolitical desiderata contradicts the conventional thesis that the Soviet Union after the war went far beyond its legitimate security interests and thus provoked the Cold War with the West."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"World War II; Soviet security; Soviet security interests and policy; Stalin; borders and spheres of influence."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":427,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":428,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"The Energy Policy and Diplomacy of Azerbaijan Republic"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article is dedicated to the energy policy and diplomacy of Azerbaijan Republic. It deals with the main elements of the national oil and gas diplomacy of the country. Implementation of Heydar Aliyev\u2019s energy strategy, also the guaranteed transportation of the country\u2019s energy resources to world markets, by means of reaching laid the firm basis of Azerbaijan\u2019s development"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0412\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb.","en":"energy policy and diplomacy; energy strategy; \u00abContract of the Century\u00bb."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":65,"authors":[{"id":8,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0433","en":"Aliev Natig"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Post-graduated of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":428,"author_id":8}}],"issue":{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":429,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b. \u041e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"Rules of the Game. On Cynicism and Morality in Politics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439? \u0418\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435? \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u00bb \u00ab\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440. \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u00bb. \u0423 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b.","en":"The old problem of responsibility in politics is discussed in the interview. May politics be cynical? Does the morality have a place in politics? It is impossible to give answers to these questions out of bounds of conceptual and situational context which is preset by geostrategic planning. Finally politics pursued by actors involved in political process does not depend on personal desires of these actors. History and politics exist in dialectical relation of what ought to be and of what the given moment requires. That said it is necessary to keep in mind category \u00abmeaning\u00bb along with categories \u00abmorality\u00bb and \u00abcynicism\u00bb etc. A responsible politics (as well as history) has to have meaning."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c; \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440; \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0420\u0438\u0431\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430-\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"morality; cynicism; the Munich collusion; Ribbentrop-Molotov pact; professional ethics."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":429,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":430,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0432 1998\u20132009 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430","en":"The NATO-Enlargement in 1999\u20132009 and the Unification Strategy of the Alliance"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u00bb, \u0442.\u0435. \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.","en":"The article is devoted to the crucial problem of modern international relations like NATO-enlargement to the East in the last 10 years. Firstly, the short pre-history of the NATO-transformation that brought to the non-stop enlargement is given, then the enlargement process is characterized both in military and political aspects. It is being explored from inside not only as geographical, but also as institutional enlargement and enlargement of missions. The article is focused on the changing role of NATO, which is reflected in the military actions of the alliance outside its juristic borders without taking the UN Security Council\u2019s resolutions into consideration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440; \u041e\u0411\u0421\u0415; \u041e\u041e\u041d; \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"NATO; summit; strategic concept; international politics, the Washington treaty; OSCE; UNO; Yugoslavia; national security."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":212,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Parkhitko Nikolay Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0418\u041f\u0421\u0415\u0410)","en":"post-graduated student of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":430,"author_id":212}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":431,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f\u00bb","en":"Russian Atlantis. The Consideration of Encyclopedia \u00abThe Social Thought of the Russians Emigration\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 2009 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f\u00bb, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432. \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The round-table is dedicated to analysis of \u00abThe social thought of the Russians emigration\u00bb encyclopedia published 2009. This work is the first attempt to track development of the social thought in chronological limits of all waves of emigration from the mid-19th to the end of the 20th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438,;\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"the Russians living abroad; the Russian emigration; social thought; personalia, definitions; ideology, political philosophy; historiography; bibliography; encyclopedic publications."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":431,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":432,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438: \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a 900-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430","en":"The First Scientist in Russia: Life, Creative Work and Conceptual Singularity. In Commemoration of Kirik Novgorodets\u2019 900th Anniversary"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f XI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430 (1110-\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 1156\/58). \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f, \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0445\u00bb, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043a \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.","en":"The article introduces the life and creative work of Kirik Novgorodets (1110 \u2014 no earlier than 1156\/58), the outstanding Russian scientist and thinker of the 12th century. The author demonstrates that Kirik\u2019s creative work represented a glaring and multifaceted phenomenon. The author analyzes facets of Kirik\u2019s talents in mathematics, calendar, theology, philosophy and investigates the scientific and philosophical content of \u00abStudy of numbers\u00bb and theological and ethical aspects of \u00abRaising the questions\u00bb. Kirik as the author of these works is considered in the article not just as an outstanding scientist but as a major religious philosopher, a representative of the theological rationalism tradition in Ancient Rus thought as well. The author of article comes to the conclusion that the scientist and thinker from the Great Novgorod belonged to a group of Russians who attained the European level of education. Kirik by far surpassed his times."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0446; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044c; \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"Kirik Novgorodets; the Russian Medieval science; religious philosophical thought of Ancient Rus; mathematics; calendar; theology; ethics."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":432,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":433,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u042f\u00bb. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0438 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\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c: \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f '\u042f', \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e '\u042f' \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 '\u042f' \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 '\u042f', \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 '\u042f' \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"For the last thirty years, enterprises in Capitalist countries have been fostering among their staff a sense of engagement and participation in the life of the company. Self improvement techniques are being actively promoted: once intended only for managers, nowadays they are compulsory for all workers. The article shows how the Soviet Union pioneered this move. From the outset, the Bolsheviks set great store by work on the self, which was obligatory for those running both enterprises, and the country itself. Political and industrial achievement depends not only on the amount of physical and mental effort put in, but also on the energy spent on self improvement, which is necessary in any institution. The bureaucracies of the twentieth century were not that impersonal after all, human subjectivity playing a direct part in their creation and functioning. The paper examines subjectivity in a historical context: the different uses of the word \u00abI\u00bb, the choice of one particular \u00abI\u00bb due to one\u2019s activity, the reflexive \u00abI\u00bb, and the Communist \u2018party \u00abI\u00bb, which tries to subjugate all other \u00abI\u00bbs, whether or not Communism is in power."},"keywords":{"ru":"cy\u0431\u044ae\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043doc\u0442\u044c; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043doc\u0442\u044c; \u0442ex\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043da\u0434 co\u0431o\u0439; \u043ce\u043de\u0434\u0436\u043ce\u043d\u0442; \u043f\u0440o\u0438\u0437\u0432o\u0434\u0438\u0442e\u043b\u044c\u043doc\u0442\u044c; \u043fo\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043aa; \u043f\u0440e\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438e; C\u0442a\u043b\u0438\u043d.","en":"subjectivity; personality; techniques for work on the self; management; productivity; politics; enterprise; Stalin."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u044d\u043d \u0418\u0432","en":"\u041a\u043e\u044d\u043d \u0418\u0432"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0434o\u043a\u0442o\u0440 \u043day\u043a, \u043f\u0440o\u0444ecco\u0440 \u0412\u044bc\u0448e\u0439 \u0448\u043ao\u043b\u044b co\u0446\u0438a\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044bx \u043day\u043a, \u041fa\u0440\u0438\u0436","en":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0434o\u043a\u0442o\u0440 \u043day\u043a, \u043f\u0440o\u0444ecco\u0440 \u0412\u044bc\u0448e\u0439 \u0448\u043ao\u043b\u044b co\u0446\u0438a\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044bx \u043day\u043a, \u041fa\u0440\u0438\u0436"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":433,"author_id":135}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":434,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00bb","en":"\u00abThe Critical Thought is a Revolutionary Factor in History\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u2013 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0416.\u0413\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb. \u0415\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0423\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u0432 20-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u2013 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044e.","en":"The published text is the first public appearance of the prominent Russia Social Democrat, one of the Mensheviks' leaders Yuli Osipovich Martov. This text is the foreword written by Martov for the Russian translation of the \u00abCollectivism\u00bb speech delivered by J. Guesde, the French Socialist. The illegal publication of this speech undertaken by Martov\u2019s circle inaugurated transition of the circle members from ideologically undefined Radicalism to Marxism. Then when Martov was 20 years old he enunciated political principles he considered to be of highest priority. Martov remained to be loyal to these principles to the grave: the total rejection of the \u00abconspiracy tactics\u00bb in struggle for power and the unconditional, independent value of struggle for democracy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u042e.\u041e.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0416.\u0413\u0435\u0434, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"Y.O.Martov; the Russian Social Democracy; J.Gesde; Marxism; democracy; publication of the text of a source."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":66,"authors":[{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u044f \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Dvorkina Maya Davidovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438","en":"the scientific secretary of the Socio-Political State Library"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":434,"author_id":70}},{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":434,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":66,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2010,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":435,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"Essence of Time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0436, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u2013 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.","en":"The author focuses on history and time, perennial problems of the world science and philosophy. However these abstract theoretical problems should not be considered apart from the present and comparatively recent political context. The problem of history as time which has dense meaning content of it own is investigated in connection with historical experience of Russia which has come through temptations of the liberal epoch. This experience, however, is the legacy which allows understanding of the present day state of the society and to work out the tactics and trajectory of the further development. History and time are burning issues that require profound analytical activity of the society and representatives of its intellectual elite."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438; \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"problem of history as time; historical experience of Russia; present day state of the society; temptations of the liberal epoch; tactics and trajectory of the further development."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":435,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":436,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Static or Dynamic Stability? Modern Russia-Turkey Relations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.","en":"The author deals with peculiarities of Russia-Turkey relations at their present stage. The author considers all aspects of these relations stability in a wide context and draws analogies with form and content of relations over the extended period of history. A particular emphasis is made on geopolitical rivalry of powers and issues of interest balance. The article is intended for international relations and global politics specialists as well as for general readers."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c.","en":"Russian-Turkish relations; static stability; dynamic stability; economic cooperation; struggle against terrorisms."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":2,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Avatkov Vladimir Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"undergraduate student of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":436,"author_id":2}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":437,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Ibero-America: Problems and Expectations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 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\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0415\u0421. \u041d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u044f, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u041e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0418\u0421\u0420\u041f \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c.","en":"Since 1991 states of Latin America, Spain and Portugal hold meetings of heads of states, Ibero-American conferences. Spain, one of the principal sponsors of these conferences notes their importance in its Ibero-American policy and in formation of Spain\u2019s relations with the EU. However such important issues as composition of summit participants, regulations of summits and their agenda are unresolved heretofore. Meanwhile new problems arise. For instance states of Bolivarian bloc as well as Argentine, Brazil, and Mexico are loosing interest in the Ibero-American cooperation. Greater efforts are required from the Spanish diplomacy for development of relations with states of the region and for alignment of Ibero-American and European vectors in Spanish foreign policy. So far hopes pinned at the Spanish Socialist Worker Party government headed by J.L.Rodriguez Zapatero have not proved true."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0418\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a; \u0410\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0440; \u0421\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e.\u0418\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0418\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a; \u0410\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0440; \u0421\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e.","en":"Ibero-America; Ibero-American conferences; Bolivarian bloc; Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero; Jose Maria Aznar Lopez."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":239,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u044b\u0436\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Rijova Maria Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb","en":"the researcher of the analytical department of the Corporation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":437,"author_id":239}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":438,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Getting Closer in Troubled Waters: Russia and Ossetia in the mid-18th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f 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\u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438. \u0418, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435.","en":"The article invites to revisit an extremely elaborate and fascinating history of the mid-18th century Ossetian diplomatic mission to St. Petersburg. Up to nowadays it has remained customary for some scholars to make this subject one of those to illustrate that Russian policy in the Caucasus was an onward march with no ebbs or twists. The author claims to give a broader picture to include both impartial \u00ablaws of history\u00bb and imperfect human beings doomed to create this very history in their own way."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432.; \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435.","en":"Russia and Ossetia in the 18th century; Russian Orthodox Church in the North Caucasus; archimandrite Pakhomi; Georgian priests in Russian imperial service; international rivalry in the Caucasus."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":438,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":439,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"The Theory of Evolution in the Contemporary Spiritual Culture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442 \u00ab\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author analyzes the role of Darwinism in the present day spiritual culture and demonstrates the logic of Darwinism emergence, regular and inevitable character of its emergence and subsequent development. It is emphasized that the theory of evolution is the product of \u2018systemic way of thinking'. Such way of thinking combines poorly with the \u2018object-centered' thinking which is peculiar for ordinary conscience. The author investigates processes that take place in the contemporary Russian ordinary conscience."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.","en":"evolution; biology; the theory of evolution; Darwinism; everyday consciousness; creationism; creation of myths; history of science; history of biology."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":192,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044b\u0448 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naydysh Viatcheslav Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"D.Sci., Philosopher, Professor, Head of the Department of Ontology and Epistemology, Russia Peoples\u2019 Friendship University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":439,"author_id":192}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":440,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f?","en":"Philology or Philosophy?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0412.\u041d.\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0413.\u041f.\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0412.\u041d.\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430\u00bb, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0412.\u041d.\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430.","en":"The author considers V.N.Toporov\u2019s works dedicated to study of the ancient Russian hagiography and demonstrates continuity of Toporov\u2019s approach in respect of G.P.Fedotov\u2019s approach and fundamental differences of Toporov\u2019s approach from investigation of hagiography practiced in historical and literary studies. V.N.Toporov\u2019s method is seen as an example of original philosophical (historiosophical) discourse, as an experience in the sphere of ideal text reconstruction, reconstruction of the \u2018super-myth\u2019 created by the world and about the world. In a more narrow way it is an attempt to re-create and reconstruct the psychological image, spiritual and internal personality of a saint. In its core assumption and in many specific interpretations that do not imply the strict verification this approach is fundamentally different from methodology of so called Tartu-Moscow school to which V.N.Toporov is usually assigned."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430.","en":"hagiography; philology; philosophy; historiosophia; holiness; culturology; Tartu-Moscow school."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":440,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":441,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f","en":"Behind Side Scenes of Journal Polemic around \u00abKonarmia\u00bb by Babel'"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u00bb. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u00bb \u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0432\u0441\u044e \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041a.\u0415. \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The paper deals with the political background of S.M.Budenny's essay \u00abThe Babism of Babel\u00bb. Based on archival documents it establishes the fact of major political campaign against A.K.Voronsky, the Chief Editor of \u00abKrasnaya Nov\u00bb journal being prepared in the autumn 1924. That campaign was only a part of the wider campaign aimed against L.D.Trotsky, the member of Political Bureau of Central Committee of Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). K.Ye.Voroshilov, the closest Stalin\u2019s supporter in his struggle for power, initiated Budenny\u2019s essay as well as the number of yet unpublished works against Babel\u2019s \u00abRed Cavalry\u00bb. S.N.Orlovsky, a military prosecutor and A.I.Tarasov-Rodionov, a writer were Voroshilov\u2019s assistants and actual authors of the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u00bb.","en":"Red Cavalry; civil war; policy; social life; \u201cKrasnaya Nov\u201d journal."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":67,"authors":[{"id":210,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Parsamov Yury Vadimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Post-graduate student of chair of literary criticism of faculty of journalism, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":441,"author_id":210}}],"issue":{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":442,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"Topical Transformations: on Events in North Africa and Middle East"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u041b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f.","en":"Events occurring in North Africa make it rightful to speak about serious mutations that are indications of the process which was described by the author long ago. The question is a gradual and painful conclusion of the Modern epoch and project and their replacing with conception of the managed chaos. Leaders of superpowers consider this concept as a possible model of control over the world and regions that are interesting in economic and political respects. Religious fundamentalism and its concomitant bringing the humankind to archaic conditions are two most important tools of this global systemic agenda. Finally, the author offers his analysis of balance of forces, of big political game plans, of situation evolving around Egypt and Libya and demonstrates propriety of his explanation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"conclusion of the Modern epoch; the managed chaos; religious fundamentalism; bringing the humankind to archaic conditions; control over the world by leaders of superpowers."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":442,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":443,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0440\u044b\u0441\u044c\u00bb: \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abVariegated Beast Lynx\u00bb: Antichrist in the Medieval Iconography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u2013 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 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\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f, \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XVI \u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430.","en":"Antichrist is the key figure of the apocalyptical prophecies, the last and the main enemy of the Church. In the East and the West of Christian world the sinister \u00abson of devil\u00bb drew attention of many authors and painters. Since the first centuries A.D. there have appeared different ideas about the nature and appearance of the Enemy. The iconography of Antichrist has embodied an array of variable interpretations. He was depicted as a seven-headed monster, dappled Beast, seductive young man, imperious ruler. His visual images include gestures of sorrow, triumph, fury, desperation or fear. In Russian icons, frescos and miniatures multiple figures of Antichrist spread rather late, starting from the second half of the XVIth century. The article is focused on the semiotics of these diverse images. In the first part, which is published in this issue, the author reviews Muscovite Rus' eschatological tradition and early Christian texts that have influenced Russian iconography of the Enemy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435; \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f.","en":"Middle ages; iconography; semiotics; hagiography."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":443,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":444,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Getting Closer in Troubled Waters: Russia and Ossetia in the mid-18th Century (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 (1751-1752 \u0433\u0433.). \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 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\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443.","en":"The last part of the article deals with the crucial point of the history of the Ossetian embassy in St. Petersburg (1751\u22121752). The negotiations centered around the perspectives of establishing closer relationships between Russia and Ossetia to eventually usher in the era of incorporation of the pivotal North Caucasus region into Russian imperial mould."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 XVIII \u0432.; \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435.","en":"Russia and Ossetia in the 18th century; Russian Orthodox Church in the North Caucasus; archimandrite Pakhomi; Georgian priests in Russian imperial service; international rivalry in the Caucasus."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":444,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":445,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b?","en":"At What Square did Decembrists March out?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442: \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439; 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Name \u2018the Senate square' has never been the official name. However the historical facts are irrelevant for those who live with and by a myth of historical memory. The struggle for historical memory is a way of the struggle for power. The recent renaming of Decembrists' square in Saint-Petersburg is a vivid episode of this struggle. \u00abRestoration\u00bb of historical name is a terminological special operation aimed at discrediting of the Decembrists' metaphor of uprising which the intransigent opposition tries on itself. The Confucian \u00abcorrection of names\u00bb has brought about only emphasizing of the rebellious symbolism ingrained in the memorial place around the Copper Horseman. For a long time the Senate square is not just an urban place-name. It is one of the most important cross-points of national historical time and space. The time is stopped there. The Senate square mentioning within any context revitalizes the glorious day of 14 December 1825, in the Russian people\u2019s memory."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"the Decembrists; the Senate square\u2019; renaming."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Erlich Sergey Efraimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433)","en":"Ph.D in History, Director of the Publishing House \u00abNestor-History\u00bb (St. Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":445,"author_id":321}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":446,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb: \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f","en":"New European Paradigm of \u00abStatehood\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0435 \"\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\" \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 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\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \"\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\" \u0438 \"\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\" \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the new European paradigm of \u00abstatehood\u00bb in that its peculiar form in which it was assimilated by prominent Russian historians. In this respect the author examines works of S.M.Soloviev, K.D.Kavelin and B.N.Chicherin. Thus the concept of \u00abstatehood\u00bb is being developed and defined within proper theoretical context and has to facilitate understanding of the Russian history all over its continuity. However the author emphasizes that theoretical assumptions of historians should be analyzed very attentively and require a profound understanding. For experience of new European interpretation of the \u00abstate\u00bb and \u00abstatehood\u00bb concepts are very different from what one can find in the Russian sources of the pre-Peter I times."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb; \u0421.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u041a.\u041a\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0411.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"statehood; state; new European paradigm of \u201cstatehood\u201d; S.Soloviev, K.Kavelin; B.Chicherin; Russian sources of the pre-Peter I times."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043d \u0418\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0444\u043b\u043e\u043c","en":"Claudio Sergio Nun Ingerflom"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436; \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d, \u0411\u0443\u044d\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0410\u0439\u0440\u0435\u0441","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, National Center for Scientific Research, Paris, National University of San Martin, Buenos Aires"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":446,"author_id":96}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":447,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"How Stalinism was Heat-hardened"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f 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\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435) \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 I \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 I \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author deals with emergence of Stalinism as a phenomenon and elaboration of its principal, universal concepts. The new socio-political and legal doctrine was discussed and put into turnover by members of the Marxists-supporters of the statehood Society. Until recently virtually nothing has been known about activities of this entity. Due to use of unique archive materials (retrieved from the Academy of sciences archive and its Saint-Petersburg branch) the author succeeded in tracing genesis of principal ideological constructs of Stalinism. The author focuses on minutes and verbatim of presentations delivered by the Society\u2019s members at the First All-Union congress of Marxists supporters of the statehood and at the First All-Union plenum of the Societies of Marxists-supporters of statehood societies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041d.\u0412.\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; \u041f.\u0418.\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043a\u0430; \u041d.\u0410.\u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a.","en":"phenomenon of Stalinism; the Society of Marxists-supporters; genesis of ideological constructs of Stalinism; I.Stalin; N.Krylenko; P.Stuchka; N.Skrypnik."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":324,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042f\u043d\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Yankelevich Kira Alexandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"post-graduated student of chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":447,"author_id":324}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":448,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\" \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1953 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"The \u00abPersonality Cult\u00bb Issue in March of 1953"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 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\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421, \u0413.\u041c. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041b.\u041f. \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0412.\u041c. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 (1953 \u0433.), \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0413.\u041c.\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e. \u041f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435: \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0426\u041a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u041d.\u0421. \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 XX \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435, \u0442.\u0435. \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"Words about inadmissibility of \u00abpersonality cult\u00bb for the first time were pronounced on the second day after burial of I.V.Stalin. These words were pronounced by G.M.Malenkov. Yet these words were not directly referred to Stalin. If one proceeds from the primary intention of the CC of CPSU secretary P.N.Pospelov's memorandum where the CC of CPSU Presidium meeting held on March 10, 1953, was mentioned then it is obvious that this meeting was in no way connected with Stalin\u2019s name. The key idea of the speech G.M.Malenkov delivered to journalists was simple. To none of three top leaders of the Soviet Union, members of the CC of CPSU Presidium G.M.Malenkov, L.P.Beria, and V.M.Molotov, should not be given any preponderance. The leadership should be collective. However even after the July Plenum of the CC of CPSU Presidium (at this forum G.M.Malenkov for the first time made the direct statement that there had been \u00abthe cult of Stalin\u2019s personality\u00bb) no public exposure of Stalin\u2019s activities followed. Such campaign was impossible due to the only reason: criticism of Stalin expressed at the CC Plenum was allowed only to the top Party officials and only at the closed Party events. For all the rest and for the Soviet society as a whole the topical campaign of \u00abthe harmful cult of personality\u00bb exposure was reserved. This campaign of veneration of the great personality despite the fact that the true creator of history is the people ran on until N.S.Khruschev's secret report to the 20th Congress of the CPSU."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b; \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430.","en":"Stalin's death; the cult of personality; collective leadership of country; avoiding public criticism of Stalin."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":448,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":449,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e","en":"Published but not Assimilated"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418) \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f(\u043e) \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418.\u0413. \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c \u0414\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0411\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.","en":"Materials of six commissions (on general political issues, foreign policy, elaboration of legislative drafts, agrarian issues, national economy and labor regulation issues, and national issues) of the Social Democrat fraction of the Constituent Assembly are stored in the Russian State archive of social-political history. Though these documents were for the first time published more than 10 years ago, they still are not duly involved in the scientific turnover. Meanwhile these documents illustrate how the principal points of the Russian Social Democratic Workers (unified) Party\u2019s Declaration were elaborated and discussed. I.G.Tsereteli's speech and the Declaration he read off were the brightest event of that extraordinary short but shattering day which predetermined the future of Russia. Having dispersed the Constituent Assembly the Bolsheviks transgressed the point of no return. The first step towards establishment of the single party system was made."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f(\u043e); \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u042e.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.","en":"Russian State archive of social-political history; Documentary heritage of political parties of Russia; Russian Social Democratic Workers (unified) Party; the Constituent Assembly; the Social Democrat fraction; Yu.Martov; I.Tsereteli."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":449,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":450,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u0431, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0431\u0443)","en":"Imitation as a Tool of Phasing-out. Or Phasing-out by Virtue of Imitation. Both ways Produce the Sane Net Result"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c. \u041d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e.","en":"The author deals with what he considers one of the main causes of the present day decline of Russia \u2014 substitution of imitation of activity for activity. Nowadays this practice is common but goes practically unnoticed because it is used by all strata of the Russian society and is pretty convenient for everybody. However the further advancement of this practice is utterly detrimental not only for the Russian state but for Russian society itself and eventually may ruin it."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430.","en":"imitation of activity; social collapse and its hidden cause; decline of the Russian ethos."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":68,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":450,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":451,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438. (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Topical Transformations: on Events in North Africa and Middle East (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044e. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"The author considers topical transformations of the world civilization. Presently this civilization is moving away from the Modern project which experiences the phase of acute crisis to the new Dark Ages. However this epoch will not be inspired by the ascent of human mind. It will not contribute to creation of new type of spirituality. These Dark Ages will bring archaization, breakdown of states' territorial integrity and connections among human beings, social anomie. Only the Super-Modern (or the Fourth project) can fend off and defeat the Counter-Modern. The final part of the article is devoted to possibilities to implement the Fourth project and to preconditions and premises of the Super-Modern formation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d.","en":"transformation of the world civilization; the Modern project; archaization; breakdown of states\u2019 territorial integrity; social anomie; the Counter-Modern; the Super-Modern formation."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":451,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":452,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0440\u044b\u0441\u044c\u00bb: \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abVariegated Beast Lynx\u00bb: Antichrist in the Medieval Iconography (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0430: \u00ab\u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0438, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u044f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0444\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430. \u0426\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f, \u0441 XVI \u0432. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430.","en":"Antichrist is the key figure of the apocalyptical prophecies, the last and the main enemy of the Church. In the East and the West of Christian world the sinister \u00abson of devil\u00bb drew attention of many authors and painters. Since the first centuries A.D. there have appeared different ideas about the nature and appearance of the Enemy. The iconography of Antichrist has embodied an array of variable interpretations. He was depicted as a seven-headed monster, dappled Beast, seductive young man, imperious ruler. His visual images include gestures of sorrow, triumph, fury, desperation or fear. In Russian icons, frescos and miniatures multiple figures of Antichrist appeared rather late, starting from the second half of the XVIth century. The second part of the article, which is published in this issue, is focused on the semiotics of these images. The author reviews European visual tradition of the Enemy and compares it to Russian iconography and \u00abtextual portraits\u00bb of Antichrist."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":7,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":452,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":453,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445)","en":"Problems of International Economic Comparisons: on Some Controversial Issues and Estimates"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f 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\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u041f\u041f\u0421 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u041f\u041c\u0421 2005 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The paper highlights the problem of multi-variance of estimates of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the basic indicator of the size of the economy, the level of development and country\u2019s position in the geoeconomic structure of the modern world. GDP data (derived from purchasing power parities of national currencies) for European, Asian, African and American countries sometimes differ by tens of percent or even several times. In the paper is given the description of the International Comparison Program (ICP) that is the main source of the PPP data. Particular attention is paid to ICP 2005 results that caused serious controversy among experts in the field of international comparisons."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442; \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441; \u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442.","en":"purchasing power parity; exchange rate; gross domestic product."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karamourzov Renat Barasbievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in economics, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":453,"author_id":110}},{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":453,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":454,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"How the Nuclear Disarmament had been Started"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435, \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435\u2013\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u043a \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article is devoted to description and estimates of the situation why and how N.S.Khrushchev had made the decision to begin nuclear disarmament starting wit the nuclear test ban. Simultaneously the author analyses the reaction of Washington on this Soviet decision. Mutual suspicions were very high at that time but nevertheless the first negotiations had started in Geneva where not only diplomats but famous nuclear scientists were participated. This was the first step to nuclear disarmament. The author who was the witness of these events writing in details and making a systematic and holistic analysis why and how it had happened."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f; \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432; \u0414.\u042d\u0439\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0443\u044d\u0440, \u0410.\u0410.\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u043a\u043e; \u0414\u0436.\u0424.\u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430.","en":"Nuclear disarmament; nuclear test ban; N.S.Khrushchev, Dwight Eisenhower; A.A.Gromyko; John Foster Dulles; first negotiations in Geneva; detection and identification of nuclear explosions; control system."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":454,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":455,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410.\u041c.\u0428\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Professor Schlesinger\u2019s Journals, 1952\u20132000 as a Source of the Cold War History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425I 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\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u0428\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"From the ending of the Second World War in 1945 and his first close contacts with Democratic party leadership circles in the early 1950s through his years of participation in the Stevenson campaigns and Kennedy administration and up until his very last days in the beginning of 2000's the famous American historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. was always at the vital center of American politics and public life. For more than half a century the world known author of many fundamental books on American history and politics recorded his everyday experiences and reflections in journals that together form an intimate chronicle of life and events in the USA and outside world. The unique volume contains his candid impressions of events both in American domestic life and foreign affairs from the Berlin crisis and the Bay of Pigs to the fall of the Soviet Union and the contest of Bush vs. Gore during the election of 2000. The author of the article focuses on selected points of Schlesinger\u2019s Journals which important for understanding the politics of the last decades."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b.","en":"America after the Second World War; American political and cultural life; Soviet-American relations; Cold War; atomic danger; international crises."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":455,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":456,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"22 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1941 \u0433.: \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e-\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441","en":"June 22, 1941: Western Democracies\u2019 Reaction and Czecho-Slovakian Resonance"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u00bb, \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430; 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secret preparations to aggression against the USSR; disinformation campaign carried on by the Nazi propaganda, Moscow\u2019s attitude to information about the forthcoming German aggression; aspiration to procrastinate the war due to the USSR\u2019s unwillingness to military collision; British and American statesmen\u2019s reaction to Germany\u2019s next aggression; mixed attitudes of the British and American public; E. Benes' perception of German aggression against the USSR and his hopes on the defeat of Germany and restoration of Czechoslovakia. The author also examines appraisal of June 22 by Colonel Pika, the head of Czechoslovakian military mission in Moscow, and his suggestions to start Soviet-Czechoslovakian cooperation in military and political spheres; moods of Czechoslovakian legionaries in Suzdal camp for military internees; impact of struggle on the Eastern front on the domestic situation in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; perception of the Soviet-German war beginning by the Slovakian ruling circles; Slovakia\u2019s break of diplomatic relations with the USSR; dispatch of the Slovakian troops to the Soviet-German front. The article is based on the published documents, memoirs, archival materials, scientific literature."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421CC\u0420; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f, \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c, \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442, \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448, \u041f\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0413\u0430\u0445\u0430, \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0448, \u0422\u0438\u0441\u043e, \u0427\u0430\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0448.","en":"German aggression against the USSR; Great Britain; USA; Czechoslovakia; Slovakia; Hitler; Stalin; Churchill; Roosevelt; Bene\u0161; Pika; Hacha; Eli\u00e1\u0161; Tiso; Chatlo\u0161."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":456,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":457,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c...\u00bb \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"\u00abThe Former Anarchy is Over\u2026\u00bb: the Russian Pro-German \u0415migration after Hitler\u2019s Aggression against the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440.","en":"The publication indicates the mood of the part of Russian emigration when Hitler attacked the USSR and the efforts of pro-German emigration leaders to put everything in order by clarifying the German position towards refugees from Russia. It is shown that the former Russian empire citizens, who had left their country after the establishment of the Soviet government, were going to \u00absave Fatherland from the oppression of Communism\u00bb using the German help and to take part in the Russia\u2019s \u00abrevival\u00bb. Despite this, Foreign Russia did not find its place in the Hitler\u2019s plans. \u00abThe Russian question\u00bb was considered by German ruling group only with a view to widening their own living space. Emigration activity was considered as disorganizing factor."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; \u042e.\u0421.\u0416\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u0410. \u0444\u043e\u043d \u041b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0435.","en":"Russian emigration; World War II; princess Vera Konstantinovna; Ju.Jerebkov; A. fon Lampe."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":69,"authors":[{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bocharova Zoya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of chair of History, Institute for Further Education of Human and Social Sciences Instructors, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":457,"author_id":32}}],"issue":{"id":69,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":458,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430: \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e?","en":"On development beyond the Modern\u2019s limits: for what do we need it?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442? \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00bb \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435, - \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438? \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e.","en":"The article is devoted to problems of development beyond the Modern\u2019s limits. What does it mean? In the first place it is necessary to change symbolic notions, to cease putting high hopes on \u00abmodernization\u00bb and to ponder over strategies of Russia\u2019s development in the contemporary world. Our country has to say some new word which would allow building the whole system of social relationships differently, in Russia as well as beyond its frontiers. It is necessary to deliver the strategy of development beyond the Modern\u2019s limit at the world level. Are prerequisites for that available? Yes, such prerequisites are contained in the Russian history and the cultural heritage of Russia. However, so far we have to investigate the background and purposes of \u00abde-Sovietization\u00bb that invite the destruction of the Russian mentality\u2019s imperial core. So far it should be admitted that \u00abde-Sovietization\u00bb project is tantamount to the total destruction of everything, tantamount to destruction of our future."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"Modern, Super-Modern, de-Sovietization, de-Stalini-zation, Imperium."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":458,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":459,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Problems of International Economic Comparisons: China, Russia and other Countries within the geoeconomic Pattern of the World"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041a\u041d\u0420 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 2005 \u0433. \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 2000 \u043b\u0435\u0442.","en":"The paper focuses on multivariate and controversial estimates of economic size and development level of China in the late 20th \u2014 early 21st centuries. The correlations of the economic potentials of China, Russia and the United States at the beginning of the 20th and early 21st centuries are considered. The reliability of International comparison program 2005 results for defining the countries' positions in the geoeconomic structure of the modern world is discussed. In conclusion, authors attempt to summarize the economic development of the \u00abrich\u00bb and \u00abpoor\u00bb regions of the Earth over the past 2,000 years."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0412\u041f; \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442; \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"GDP; International comparison program; economic growth; absolute subsistence minimum."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karamourzov Renat Barasbievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in economics, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":459,"author_id":110}},{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":459,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":460,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438: \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u00abAnother\u00bb Jews: Jewish Question in the Terek and Kuban Cossacks Territories (the Second Half of 19th- the Beginning of 20th Centuries)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u2013\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u0412 1880-\u0445-1890-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 1892 \u0433. \u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u0445 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 1892 \u0433. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the attitude of the Russian officials to the mountain Jews in the second half of 19th \u2014 the beginning of 20th centuries. Many laws, restricted rights of the Jews appeared in the 1880-s. One of them was the law 18th June 1892 against the Jews of the Terek and Kuban Cossacks areas. This territory was not included in the pale of Jewish settlement, but before the law of 1892 it was opened for some categories of Jews who had rights to live temporary out of the pale of settlement. When this law was issued, the Russian officials did not pay attention to the fact, that besides the European Jews this territory was also native land of the mountain Jews. Therefore as the Russian officials as local one had problems connected with realization of this law."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 18 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1892 \u0433.; \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Mountain Jews; the law June 18, 1892; Terek and Kuban Cossacks areas; Viceroy of the Caucasus; Head of Cossacks area; Judaizing; economic exploitation of the population."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":204,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Norkina Ekaterina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"postgraduate of European University (Saint Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":460,"author_id":204}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":461,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0443 \u2013 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c?\u00bb \u0417\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u044f (1900\u20131914 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"\u00abThat the Russian well, the Germans \u2014 Death?\u00bb Land Tenure Relations Agrarian Reform in Volga German Colonies (1900\u22121914)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Paraphrasing Napoleon\u2019s well-known statement that \u00abpolitics is destiny\u00bb, one could assert that economy became destiny of Volga Germans. The adoption of backward farming methods made disappear specific features of this population group, causing its factual \u00abeconomic assimilation\u00bb or, so to speak, \u00abeconomic acculturation\u00bb until early 20th century. As a result, the Volga German peasantry faced, during the 1905 Russian\u2019s revolution and the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform, the very same problems and conflicts as their Russian counterparts. If they opted to evade the challenge of modernisation (e.g. by emigration) instead of meeting it in the same radical way, it was solely due to their status as a non-Russian-speaking national minority."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; c\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b.","en":"Russian Empire; Revolution of 1905; Nationalities policy; Stolypin agrarian reform; Diaspora minorities; Volga Germans."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440","en":"Donninghaus Victor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0434-\u041e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435), \u041b\u044e\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci. in history, Professor, Deputy Director of the Nord-Ost Institute (Institut f\u00fcr Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa e. V.), Luneburg, German"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":461,"author_id":72}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":462,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044e (\u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb \u0432 \u00ab\u0418\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435)","en":"The Path to the Eternity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u00ab\u0418\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00bb. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u00ab\u0418\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u0415\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0439 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\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e.","en":"The author examines two great epics of the Ancient world: the Epic of Gilgamesh and Iliad. Though both compositions were created on the mythological basis they differ from each other substantially by their pathos. Iliad is a hymn to war. Its battle scenes are replete with pictures of atrocities, mutilated corpses, streams of blood. The epic praises deeds of valor performed by kings whose meaning of the life was reduced to looting and protection of spoils of war. On the contrary the Epic of the Person, Who has seen everything, places friendship and cooperation on the high pedestal because friendship and cooperation are the guarantee of the humankind\u2019s triumph over hostile elements.\n\nSumerians' outlook and religious beliefs were in many ways alien to individualism. Hence a great difference between Sumerians' mentality and that of the Western civilization people. The Sumerians' world was wide and embraced natural being. It places nature and its vastness above the kindred, self-centered interest. That world balances the material and spiritual and raises the sensual above the rational which is usually brought in by act of an empowered individual\u2019s will or by his striving but such persons are self-interested."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0448; \u00ab\u0418\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00bb; \u0448\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.","en":"Gilgamesh; Iliad; Sumerian."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":168,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Markovich Iakov Semionovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442","en":"poet"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":462,"author_id":168}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":463,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Gogol and People of Galicia (on one Forgotten Article Published 100 Years ago)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u0412.\u0413\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438). \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u041d.\u041c.\u041f\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u2013 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435), \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432. \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"The author deals with perception of N. V. Gogol\u2019s creative works by inhabitants of Galicia (Rusyns of Galicia). The author succeeded in searching out and introducing into the scientific turnover historical material which nowadays is virtually unknown. N. M. Pashaeva exposes one of the least studied aspect of the national and public movement in Galicia (nowadays West Ukraine) from the mid-19th century to the present day through history of the Galician readers' familiarity with creative works of the great Russian writer and his personality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043d\u044b.","en":"Gogol; the Galician-Russian movement; Russian culture in Galicia; Ruthenian."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":213,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pashaeva Nina Magometkhanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, leading librarian of State Public Historical Library"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":463,"author_id":213}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":464,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445\u00bb: \u0420\u0424 \u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435","en":"Beyond the 2000s: The Russian Federation and Transnistria"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 2008 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0431\u0445\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f 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\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0433\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author focuses on a new situation which is emerging around so called \u00abunrecognized states\u00bb on the post-Soviet expanse by the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. After 2008 when Russia recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia two states remained to be unrecognized: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. The fact that these two states are still unrecognized makes prospects of their recognition even more uncertain. Meanwhile the public opinion in Karabakh and Transnistria perceived acts of Russia as a coarse selection which was deprived of any legal ground. That could not but have impact on the people\u2019s self-perception. The author emphasizes that due to peculiar historical circumstances that relates predominantly to Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) and concentrates attention on situation in this state. The author notes the contrast between changes in conscience of the Transnistrian people and the RF leadership slow response to the \u00abTransnistrian settlement\u00bb which over the past year has moved to the center of Western states' foreign policy attention. In conclusion the author emphasizes that such inertia on the part of Russia taken together with indifference of the preponderant part of the Russian public to developments on the Dniester in future may turn back to Russia by loss of considerable part of Russia\u2019s influence in the South-Western direction."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b; \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Transniestrian; double standarts; unrecognized states."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":464,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":465,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 (\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0430)","en":"The American Fairy Tale (about Oliver Yourgen's Book)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u043d\u044b \u0434\u044f\u0434\u044e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u042d\u043b\u0430\u00bb (Oliver Yurgen \u00abDreams of Uncle El\u00bb). \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430-\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f 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\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d.","en":"The article is a review of \u00abDreams of Uncle El\u00bb, the book by American writer Oliver Yurgen. The American fairy detective story provides not only a pretext for critical review but causes serious thought about the place fiction book in the contemporary cultural context. First of all, the author wonders whether O. Yurgen\u2019s book may have its own reader in Russia or not. The book is not just a story for adolescents. It is also a peculiar message addressed to the Russian book market and contemporary Russian culture. Will such book be required in present-day Russia? What will be its Russian readers? Is the humanistic literary tradition (one of contemporary representatives of the tradition is Oliver Yurgen, the American writer and thinker) still possible in Russia?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"fiction; literary-historical process; the reader; the media; society; intersubjectivity;\nmodern European literary tradition."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":70,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":465,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":70,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":466,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"Beyond the Capitalism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430.","en":"The text published is the conceptual document which defines the nature and character of Russia\u2019s development in the post-capitalist epoch. Sure, the question is not only the analysis of the current situation; rather it is the question of the analysis of the future. The author clearly defines the paradigmatic characteristics that the new Russia has to comply with as it has chosen its own historical path of development. The USSR\u2019s collapse is the global historical drama played out \u00abwith no war\u00bb and no ultimate defeat. The contemporary Russia as the legal successor to the USSR has a chance to perform a gigantic historical spurt at whatever cost, has strengths including intellectual and social ones for such movement to the future. Now it is important to understand why Russia did not fully accept the western Modern\u2019s path, which was successfully employed and still employs Asia. The point is that the Modern remains to be the paradigm of the West. Asia accepts the paradigm unconditionally since, despite all Asia\u2019s uniqueness and distinctive character, in this instance Asia does not pretend to invention of its own peculiar path. In the early new history Russia clearly saw its assignment. The barbarian pseudo-capitalism did not naturalized in Russia and the counter-Modern facilitates its complete destruction. The only way to rescue Russia is to emerge in a new capacity, mobilize efforts for the path of Russia\u2019s own project establishment."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"the USSR\u2019s collapse; post-capitalist epoch; paradigmatic characteristics of the new Russia; own project establishment."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":466,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":467,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0435","en":"Well Forgotten Past"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.","en":"The author tracks the development of conceptual basis of the Russian empire\u2019s political parties study. Over the past 15 years an impressive progress in study of the Russian political parties has been achieved: full scale serial publication is going on, monographs dedicated to individual parties have been written, and several general works that allow characterize the system of political parties have been published. However understanding of enormous volume of accumulated material is impeded by an inadequate attention to methodological issues. On one hand, historians and specialists in history of parties perform their studies in insulation from each other. Interdisciplinary studies are the pressing need. On the other hand, conceptual results produced by the Russian scientists and political figures of the early 20th century are left behind though these results deserve attention and scrutiny."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432., \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c.","en":"Russia in the beginning of 20th century; political parties; historiograthy; development of conceptual basis; theory of political parties and systems of political parties."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":467,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":468,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439: \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439","en":"Evgeni Preobrazhensky: the Bolshevik of the Clerical Origin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 (1886\u20131937). \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041d.\u0418.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0410\u0437\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 (\u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u00ab\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u0434\u0440.) \u0415.\u0410.\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u00bb \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439 (\u043f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041b.\u0425\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430). \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f 125-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415.\u0410.\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The article is devoted to one of the Bolshevik leaders, prominent economist, theorist of the Left opposition within the All-Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the 1920s Evgeni Alekseevich Preobrazhenski (1886\u22121937). Virtually forgotten in the present day Russia Preobrazhenski is widely known in the West as the person who co-authored \u00abThe ABC of Communism\u00bb with N.I.Bukharin, creator of \u00abthe original Socialist accumulation\u00bb concept and of a number of innovative works (\u00abThe New Economics\u00bb, \u00abThe theory of the falling currency\u00bb, \u00abThe sunset of the capitalism\u00bb and others). E.A.Preobrazhenski is considered as the \u00abideal type\u00bb of the Russian revolutionary of the clerical ancestry (according to L. Heimson's typology). The author investigates reasons, motives, and main stages of an Orthodox priest\u2019s son conversion in a revolutionary Bolshevik and some aspects of the Orthodox Christianity and Marxism problem. The article is a magazine variant of the preface and the first chapter of the monograph on E.A.Preobrazhenski's social and political activities and proceedings (at the present time the author is still working on the monograph, which is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of Preobrazhenski' birth)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415.\u0410.\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0421.\u041d.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430.","en":"Preobrazhenski; Bulgakov; Orthodoxy and Marxism, a revolutionary\u2019s genesis."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gorinov Mikhail Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c. \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u00bb","en":"Ph.D., historian, vice-director of the Centre of Scientific Use and Publication of Archive Foundation of Association \u00abMosgorarchive\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":468,"author_id":57}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":469,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 1914\u20131919 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430","en":"Ethnicity and Faith in the Practices of Russian Captivity in 1914-1919 (on Materials of the Ural Region)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 1914\u20131919 \u0433\u0433. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0412\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.","en":"The paper explores attempts to instrumentalize such factors as ethnicity and faith within the framework of russian captivity in 1914\u22121919. Captivity realities, as the author demonstrates, were such that manipulations with national and religious sentiments of foreign captives realized through various practices produced \u2014 besides sought-for results \u2014 a lot of side effects which altered the scenarios of events that their creators deemed the only possible. In large measure this reflected the fact that policy and economy, the generals and civil officialdom, the centre and the periphery affected the captivity patterns according to their interests and aims which conventionality could hardly be taken for granted."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b.","en":"World War I; the Urals; captivity space; captivity practices; national and confessional factors."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":262,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Surzhik Dmitrii Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"researcher at the Scientifical and Educational Center \u00abActual problems of modern history and policy\u00bb (M.A.Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":469,"author_id":262}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":470,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430","en":"The Russian Paradigm of the Hungarian Professor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u044e\u043b\u044b \u0421\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0414.\u0421\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article analyzes the monograph \u2018The Russian Paradigm' by Professor Dula Svak. The authors examine the originality of his research and the peculiarities of the Russian studies undertaken by Dula Svak within the broad theoretical and methodological framework of the search for formulae of Russian history in contemporary foreign historiography of the Russian history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430.","en":"historiography; Russian studies; history of Russia; Hungary; paradigm."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":266,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Taratorkin Philip Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant professor, \u0421hair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Director of the Humanities Archive, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":470,"author_id":266}},{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":470,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":471,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u044e\u043b\u0438\u043d","en":"Vassily Ivanovich Lyulin, the Worker from Yaroslavl City"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0432 20-\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0433. 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f, \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u044e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 30-\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 20 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"On the basis of broad archive materials the author examines one of the Stalinism history particular episodes \u2014 the conflict of an Yaroslavl enterprise workers and the top party chiefs of the city. The author focuses his attention on the figure of V.I.Lyulin, the popular leader who dared to challenge the party chiefs. The workers rallied and supported him. The conflict provides the vivid example of the workers' confrontation with the authorities on the eve of \u00abthe great break\u00bb and the Stalinist repressions of the 1930s. The study is carried on along the lines of so widely known approach as micro-history. The essence of this scientific method consists in demonstration how an epoch\u2019s trends, its universal, systemic principles are reflected in minor, particular collisions. The approach enables the author to come to a hypothesis that Stalinism was not so much the expression of the barbarian Asiatic mode of governance over the masses as one of manifestations of the all-European crisis which started in the 20th century, in the epoch when the Modern society entered the period of decisive trials."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439.","en":"Stalinism; the conflict of workers and the top party chiefs; the confrontation with party; the era of repressions."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":283,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f","en":"Ferretti Maria"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e, \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of Viterbo University, Italia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":471,"author_id":283}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":472,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Problems of the Communist Movement in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XX \u0432. \u0412 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b (\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435.\n\n\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432. \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"After a brief survey of certain achievements the author examines the process of difficulties built-up and subsequent crisis which hit the Communist movement in the 2nd half of the 20th century. As the author demonstrates, the crisis wad caused by the external, objective factors that bore on the movement (abrupt change of the situation in the world and within countries, the diverse anti-Communism (as well as subjective reasons related to the major errors in the parties' activities and activities of the Communist movement as a whole. Among causes of the crisis one has to mention inadequate attention of the parties to changes of the situation, wavering between dogmatism and denial of principles, inability or unwillingness to overcome theoretical and political disagreements that arose among parties etc. The author offers a concise characterization of the Communist movement at the beginning of the 21st century and possible perspectives of the Left movements' development are outlined."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441.","en":"the Communist movement; international conferences of the Communist parties; anti-Communism; cult of personality; disagreements; Euro-Communism; crisis."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":71,"authors":[{"id":271,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Trofimov Vladimir Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":472,"author_id":271}}],"issue":{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":473,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Inseparability of Metaphysics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.\n\n\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c.\n\n\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article discusses the prospects of Russia\u2019s development in the modern world. In the post-Soviet era Russia crossed the border separating the Modern as the project born by the modern European history from the postmodernist chaos. The present Russia\u2019s existence depends on whether it is able to launch a new project, rather than restore the Modern project. What is required to accomplish this task is metaphysics, the scope of which during the reign of the Soviet culture was still limited. That has led to the crisis and, eventually, the destruction of what was once the mighty state. We don\u2019t need metaphysics all by itself, not as refined amusement in an ivory tower. We need it as a means of restoration of the distructed semantic integrity and language, as a means of communication. No other logic can exist. Any culture devoid of metaphysics is totally vulnerable. It is just metaphysics, which creates a barrier between human relations and meanings, on the one hand, and death, which makes life senseless, on the other. It is now, that Russia finds itself at the bottom of the abyss, it may become the savior of humanity, as exactly at this point arose a world-historical task of development beyond Modern."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"metaphysics; Modern; ontology; Marxism; project."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":473,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":474,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u041e\u0442 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1990\u20131992 \u0433\u0433","en":"Russia-Germany-Europe. From the Soviet Union to the Russian Federation: Our Diplomats in Berlin in 1990\u22121992"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f 20 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, 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\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0451\u0432\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435. \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0413\u041a\u0427\u041f.","en":"The tragic consequences of the Soviet Union disintegration that occurred 20 years ago are still not realized to the full. Those who in duty bound guarded the state interests (diplomats, the military, lawyers) suffered the most terrible blow. The author in his memoirs reconstitutes a picture of controversial emotions that the staff of the embassy in Berlin experienced in those years. The Soviet embassy in Berlin was one of the central points the drooping Soviet foreign policy activity. The Soviet concessions did not lead to reciprocal steps of the new-spring \u00abwinners\u00bb of the Cold War. Our hopes for a new place in the emerging post-confrontation world order proved to be mere illusions that burst as balloons. Creation of the Greater Europe promised to Gorbachev was moved to the misty future. The declaration of the state of siege imposed in Moscow by the State Committee for the state of emergency sounded as the trump of the forthcoming disaster."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u042d\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0425\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432","en":"the Greater Europe project; unified Germany; Helmut Kohl; Erich Honecker; the RSFSR emergence at the international arena; Boris Eltsyn; the Western group of troops; humanitarian aid for Russia\u2019s population; new style diplomacy; the August putsch of 1991; the USSR disintegration; shake up of diplomatic personnel."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":474,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":475,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 1885 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb","en":"Law and Reality. \u00abRegulation on Naval QualificationRequirement for the Naval Officers\u00bb of 1885"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1885 \u0433., \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u00bb (1885\u20131907).","en":"The article is devoted to the problem of Russian reforms at the turn of the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The reform of naval officers' promotion to higher ranks (its principal points were presented in the \u00abRegulation on naval qualification requirement for the Naval officers\u00bb of 1885) is in focus of the author. The author reveals mechanisms that distort innovative ideas and integrate them into the existing system losing their novelty and efficiency in result of such adaptation. The author demonstrates peculiarities of the Russian Navy officers' service during the period of the Regulation operation, analyzing the documents of the Ministry of the Navy (1885\u22121907)"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430; \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437; \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"\u201cRegulation on naval qualification requirement for the Naval officers\u201d; law; naval qualification requirement; reform; Ministry of the Navy."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":199,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nikitin Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"the researcher of the Military Historical Museum of artillery, engineers and signal corps, postgraduate student of the European University in St.-Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":475,"author_id":199}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":476,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439","en":"Evgeni Preobrazhensky: the Bolshevik of the Clerical Origin (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0415.\u0410. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0412.\u0418. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.","en":"The author deals with views of E.A.Preobrazhensky, one of the Bolsheviks' leaders, on the genesis of the Soviet bureaucratic ways and styles, red-tape, and measures needed for the overcoming of the red-tape, and on reasons of the Soviet power\u2019s bureaucratic degeneration. The author notes that, according to Preobrazhensky\u2019s conception, the bureaucracy dominance was a regular result of the state (non-commodity) Socialism, the effect of the centralized economy and not a result of cultural and historical backwardness of Russia as, for instance, V.I.Lenin supposed. According to Preobrazhensky, the basic character of the red-tape required unprecedented efforts the Russian Communist Party had to employ in order to neutralize this phenomenon. Preobrazhensky called for the following measures: membership in the Party had to bring no economic advantages, penalties for misdeeds committed by the Party members should be more though than penalties for similar misdeeds committed by other citizens etc."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430; \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"the Soviet red-tape; forms of the proletarian dictatorship; struggle against red-tape."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":57,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gorinov Mikhail Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c. \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u00bb","en":"Ph.D., historian, vice-director of the Centre of Scientific Use and Publication of Archive Foundation of Association \u00abMosgorarchive\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":476,"author_id":57}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":477,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb: \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435","en":"\u00abTrustworthy Person\u00bb: Prince Sergei Troubetskoy as Conspirator and a Man of Service"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 1820-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0421.\u041f. \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0432 1819 \u0433., \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u044a\u044e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431-\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c 4-\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0435 (1825). \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435, \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"The article deals with official performance of Prince Trubetskoy, a prominent figure in the secret societies of the 1820s. Analyzed is his trip to England in 1819, his service as aid-de-camp in the General Staff of the Russian army, as well as execution of military-police duties in his capacity of on-duty staff officer of the 4th Infantry Corps quartered in Kiev (1825). The conclusion is reached that his official activities were often associated with performance of special missions for the government. The experience gained in the service, Trubetskoy used to organize an anti-government plot, as well as to neutralize the enemies of this conspiracy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421.\u041f. \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d-\u0445\u0430\u043d, \u0418.\u0410. \u041a\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, 4-\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0424.\u0424. \u042d\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438.","en":"S.P.Troubetzkoy; General Staff; the Russian-Persian relations; Abul Hassan Khan; I.A.Kapodistrias; 4th Infantry Corps; the Masonic Lodge; kormchestvo; the general of police; F.F.Ertel; uprising at Senate Square."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":477,"author_id":59}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":477,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":478,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u041c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u00abAnathema to Those Who Dare to Mutiny and Treason against Them\u00bb. \u00abDecembrists\u00bb Mythologeme in Writings of the 21th Century Orthodox Monarchist Publicists"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430: \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0446\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0446\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 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\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u2014 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0436\u0438, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The political rhetoric in Russia relies on two \u2018principal' myths, myth of power and myth of opposition. In the myth of power the first person of the state is presented as an embodiment of Saint George crushing the serpent of the external enemies and their internal agents. In the opposition myth fighters against the establishment are presented as knights-Decembrists who took the unequal fight against the dragon of autocracy. When the myth of power is attached to the Decembrist rebels it transmutes into the counter-myth. The criticism is carried on from two standpoints that are hardly compatible. The first standpoint is the standpoint of pragmatists in power. Technologists of power understand that transfer of the Decembrists to the ranks of \u00abbad\u00bb heroes of the black-and white historical memory is tantamount to elimination of extremely important symbolic foothold of all dissidents. So they, with no excessive enthusiasm, are engaged in re-writing of history within limits set out in the office circular. Political writers clustering around the various Orthodox organizations of national-patriotic orientation act in a quite different way. The Orthodox monarchists are disinterested romanticists of the isolationist authoritarian regime. They believe that the Russian people will begin in accordance with notions of Orthodoxy, autocracy and national spirit if the Decembrists are erased from the historical memory."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b","en":"historical memory, myth of power, myth of opposition, Decembrists, Orthodox monarchists."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Erlich Sergey Efraimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433)","en":"Ph.D in History, Director of the Publishing House \u00abNestor-History\u00bb (St. Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":478,"author_id":321}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":479,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 1922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 (\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0412\u044f\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438)","en":"How did the Communists Struggle against Corruption in 1922 (Exemplifies Vyatka Guberniya)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0443. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article highlights the work of the provincial (primarily the party) leadership, as well as relevant government departments and agencies to tackle corruption, has received a \u00absecond wind\u00bb during the transition to the NEP. Analyze the structure of the offenses had corrupt orientation and the factors that hampered the fight against this social evil."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0413\u0443\u0431\u041a\u041a; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b.","en":"anti-corruption policies; protocols gubKK; social portrait of a corrupt; personnel problems."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":72,"authors":[{"id":19,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bakulin Vladimir Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of Vyatka State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":479,"author_id":19}}],"issue":{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2011,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":480,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"The Turbulent Time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0443 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440: \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435. \u0410 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author deals with the Russian here and now and with the current political process. Our time may be characterized as the time of turbulence and ambiguity. Russia and the outer world are captured by ambiguity: the power is ambiguous but the opposition is ambiguous too. And the drama of disagreement with the glamour violence of the upper strata, the drama the people is experiencing right now is also ambiguous. Yet we have to provide an honest answer to the question: what is the price we have to pay for the current political instability? It is possible to appraise the current situation only from the position of ideals based on the genuine patriotism. And such patriotism is incompatible with the playing into the hands of forces that are interested in the political and military weakening of Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"ambiguity; turbulence; ideals; patriotism; \u00ab\u043erange revolutions\u00bb."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":480,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":481,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430. \u041e\u0442 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1990\u20131992 \u0433\u0433. (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Russia\u2013Germany\u2013Europe. From the Soviet Union to the Russian Federation: Our Diplomats in Berlin in 1990\u20131992 (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"20 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0447\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0435. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f 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\u043a\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0435 90-\u0435\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e.","en":"Twenty years ago the USSR which used to be a genuine great power (an not only in military respect) found itself at the crossroad. Premonitions of fundamental changes prevailed in the society. The Soviet diplomats were not the exclusion. The party and government leadership headed by Gorbachev exhausted the limit of the people\u2019s trust. The authority pf the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and its President Boris Eltsyn was gaining momentum rapidly. In addition, an image of a democrat and a protector of the weak was skillfully and successfully modeled for Eltsyn. Among the ordinary citizens and diplomats there was a growing expectation that it was precisely the Russian politicians who would ensure a fresh start of the nation being and attain a more equitable organization of the society. Everybody would like to believe that in the prospect there was not the state\u2019s disintegration but the renewal of the state\u2019s image. Domestic concerns and anxieties somehow brought an oblivion of the necessity to care about friends in the countries of the Socialist community that in good order and consolidated manner went over to the camp of new \u00abwinners\u00bb. The \u00abjaunty\u00bb 1990s that brought Russia on the verge of collapse were about to start."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0443\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u042d\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u0425\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043a\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"the Greater Europe project; unified Germany; Helmut Kohl; Erich Honecker; the RSFSR emergence at the international arena; Boris Eltsyn; the Western group of troops; humanitarian aid for Russia\u2019s population; new style diplomacy; the August putsch of 1991; the USSR disintegration; shake up of diplomatic personnel."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":481,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":482,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442","en":"Asian Water Transit"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430: \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0413\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0413\u042d\u0421, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451 \u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432.","en":"The rapid growth of economy and population has made the issue of sustained water supply extremely urgent for India. Three main regional water routes \u2014 the Brahmaputra, the Indus and the Ganges \u2014 originate on the Tibetan Plateau controlled by China. The advantageous geographic position in the riverhead enables China not to reckon with India\u2019s strategic interests and build a system of hydro-electric power stations on the Brahmaputra and divert a part of the river\u2019s flow to its inland. China\u2019s selfish water policy and its efforts to use water scarcity issue as a political leverage has seriously strained relations with India. Currently the frictions between the two regional powers have evolved into a full-scale rivalry for strategic water resources, making all basin states split into two competing camps."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b; \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e.","en":"drinking water scarcity; transboundary water resources; water policy; water diplomacy; international water law."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":296,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Khasiev Roman Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Career Center manager, Moscow State Institute of International Relations \u2013 University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":482,"author_id":296}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":483,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439","en":"Peoples of Spain: Ethnic Entities or Regional Ones?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434-\u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441 (\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b) \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438). \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"By convention Spain is treated in our country as a multinational state where the largest people (Spaniards) whom we mean an ethnos, dominates historically over the national minorities, such as Basques, Catalans and Galicians. An author, on the ground of his data, asserts that such a pattern doesn\u2019t coincide with reality. In Spain itself, in contrast with our country, cultural, historical and linguistic manifold of its population is traditionally comprehended not in ethnic but in local and hierarchical categories."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Spain; Spaniards; people; nation; ethnic entity; national minority; region; autonomy; identity; origin."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozhanovskiy Alexander Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, the chief researcher of the Center for European and American Studies, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":483,"author_id":122}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":484,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 1854\u20131856 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438","en":"Sevastopol\u2019s Defense 1854\u22121856 in the Memory Space"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 (1853-1856) \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043c, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0444\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439.","en":"The Crimean War (1853\u22121856) was a contradictory event in the eyes of its participants, contemporaries and eyewitnesses. However, in the Russian cultural memory the events of this war became the national Myths, the heroic triumph, the holy war for the faith. Sevastopol became the element of the national pride and glory, the symbol of the sanctity. The fallen soldiers and officers became the saints, the men of the God. This article shows the influence of the Christianity images on the heroic discourse of the Crimean war and Sevastopol siege. Author focuses attention on the evangelical stories and Easter subjects, and images of a soldier, a seaman, a mother, a commander."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 (1853\u20131856); \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438.","en":"Sevastopol Myth; cultural memory; Crimean war (1853\u20131856); evangelical stories; Easter subjects; national heroes."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":281,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Fedotova Marina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432","en":"Post-graduate student of the European University in St.-Petersburg and the St.-Petersburg University of Economy and the Finance"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":484,"author_id":281}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":485,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0424.\u041d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"\u00abEconomic Rehabilitation of Russia as a Key to Europe\u2019s Recovery\u00bb. F.Nansen\u2019s Help to Starving Russia (1921\u20131922) and International Community"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0424.\u041d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1921\u20131922 \u0433\u0433., \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443.","en":"In this article it is shown the interaction between the Famine High Commissioner F. Nansen with the soviet official circles and the world powers regarding the aid for the starving Russia in 1921\u22121922. There are also revealed strategies of combating scourge, various positions that existed among the world community, including those being in exile and the decision making officials of the Bolshevik society regard the famine, conditions, forms and methods of aid for the Soviet state."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1921\u20131922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0424.\u041d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d, \u041b.\u0411.\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432, \u0413.\u0412.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d, \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c (\u0412\u041a\u041f\u0413), \u0437\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0411\u0440\u044e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"famine in Russia in 1921\u20131922; F.Nansen; L.B.Kamenev; G.V.Chicherin; V.I.Lenin; Russian Committee for Famine Relief; loan; Brussels conference."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bocharova Zoya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of chair of History, Institute for Further Education of Human and Social Sciences Instructors, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":485,"author_id":32}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":486,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435, \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441... (20\u201340 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430)","en":"The Russian Foreign Community, the Jewish Question\u2026 (from the 1920s to the 1940s)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0435. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0424.\u0418.\u0414\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0411.\u0418.\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u041c.\u0412.\u0412\u0438\u0448\u043d\u044f\u043a\u0430, \u041d.\u0412.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430) \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u043a \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0411\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u043a \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435.","en":"The author elicits the diversity of the Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 positions in respect of the Jewish question, considers factors that defined these positions and finds out what place this question occupied in the social and political life of the Russian community abroad. The dynamics of emigrants' opinions and attitudes is tracked in connection with the international climate and changes that were occurring in the USSR. Interactions of the German Nazis and the Russian extreme conservatives are characterized. The analysis is based on results of the recent studies and correspondence and political writings of F.I.Dan, B.I.Nikolaevski, M.V.Vishnyak, N.V.Volski (Valentinov) and other emigrants who touched this range of questions and, in particular, the attitude towards anti-Semitism, to the Bund\u2019s fate and to the Zionist idea."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"jews in Russia and in emigration; intelligentsia; emigrant \u2013 liberals, members of the \"Black Hundred\", socialists; anti-Semitism and historical mythology"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":486,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":487,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043e-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"A Contribution to the History of the Judaism-Christian Relations in Russia in the 1st Half of the 18th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u0439\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430.","en":"The Russian-Jewish relationships in the early modern times are considered as poorly studied. The evidence of the fact is an extensive body of devoted to the history the Jews in Russia. Nevertheless, archive documents allow making a series of important conclusions in respect of the initial period of the first Jewish communities' adaptation in the territory of the Russian Empire. The author examines record keeping documents related to appearance of the first Jewish communities in Smolensk region in the first half of the 18th century. These documents highlight the circumstances under which the famous \u00abaffair\u00bb of Boroch Leibov was formed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XVII\u2013XVIII \u0432\u0432.; \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u0439\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430.","en":"Russia of the 17th and the 18th centuries; the early modern period; historiography; the Russian-Jewish relationship; the first Jewish communities in Russia; local authorities; record keeping documents; the Boroch Leibov affair."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":73,"authors":[{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gerasimova Viktoria Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"post-graduate student of chair of history and culture theory, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":487,"author_id":50}}],"issue":{"id":73,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":488,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430","en":"The Counter-elite"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0421.\u0415. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c-\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442 2011-12 \u0433\u0433.). \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"Interview given by S.E.Kurginyan is devoted to the difficult and ambiguous situation that emerged in Russia on the eve and during elections (December 2011 \u2014 March 2012). The complexity of the situation is determined by instability of the national political life and presence of antagonistic trends. Kurginyan is dissatisfied with the liberal course announced by the non-systemic opposition as well as with the authorities' strategy that is doomed to ambiguity. Kurginyan is the mouthpiece of the social request of not just stability of the old line but of a strategic project or paradigm for new Russia, Russia of the counter-modern and counter-elite. In such new paradigm interests of the big state would correspond to interests of the private sector and individuals."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442","en":"the modern and the super-modern; elite and counter-elite; synthesis of Communism and patriotism; new paradigm"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":488,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":489,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b: \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 (1919\u20131924)","en":"Failed Victories: Russian Military Forces in Poland (1919\u20131924)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430. \u0412 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041f\u0438\u043b\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0445. \u0410\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440","en":"The establishment of young republics in Versailles system of international relations was accompanied by the formation of national armies under the leadership of the French general staff'. In the eastern policy of Pilsudsky the anti-soviet military forces could be allies. After their internment they were placed in Polish camp. Amnestied refugees were under the tutelage of soviet and emigrant structures"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430; \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b.","en":"Versailles system; Poland; French general staff; White Army; internment; antisoviet military forces; \u0430mnestied refugees."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":251,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Simonova Tat'ana Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u041e \u0420\u0424, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, senior lecturer, the senior scientific employee of Institute of Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":489,"author_id":251}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":490,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438: \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"Eastern Vector Foreign Policy of Poland: Geopolitical Tradition and Modernity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e-\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u042f\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1989 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443.","en":"The paper is devoted to the eastern dimension of Poland\u2019s foreign policy. The theoretical basis of Poland\u2019s foreign policy is the issue of main concern. Polish role in the expansion of Euro-Atlantic institutions is revised when the author examines the historical and theoretical roots of current Polish geopolitical doctrine. The different forms of Jagellonian paradigm in Polish geopolitical thought are studied to explain their manifestation in Poland eastern policy after the 1989. Their origins, theoretical explications and forms of manifestation are described and analyzed. The article reveals their influence on the development of Atlanticist geopolitical vector in modern Poland, describes and explains its eastern policy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430; \u042f\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f; \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0446\u0430-\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e; \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"geopolitics; Poland; Jagellonian idea; Intermarium; Prometheism; Giedroyc-Mieroszewski doctrine; Eastern Parthnership."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":28,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0432\u0434\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bovdunov Alexander Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"postgraduate, sociology of international relations department, sociological faculty, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":490,"author_id":28}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":491,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f-4: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435","en":"Intelligentsia-4: Past and Present"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u2013 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author considers such multi-valued notion as \u00abintelligentsia\u00bb and the corresponding phenomenon of intelligentsia as a specific phenomenon in the social, political and cultural history of the old Russia, the USSR and present-day Russia. The author demonstrates that ambiguity and vagueness, non-terminological character of this notion reflect the real historical situation in which intelligentsia has emerged not so much as an objective entity as an entity that is defined, in the first place, through self-awareness, self-identification and through idea of a special mission. The author considers reasons that determined erosion of intelligentsia in the meaning indicated in the post-Soviet Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"intelligentsia; socio-psychological self-identification; intellectualism; dissidence; Russian pre-Revolution; Soviet and post-Soviet history."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":491,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":492,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438?","en":"Which Parties were in the Russian Empire?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c.","en":"The authors runs back the process of political parties genesis in the Russian empire, defines the chronological limits of the process and its stages. The author shows that Russia had a rich experience of political struggle rooted in the very ancient times and supposes that it is inaccurate to maintain that the genesis of Russian parties considerably lagged behind the similar process in the West. The thesis that parties emerged first in the national periphery of the empire is also incorrect. On the contrary, it was the national center (and the imperial capital) that gave examples of party building. Socialist organizations that at the early stages of genesis outraced conservative and liberal formations by pace of development, yet finally completed their emergence later than liberal and conservative parties. That corresponds with the world practice. Having selected formed parties according the characteristics stipulated in the article the author obtains data on parties' memberships that are more modest than data usually mentioned in the historic literature. The selected parties are classified according to territorial-national and doctrinal criteria."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439; \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Russia in the early 20th century; political parties and characteristics of party; political parties\u2019 genesis; notion and characteristics of a party; parties\u2019 emergence; classification of the Russian parties and their peculiarities."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":492,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":493,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Russian-Japanese War in the Perception of Russia\u2019s Peasantry"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f (\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u00ab\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u00bb). \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443\u00bb, \u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0430\u043d \u2013 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"The issues concerning sources of information about events in the Far East and the attitude of peasantry towards these events are discussed in the article. The war affected peasantry by way of conscription of reservists and recruits. It was not the war that was the initial cause of hardships of the rural population, but it did aggravate socio-economic problems. Information about Russia-Japan war basically reached peasants through popular prints and verbal communications. The latter were of two kinds \u2014 pro-Government (disseminated through clergy) and anti-Government (spread by \u00abintelligent people\u00bb). Peasants displayed certain interest towards war events, but this interest was of negative nature. They criticized and refuted existent rules, called upon reservists and recruits not to go for a war and appealed to their fellow villagers to avoid any war donations, to refuse paying duties and taxes. Part of them collaborated with revolutionary propagandists and agitators. The revolution, that ensued, sent the unsuccessful war into shadows, and peace agreement did not help to pacify the people."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"peasantry; the Russian-Japanese war; supply with information of war; history of the Samara province of beginning of XX century."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":37,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Buranok Alexander Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 (\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430)","en":"Ph. D., historian, senior lecturer of Samara State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":493,"author_id":37}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":494,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u00bb","en":"\u00abI am thinking of one Thing Only: of the Public Weal and Grandeur of the Motherland\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 1927 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041a.\u041b. \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u041c.\u0418. \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043e \u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0410.\u0418.\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u0411\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0439.","en":"It is the first publication of the full text of the letter sent by former Czar general K.L.Ghil'chevski to M.I.Kalinin. The reasons for writing the letter were cares about the pension. However the letter content is not confined to these cares. Ghil\u2019chevski expounds his own biography emphasizing the fact that during the revolution of 1905 he refused to take part in punitive operations and during the Civil war he did not go to serve under A.I.Denikin. The ex-general analyzes the Soviet system uncompromisingly, sometimes on the verge of anti-Soviet appreciations. Ghil\u2019chevski also emphasizes his commitment to patriotism. The letter caused a response and Ghil\u2019chevski\u2019s manuscript that summarized his battle experience during the World War I was published in the USSR as a single volume."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u041a.\u041b.\u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041c.\u0418.\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"the World War I; the Civil War; K.L.Ghil\u2019chevski; M.I.Kalinin; the letters to the power."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":74,"authors":[{"id":15,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Astakhova Marina Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"head of department for the scientific information of the Russian State Archive for Socio and Political History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":494,"author_id":15}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":494,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":495,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"Models of Global Hegemony and Their Impact on the World Organization"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c 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\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430.\n\n\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e. \u0423 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"The author deals with the problems of the world organization and potential perspectives of the economically leading countries' development. One of the world organization model, project Modern, has approached the point of no return. This project is exhausted and depleted. It is quitting to be a perspective one precisely where it did emerged. The USA already is unable to develop within this project\u2019s limits and this fact is confirmed by many economic data. China and India develop within confines of the Modern project but precisely for this reason both countries present a threat to the US hegemony. The big game is just commenced. Russia and India have to pay a greater attention to this game, to examine its thin structure, its logic be all means avoiding the temptation to \u2018demonize' any participant of the game. The world and the humankind are to find positive exits from the dead end that seems to be ultimate."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438","en":"problems of world organization; the USA is unable to develop within project Modern; development of China and India."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":495,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":496,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430?","en":"Is it Possible to \u2018Reset\u2019 the Relations between Russia and the Baltic States?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b\u00bb \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"The present article is devoted to a current state of relations between Russia and the Baltic States. The author considers various aspects of these relations \u2014 political, economic, strategic and humanitarian. The goal of the author is to analyze the basic \u2018problem knots' of these relations, to make recommendations concerning the need of a \u2018reset' of these relations. The main problem of the Russian-Baltic relations, according to the author, lays in different perceptions of the common history, as well as in attempts of the Baltic political elite to shape their Russian policy according to a certain ideological schema. Only having destroyed this ideological approach, it is possible to open a new page in the bilateral relations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"referendum, occupation, Russian-speaking minorities rights, ideological confrontation."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aleksandrov Oleg Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e(\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, assistant Professor, Chair for International Relations and Foreign Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations \u2013 University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":496,"author_id":6}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":497,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430? \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442","en":"\u042dEthnicization of Stalinism? \u00abNational\u00bb and \u00abKulak\u00bb Operations of the NKVD: Comparative Aspect"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u00ab\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 1930\u20131940-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1937\u20131938 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414 \u2116 00447 (\u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f). \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"According to the thesis of \u2018Ethnicization' of Stalinism, the regime considered \u2018enemy' ethnic groups as its main enemies in the 1930\u22121940s. The study of \u2018German operation' 1937\u22121938 in Western Siberia allows to put the certainty of this interpretation to doubt. The comparison of \u2018ethnic' cleansings and NKVD campaign under the order \u2116\u2009447 (\u2018kulak operation') gives the key to understanding the peculiarities of the former. The criteria of the social past life was determinative in choosing a person as a victim of \u2018ethnic' cleansing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044b; \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u2116 00447; \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c","en":"stalinism; ethnos; Germans; NKVD national operations; ethnic cleansing; order \u2116 00447; Siberia."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savin Andrey Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Siberian Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":497,"author_id":242}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":498,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0445\u043e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1942 \u0433.","en":"Echo of the Moscow Fight: Strategic Situation and Plans of the Sides in the Spring of 1942"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1942 \u0433. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445\u0442\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article deals with results and consequences of the first solving fight of the Great Patriotic War \u2014 to the battle for Moscow, tragic and heroic pages of one of the key moments of our history. The material demonstrates the plans of the German command and emergency measures of the Soviet leadership to increase of fighting capacity of Red army at the beginning of 1942. On the basis of the known and recently opened documents the potential of warring sides, world situation of the USSR, an assessment of its possibilities from allies are considered. The attention is given to a morale of the Soviet armed forces on the eve of new titanic fights with Wehrmacht."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0411\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1942 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443","en":"the Second World War; battle for Moscow; strategy of the USSR and Germany in 1942."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":187,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Myagkov Mikhail Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Head of the Centre of Military History and Geopolitics, Institute of World History RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":498,"author_id":187}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":499,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"Concept of Memory in Culture of Modernity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0441 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443: \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e.","en":"In XX century \u00abmemory\u00bb became a point of special reflection and investigation. This article examines the concept of memory and its implications in culture of early XX century. It reviews the use of this term in the most important modernist texts and questions the functions of memory both in discourse and practices. The 1st World War gave rise to the modernist doubt in utopian ideals of Enlightenment Project and indicated the break with rationalism. This turn was closely engaged with new cultural understandings of memory. War gave rise to doubt in validity of memory (idea on which there were based main norms and realizations of truth and verification in different situation, in everyday life and theoretical framework, in both bureaucratic and private practices). Many authors came to one paradoxical conclusion: \u00abmemory\u00bb is oblivion, memory not recalls but deforms past, it substitutes for reality, memory deprives people of time and free will. The concept of \u00abmemory\u00bb was converged in XX century with the problem of temporality and people identity. This article analyzes how \u00abmemory\u00bb was entangled with new cultural practices."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0417\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0434 \u0424\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434; \u042d\u0434\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0434 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043b\u044c; \u0410\u043d\u0440\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442; \u0412\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0443\u043b\u0444; \u0425\u043e\u0440\u0445\u0435 \u041b\u0443\u0438\u0441 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0445\u0435\u0441","en":"history of concepts; representations; memory; modernism; rationalism; Sigmund Freud; Edmund Husserl; Henri Bergson; Marcel Proust; Virginia Woolf; Jorge Luis Borges."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":227,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Potapova Natalia Dmitrievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph. D., historian, Assistant Professor, European University, St. Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":499,"author_id":227}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":500,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439: \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1920\u20131940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Between Politics and Ideology: Metamorphoses of the Russian Emigration\u2019 Historical Memory, 1920\u20131940"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439.","en":"The author deals with peculiarities of the Russian emigrants; forms and means of the cultural memory preservation and creation of the ideal past models. The Russian communities abroad were transformed by a new social experience that had impact also on the culture of memory. The very expulsion brought about creation of a new, often idealized image of Russia, its people and culture and re-thinking of their own historical experience. Every educated person in emigration sought to create a new image of Russia that would satisfy him or her. The Russian exiles looked for \u2018points of memory' around that the emigrant identity could jell. At the same time the recollections of the past served as the stage for ideological and political clashes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"Russia Abroad; historical memory; political myth; ideology."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":500,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":501,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u00ab\u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 enfant terrible\u00bb","en":"People from Footnotes. \u00abI was an Enfant Terrible of a Kind in the Constitutional-Democratic Party\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0410.\u0412.\u0422\u044b\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439-\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0441 (1869-1962), \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0435 (\u0421\u0428\u0410). \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0435\u044e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0426\u041a, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u044b\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439-\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0441 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0430\u00bb (\u0421\u041f\u0431., \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c 1912 \u2013 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 1913), \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 (\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438), \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to a little-known page of A.V.Tyrkova-Williams' biography (1869\u22121962). A.V.Tyrkova-Williams was a public and political figure of pre-revolutionary Russia and the Russian emigration and died 50 years ago in Washington. The peculiar position this lady held in the Central Committee of the CD party as well as the analysis of her publications in \u2018The Russian Buzz' (Saint-Petersburg, December 1912 \u2014 August, 1913) (Tyrkova-Williams was the unofficial editor-in-chief of the newspaper) allows the author to characterize her as a major figure of the centrist current in the Russian liberalism (tentatively speaking, between members of the CD party and members of the \u2018Union of 17 October' party) that jelled in events of the Russian Troublous Time of the early 20th century)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0412.\u0422\u044b\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0430\u00bb, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"A.V.Tyrkova; \u2018The Russian Buzz\u2019; centrism in the Russian liberal thought and practice."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":501,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":502,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"300 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438","en":"300 Years of Nomenclature Rollcall"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435 1722 \u0433. \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0445\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f 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\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e 1917 \u0433. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439.","en":"In January of 1722 Czar Peter I affixed his signature on so called \u00abTable of ranks\u00bb. This original state act established three parallel ladders of ranks for civil, military, and court services in Russia. Components of the built vertical of ranks were united around the principle of permanent ascendancy of pretenders to certain peaks of bureaucratic career in accordance with length of personal service. Abrogation of this one of the most fundamental acts of autocracy was a natural sequence of revolutionary events of 1917. However the hidden impact of the ancient Czar\u2019s decree, a reminder of the governing role of transformation its logic introduced in the society and armed forces was in different degrees felt for a long time. Most likely, in new Russia specialists of various profiles will express the attention to the ancient text in order to draw relevant conclusions required for understanding of the past problems and issues of current practice of state government."},"keywords":{"ru":"\"\u0422\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0445\"; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445","en":"\u201cThe Table of ranks\u201d; principles of construction; changes in document; the present-day status of state servants."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":75,"authors":[{"id":183,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mitrofanov Nikolai Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, associate editor of the Moscow encyclopedia, full member of the Academy of Russian Literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":502,"author_id":183}}],"issue":{"id":75,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":503,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"The Energy of Self-Destruction"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b. \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435 \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0412\u0422\u041e, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.","en":"Adverse forces are colliding in the field of the current Russian reality meaning. The elite cannot be considered as the united and single force. A segment of elite has saddled up the power of protest that in any moment may turn into the power of the country\u2019s self-destruction and bring about the loss of identity, to disaster of \u2018the big nation' and loss of independence, economic, energetic as well as, in the final resort, political independence. This assertion applies to meanings carried by different vectors. To put it exactly, it applies to acquisition of the single summarizing, general meaning that is not found as yet. Nowadays it is precisely the lack pf this meaning affects the foreign and domestic policy and is exemplified in shortsighted decisions on WTO and provokes activation of the counter-elite in the current political space of Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0422\u041e, \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"WTO, situation in Syria, security, economy, opposition"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":503,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":504,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448: \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438","en":"Edvard Benesh: Thoughts on Democracy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448 (1884\u20131948) \u2013 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 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\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438.","en":"Edvard Bene\u0161 (1884\u22121948) was the second President of Czech Republic, politician, diplomat and scientist. In 1942 Bene\u0161 published book \u00abDemocracy Today and Tomorrow\u00bb which was translated into many languages already during the World War 2. In this book Bene\u0161 characterized democratic regimes that existed un Western Europe in the period between two world wars, disclosed their shortcomings, fundamental causes of their weakness and retreat in the face of totalitarian regimes (Fascism, Nazism) what ultimately brought about the World War 2. Bene\u0161 set forth hisunderstanding of directions and ways of the liberal democracy restructuring (improvement) and its conversion into the \u00abmodern\u00bb, \u00abhumane\u00bb democracy. Bene\u0161 deals with party building and political \u00ableadership\u00bb issues as well as issues of the new human person\u2019s upbringing, bureaucracy, corruption, attitude toward religion etc. Many ideas of Bene\u0161 and his recommendations seem to be topical for the current phase of the Russian society\u2019s development. The article is a summary of the book by Bene\u0161."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Bene\u0161; democracy; liberalism; Fascism; Nazism; Communism; restructuring; degeneration; reformation; modernization; party building; bureaucracy; democratic personality; World War 1; World War 2; the Soviet Union; Germany; France; Great Britain."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":504,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":505,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Concept of Memory in Culture of Modernity (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e 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\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u00bb \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb \u2013 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"This paper pursues a study devoted to \u00abmemory\u00bb, its representations and cultural function in inter- and past-war periods. At that time the phenomenological program enjoyed wide popularity among a new generation of intellectuals started the \u00ablinguistic turn\u00bb. One important consequence of this intellectual movement was the powerful criticism of the linguistic nature of memory. In the center of criticism were the linguistic mechanisms that deform the representations of current events, pack the \u00abreality\u00bb in cultural accepted patterns and clich\u00e9s, bended to social pressure. The intellectual tradition returned to lost since antiquity discussion of social nature of \u00abmemory\u00bb and social function of reminiscences. There was one main idea: social experience kept in a language transforms individual experience, alienates and appropriates individual impressions, disciplines and subdues to general social rules, sets to see imagined objects lacking in reality and to be oblivious of the present. This representation of \u00abmemory\u00bb became very popular. The criticism of social conformity became entangled in culture with antiwar protest and resistance movement. A new generation of intellectuals set the task to disclose memory-occupier and to show utopian \u00abnew world\u00bb \u2014 world in which memory would lose its social function."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0416\u0430\u043d-\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0440, \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u044e, \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0442 \u0412\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0442, \u0416\u0430\u043d-\u041b\u044e\u043a \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440, \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"history of concepts, representations, memory, modernism, rationalism, Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Kurt Vonnegut, Jean-Luc Godard, Andrei Tarkovsky."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":227,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Potapova Natalia Dmitrievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph. D., historian, Assistant Professor, European University, St. Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":505,"author_id":227}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":506,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0439 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437","en":"Dynastic Policy of Austria, Prussia and Russia in XVIII Century: Comparative Historical Analysis"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434","en":"This article deals with comparative analysis of dynastic policy of Austria, Prussia and Russia in XVIII century. Author attempts to answer the question which role does it play in political, economic and cultural life of Central, East and North Europe during the Age of Enlightenment. In this article effectiveness of dynastic strategies for achievement of foreign-policy goals of European countries is studied, typology of dynastic matrimony is given, and so on."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438; \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f","en":"dynastic policy; dynastic matrimony; diplomacy; XVIII century; Russia; Austria; Prussia"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":318,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043a","en":"Stellner Frantishek"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head of Chair of Economical History in Higher Economical School in Prague, Associate Professor of World History Institute, Charles University, Prague"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":506,"author_id":318}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":507,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00abillusions\u00bb. \u0414\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439","en":"\u00abPhantoms\u00bb and \u00abIllusiones\u00bb: Devil\u2019s Delusions in Texts and Iconography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u043b\u0436\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u044c\u044f (\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432). \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e- \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"The medieval Devil is not only the father of lies but also the father of illusions and expert in transformations assuming multiple masks (from insects and wild beasts to humans and angels) lengthy described in the Byzantine and Old Russian hagiography. The article explores the role of the illusionist transformations in the Old Russian demonological imagery and compares their functions in Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic contexts. It focuses also on the methods the medieval artists used for visualizing the illusions described in the lives of saints and explores the inevitable gap between the textual and visual narrative strategies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0435-\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c \u2013 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434; \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c; \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Old Russian iconography; hagiography; demonology; Byzantium \u2013 Rus\u2019 \u2013 West; witchhunt; text and image"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":507,"author_id":13}},{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":507,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":508,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d \u0443 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b","en":"How Truman sought the Kuriles from Stalin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442 18 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044b.","en":"The article deals with a little-known episode of Soviet-American relations in the end of World War II. It analyses a diplomatic struggle over adherence to Yalta agreements on Far East with an emphasis on Kurile islands. Using new documents from American military and diplomatic archives the author traces the origins of President Truman\u2019s request for basing rights on Kuriles expressed in his August 18 message to Stalin. It is demonstrated that far from being an isolated improvisation it was a culmination of a long process of U.S. attempts to penetrate strategically important Kuriles."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"Yalta agreements, Soviet-American relations, Kurile islands, Truman-Stalin correspondence, World War II"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":508,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":509,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439","en":"After Stalin. How the Mechanism of Repression Ran down"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043d-\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f, \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f? \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f... \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article is devoted to events that occurred immediately upon death of Stalin. The apparatus of suppression functioned in non-stop regime for a while and the will was required to stop it. But was it the will indeed? Perhaps, it would be more precise to speak of the paralysis of will as a symptom that was also generated by working machine of suppression. New documents found in archives illuminate this puzzle of the Stalinist repression mechanism\u2019s halt."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445","en":"repression mechanism; Stalinism in masses"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":509,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":510,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0422\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b, \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0436 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d!\u00bb","en":"\u00abYou Desired that, George Dandin!\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043f\u0442\u044b \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438.","en":"The article deals with the problem of juvenile justice. Pro-Western human rights activists are trying to introduce in Russia for along time. Ideology of juvenile justice comes into acute conflict with Russian traditional values and approaches to protection of families and children. Recently advocates of juvenile justice try to conceal their intentions under slogans of children\u2019s rights protection from cruel treatment. The authors vividly demonstrate what is hidden behind this signage and make offer to the public to rally for protection of downtrodden children\u2019s rights. Such protection means not a propaganda of permissiveness and license but, on the contrary, protection of a child\u2019s right to life and upbringing in his\/her own family, protection of psychic, mental health of children and parents who will be very strongly injured by forced separation if a child is taken away from a family."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"juvenile justice; juvenile technologies; cruel treatment of children; physical violence; psychological violence; Social Darwinism"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":173,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Medvedeva Irina Yakovlevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430","en":"psychologist, publicist, member of the Writers' Union, specialist of the Foundation of Social-Psychical Health of Family and Child"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":510,"author_id":173}},{"id":316,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0438\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Shishova Tatiana Lvovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430","en":"teacher, psychologist, publicist, member of the Writers\u2019 Union of Russia, specialist of the Foundation of social-psychical health of family and child"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":510,"author_id":316}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":511,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Just a Hypothesis"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 2011 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2012 \u0433., \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2011 \u0433., \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0412\u0422\u041e. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The upsurge of political activism that occurred in December of 2011 after the election to the Russian State Duma and continued in the subsequent months up to June of 2012 is an enigmatic phenomenon in many respects. Causes of discontent as aired by the opposition leaders had been present for a very long time prior to the upsurge and roused no massive dissatisfaction. There is every reason to suspect that the genuine if hidden cause of mass demonstrations, meetings and riots is the authorities' desire to defuse a frightening potential of mass discontent well in advance of decisive imminent confrontation related with consequence of Russia\u2019s joining WTO. In fact, the authorities tried to burnout the mass discontent potential and found support of opposition in this undertaking."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430.","en":"the Russian opposition; mass demonstrations and riots; burnout of mass discontent potential."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":76,"authors":[{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kalinin Alexander Anatolievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, translator, publisist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":511,"author_id":106}}],"issue":{"id":76,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":512,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e? \u041d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b","en":"Who will Fix the Situation? On the Eve of the Civilizational Disaster"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u0424. \u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443.","en":"The author deals with the extremely difficult situation that has emerged in the contemporary Russian domestic policy. Nonfeasance of authorities and intelligentsia, growth of protest moods and spirits, religious extremism that lifts its head up, revitalization of inland subversive forces \u2014 all that create pre-conditions for collapse of the Russian Federation. The danger is quite real. In this moment one has to understand what forces it is necessary to rely on in order to save the country that is sliding to the social and economic abyss. The role of the national intelligentsia is as great as it had never been earlier because intelligentsia has to turn the protest in a positive direction and to prevent the ultimate disaster."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"radicalism; protest; liberal policy; civilizational disaster; national intelligentsia."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":512,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":513,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439\u2026 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437 (\u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c)","en":"Education in the Present Day Russia: Ascending the Descending Stairway? (Traits to the Portrait of our Reforms)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 - \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The article deals with strategies of the Russian education. The focus is made on these strategies adequacy to the real challenges Russia confronts now. The inevitable multiple and relative character of crises in education in the environment of the present day dynamics of social history is emphasized. The author concludes that prevailing in Russia nowadays strategies of education development are haphazard, non-systemic and that ideas and practices of the 1990s radical Liberalism dominate in these strategies due to the inertia. The issue of necessity to correct strategies of the Russian Federation education development, with real peculiarities of the current stage of the Russian civilization transformation including acute demand to formation of the Russian national identity taken into due account."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"Bene\u0161; education; university; globalization; knowledge society; crisis; challenges to education; education development strategies; the Bologna process; identity."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":275,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0445\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043f\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0413\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tkhagapsoev Khazhismel\u2019 Gisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci. in phylosophy, Professor of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":513,"author_id":275}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":514,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u043f\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438","en":"\u00abSocialism\u00bb American Style. On the Creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438 (TVA), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 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\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 TVA (\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 TVA \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u2013 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0433\u0435 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0418 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430.","en":"Based on rich material the article is the first comprehensive history of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) written by the Russian historian. It is a telling case study of the TVA creation in 1933 and its organizational evolution from the New Deal years to the final stage of the World War II. The author traces the central issue of the New Deal\u2019s most dramatic project aimed to expand the governmental control over the economy and natural resources through public power, regional planning and new intellectual ideas for the transformation the New South area. President Roosevelt and the leading personalities in the board of directors of TVA (and among them David E. Lilienthal) had four principal goals. The first was to provide cheap electricity to homes and farms. The second was to provide jobs for unemployed. The third was to save from devastation the large territory of the depressed region in the South. And there was a fourth more ephemeral goal: that through public power, governmental ownership of some other services and publicly-owned distributorship could be created a model for a new and more prosperous form of society. Some contemporaries deeply believed that TVA was a big step to American sort of socialism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442, \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c, \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d, \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u00bb, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"Franklin Roosevelt, David Lilienthal, Arthur Morgan, New Deal, state corporation, TVA, public power, public ownership."},"column_id":10,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":514,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":515,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u044b\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"The Fatherland\u2019s Sons: On Shaping of the Decembrist Ideology"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 1812\u20131814 \u0433\u0433. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442) \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 (1814\u20131825 \u0433\u0433.). \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d 1812\u20131814 \u0433\u0433. \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u044b\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to study of social and political views common to members of the Russian officers corpus. Officers' attitude toward the Emperor and peasants is investigated on the basis of the Fatherland and the Fatherland\u2019s son notions semantics analysis. Change of these views in the post-war period (1814\u22121825) is traced. It is demonstrated that under the impact of wars waged in 1812\u22121814 this postulate transformed: the Emperor quitted to be associated with a son of the Fatherland while, on the contrary, officers started to perceive peasants as sons of the Fatherland. It is this transformation where origins of the Decembrist ideology are discovered."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 1812\u20131814 \u0433\u0433.; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u044b: \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441\u044b\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435.","en":"russian officers in 1812\u20131814; Decembrists; ideology; semantics; the Fatherland, son of the Fatherland, the public weal."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamenev Evgeniy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in history, the lecturer, Petrozavodsky State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":515,"author_id":107}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":516,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Images of the French Revolution in the 19th Century Russian Social and Political Thought"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0427\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u043a \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2013 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb). \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430.","en":"There are many testimonies that allow us to speak of emotional and deep perception of the French revolution events by several generations of Russian people. Values, system of images and symbols begot by the French revolution served as a \u00abguide\u00bb of a kind to the future that dazzled and at the same time scared. Having put a clear-cut line between conservatives and radicals discussions on the optimal way of the West European norms adoption brought about formation of the \u00abRussian idea\u00bb and contention that Russia needed a peculiar civilization. One line expressed itself in the Orthodox and monarchic ideal where the Enlightenment principles were connected with motives of national identity (formula \u00abLiberty, Equality, Brotherhood\u00bb was replaced with triad \u00abOrthodoxy, Autocracy, national authenticity\u00bb). The other line was an alloy of the European Socialism and ideals of communality that were focused on the ancient communal way of life. The intelligentsia associated the way to the bright future with results of its own activity. The Russian people just had to accept the results of choice made by the intelligentsia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u0432.; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"French revolution; history of the Russian social and political thought; intellectual history; political mythology."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":516,"author_id":188}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":516,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":517,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00abillusions\u00bb. \u0414\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abPhantoms\u00bb and \u00ab\u00abIllusiones\u00bb: Devil\u2019s Delusions in Texts and Iconography (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u00bb \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"In the second part of the article the authors continue to explore the functions the concept of devilish illusions played in the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic religious imagaries. They analyze the methods the Medieval artists used to visualise the demonic transformations and explore the inevitable gap between the textual and visual narrative strategies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c \u2013 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434; \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c; \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Old Russian iconography; hagiography; demonology; Byzantium \u2013 Rus\u2019 \u2013 West; witchhunt; text and image"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":517,"author_id":13}},{"id":159,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mayzuil's Mikhail Romanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"the lecturer of Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":517,"author_id":159}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":518,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"Origination of Double Standards in the Soviet Ideology"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 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\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1954 \u0433.) \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e. \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430 XX \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c: \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u00bb \u2014 \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445\u00bb. \u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.","en":"While Stalin was alive only he could be equal to the truth and only he could know the truth. Upon his death an ideological corporation emerged and this corporation took it upon itself to exercise control over the truth. Yet every functionary authorized to trace congruence of \u00abpractice\u00bb and \u00abtheory\u00bb knew that his functions of control were limited. The ideological apparatus of the Party inherited monopoly rights to the truth as a corporate heir. It was precisely the corporation which started to claim to the knowledge belonged to the caste. This knowledge released \u00abthe elected few\u00bb of unnecessary formalities. Answers to citizens concocted at the \u00abKommunist\u00bb journal were not different from answers produced under Stalin. However discussions within the editorial board (minutes started to be composed since January, 1954) are characterized by an important distinction: name of Stalin was nearly absent in these discussions. N.S.Khruschev in his report to the CPSU 20th Congress uncovered the terrible truth about the cult of Stalin\u2019s personality to the communists yet still clung to the deep-seated double standards: his report was a \u00absecret\u00bb one and its content was meant for \u00abour crowd\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\"; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b; \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 1953 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"Stalin's death; collective leadership; \u201cKommunist\u201d journal; double standards; july plenum of the CPSU in 1953."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":77,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":518,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":519,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"Overcoming Chaos: the Atomized Society and Politics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u0424, \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article deals with the current political situation in Russia, with the current elites' struggle, with problems of the current situation analysis, and with the growing confrontment of political groupings within Russia that inevitably affects the spiritual condition of the Russian society as well as the RF foreign policy, the RF relations with its close neighbors. Overcoming the chaos under conditions of atomized society is the task that should be solved by people who are engaged in politics and in accordance with grand purposes and values that are aimed at preservation of the country, its people, its culture and the future of Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a; \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"confrontation of political groupings; the spiritual condition of the Russian society; the task to overcome the chaos."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":519,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":520,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"Interpretation of \u00abMoscow as the Third Rome\u00bb Theory in the Russian Culture of the Modern Time Revisited"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u042e.\u041c.\u041b\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0411.\u0410.\u0423\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0444\u0435\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I, \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430.","en":"The author deals with \u2018Moscow as the Third Rome' theory and with its perception in the culture of the Modern time, first of all in the Peter the Great epoch. The author demonstrates inconsistence of opinion set forth by Yu. M. Lotman and B. A. Uspensky who suggested that theory of Philophei, a scribe from Pskov, influenced ideology of Peter I and, in particular, formation of Saint-Petersburg concept as the new Rome. The author adduces new arguments in favor of \u2018Moscow as the Third Rome' theory interpretation in purely religious concept that belonged to philosophy of history and not to political or ideological dimensions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"\u2018Moscow as the Third Rome\u2019 theory; Ancient Russian literature; Russian culture; epoch of Peter I; philosophy of history; ideology; structuralism."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":520,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":521,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0434\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438","en":"Admiral Nakhimov in the National Memory"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041f.\u0421.\u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XXI \u0432. \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b.","en":"Formation of historical images is a complex process of information contained in sources of various kinds smelting in a peculiar \u2018historiographic' smelter. Regime of this furnace functioning depends on changing political, scientific and cultural realities of a respective epoch. The historical portrait of Admiral Nakhimov we have was created by efforts of several generations of historians, publicists and politicians. Nakhimov\u2019s life and activities have become a part of the Russian national historic myth where real events, their adequate and inadequate appraisals as well as political constructs topical for different epochs are interwoven. The author demonstrates how very different circumstances of different kinds have contributed to Nakhimov\u2019s ascension to the very top of the national pantheon, how socio-cultural realities of the 2nd half of the 19th century and the early 21st centuries allowed this undoubtedly meritorious man to become a symbol of the Russian naval glory."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f; \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"historical myth; the Crimean War; defense of Sebastopol; Russian national pantheon; politics of history; Russian military leaders."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":521,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":522,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u0410.\u0410.\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u00abLooking at the 1812 Campaign with a Historian\u2019s Eyes\u00bb. A.A.Kornilov and M.M.Kovalevskiy about 1812 War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0410.\u0410.\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c 100-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433. (\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I, \u041c.\u041c. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b; \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0422\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433.; \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430).","en":"The author notes an interrelation between scientific views of A.A.Kornilov and M.M.Kovalevski and their political stance as centrist liberals. The peculiar trait of the centrist concept of Russia reorganization is the substantiation of necessity to retain the historical continuity in the process of transformation. Ideologues of liberal centrism shared the understanding of danger that was result of their general approach to history and their refusal to put up with falsification of history. The article reflects position taken by Kornilov and Kovalevski on a range of issues that moved in the focus of public attention due to celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812. These issues included appraisal of Alexander I personality and policies, appraisal of M.M.Speranski's activities, the Continental Blockade\u2019s consequences for Russia, impact of events occurred between the Treaties of Tilsit and Napoleon\u2019s army invasion into Russia on results of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the impact of this war on public thought development, preparation to abolition of the serfdom and its actual abolition."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0410.\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 100-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433.; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f 1812 \u0433.; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"A.A.Kornilov; M.M.Kovalevski; celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812; criticism of \u201cthe new view\u201d on heroes and events of 1812; Alexander I; M.M.Speranski."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":522,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":523,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"On Preconditions of Stalin\u2019s Collectivization"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443, \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u00bb. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0439\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 15 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author analyzes preconditions of the Soviet collectivization as a process of the Western style modernization along the lines of American agrarian-industrial enterprises that emerged in the1920s. Application of the most advanced machines (not just field engines but also combined harvesters invented at that times) lied at the bottom of these enterprises. The Soviet leaders perceived harvesters as a fundamental innovation that would prove advantages of collective farms and permit to send some 15 million redundant people from countryside to construction sites."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044b; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0439\u043d; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"collectivization; modernization; agrarian industrial enterprises; state forms; field engine; harvester; rural overpopulation; industrialization."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":197,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nefedov Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0433. \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"D.Sci. in history, head specialist, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":523,"author_id":197}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":524,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435. 1914\u20131918. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"Orthodoxy on the International Stage, 1914\u20131918. Historical Cultural Concept and Its Evolution"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.) \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b I \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0432 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u044d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article is focused on the evolution of the traditional concepts of Russian public consciousness (\u00abMoscow the third Rome\u00bb, Slavic brotherhood, liberating mission of Russia etc.) in the years of the First World War. Public reaction to the key events of the war is investigated, such as the Russian occupation of Galicia and the decision of the Entente powers to hand over Constantinople to Russia after the war. The elements of eschatology and messianism which were characteristic of the Russian consciousness, clashed with the ecclesiastical and political realities of Europe and Near East."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0435; \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u00bb.","en":"ideology; eschatology; messianism; Church and society; Orthodoxy; the Slavs; Constantinople; Galicia; Moscow the Third Rome."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":224,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Polunov Alexander Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci. in history, assistant Professor, Moscow State University, Department of Public Administration"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":524,"author_id":224}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":525,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Female Auto Documental Materials as the Mirror of Identity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 (\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438), \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 XVIII\u2013XX \u0432\u0432. \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u00ab\u044f\u00bb.","en":"The author examines samples of female auto documental materials (diaries, letters, recollections, autobiographies) written in the 18th and 19th centuries by women of different estates and social standings, family statuses and educational backgrounds. These narratives carried an enormous social and psychological load because they were not just a form of extreme self-expression and revelation of female inner world. They were, in fact, thinking twins of women who wrote them, twins that were intended to accomplish self-representation of those women\u2019s gender (female) identity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u044b; \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"female auto documental genres; diaries; letters; recollections."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ksenofontova Nataliya Alexandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in history, Institute of African of RAS, head of group for gender studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":525,"author_id":138}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":526,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041c.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430","en":"About the History of the Scientific Schools: the Founder of the Concept of the Medical Nutrition M.I.Pevzner and his School"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u041c.\u041f\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b 20-\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The M. Pevsner's school of nutritionists and gastroenterologists is reviewed as a classic model of scientific clinical school of 20-th century. For the first time reliable scientific biographie of one of the pioneers of the USSR gastroenterology professor M.I.Pevsner is presented, and his disciples are named. The influence of the socio-political factors on the fate of the scientists and related scientific areas is shown."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b; \u041c.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0432\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0440; \u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439.","en":"scientific clinical schools; M.I.Pevzner; clinical nutrition; history of gastroenterology; doctor's case history."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":78,"authors":[{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Borodulin Vladimir Iosifovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c.\u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"D. Sci. in medicine, Professor of I.Sechenov Moscow Medical Acade-my, principal researcher of the Institute for history of medicine, RAMN"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":526,"author_id":31}},{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":526,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2012,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":527,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u2013 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0441 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0431\u0438","en":"Communism: a Glance from Russia and the USA. Interview Given to Tim Kirby"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"The subjects discussed with Sergey Kurginyan are the spiritual component of the contemporary world, confrontation of the Modern project with the counter-Modern, destiny of the Communist paradigm in new historical context, opportunities of spiritual collaboration on the platform of the great battle for the Human because only the Human is the real driver of the historical process while all material factors are of secondary importance and value relative to the Human. If fact, the great battle for the Human becomes the current big politics' real background."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442; \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442; \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d.","en":"the USA; Russia; Communism; proletariat; cognitariat; Modern."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":527,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":528,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:50.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"The Commonwealth of Independent States in the World Environment"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a 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\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0412\u0412\u041f (\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f) \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 30-50-70%, \u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 (\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439) \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XXI \u0432\u0432.","en":"The article focuses on peculiarities of present-day positions of CIS countries and Georgia in the geoeconomic pattern of the world. An explanation for causes of some significant differences between results of international economic comparisons (including the latest ones) is given. Data which characterize multivariant estimates of the levels of economic development of various countries are provided. Particular attention is drawn to the values of per capita GDP of Russia, Central Asian and South Caucasian states, provided by such international organizations as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. The authors emphasize the fact the differences between the estimates of per capita GDP (and, consequently, between the levels of economic development) of some countries reach 30\u221250\u221270%, and in some cases even two or more times. Based on the totals of international comparisons, the authors show how the balance between economic development of Russia and the United States (as well as between Russia and the world\u2019s per capita GDP average) changed from the beginning of XX century to early 2000's."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0412\u041f; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0421\u041d\u0413; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"GDP; CIS countries; Russia; Central Asia; South Caucasus; international economic comparisons."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karamourzov Renat Barasbievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in economics, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":528,"author_id":110}},{"id":290,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fridman Leonid Abramovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci. in economics, Professor, the chief of the Laboratory for interdisciplinary studies of Central Asia and Caucasus, the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":528,"author_id":290}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":529,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0451\u00bb. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 1945 \u0433.","en":"\u00abRussia Declared War on Japan \u2014 It\u2019s All\u00bb: U.S. Provincial Press in August 1945"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442, \u043e \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435: \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 8 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 15 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1945 \u0433. \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0435.","en":"In article of an estimation of U.S. press of Soviet announcement of war against Japan are analyzed. Specificity this opinions is revealed. Sources of formation of opinions and estimations are considered, for the first time in historiography. A comparison of press concerning the progress and character of Soviet offensive. Analyzed in the article the evolution of the role of the press estimates of the USSR in the Pacific war from positive 8 August, up sharply negative August 15, 1945 with the informational processes that influenced the change in public opinion about the Soviet Union."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430; \u041c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0447\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d.","en":"USSR; Public Opinion; Pacific War; Provincial U.S. press; the atomic bomb; Manchuria; China; Truman."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Buranok Sergey Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f (\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430)","en":"Ph.D., historian, Volga State Socio-Humanitarian Academy, Samara"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":529,"author_id":38}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":530,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435","en":"Conceptual Structure of Holyday: from the 19th Century Russian Culture to the Early Soviet One"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 20-\u0445\u201330-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u201c\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u201d \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443.","en":"The paper addresses the problem of evolution of the holyday\u2019s conceptual structure from the19th Russian culture to the Soviet culture of the 1920\u22121930th. The author describes the two basic models representing the \u00abideal type\u00bb of holyday, and reveals how this models correlate in the late Russian and the early Soviet culture. The main methodological result of the paper can be characterized as the bringing out the way to map the late Russian culture onto the early Soviet one, given the concept of holyday as example."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f; \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b.","en":"holyday; the Russian culture; the Soviet culture; ideal type; existential."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Glebkin Vladimir Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1514 \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b","en":"Ph.D., philosopher, Head of Department of Theory and History of World Culture in Gymnasium 1514, Moscow"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":530,"author_id":54}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":531,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 1-\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0435","en":"History of the Russian Mlitary Education in the Early 19th Century Revisited: \u041a.Th.Ryleev\u2019s School Years in the First Cadet Corps"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432., \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 1-\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 - \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u041a.\u0424. \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438.","en":"The article deals with history of military education in the early 19th century Russia and, in the first place, with the history of the First cadet corps. The author focuses her attention on the period when K.Th.Ryleev, famous Russian poet attended the corps. The system of military and other disciplines learning that was introduced in the corps and morals that prevailed in the corps are studied. The mentioned features emerged, in many respects, due to personal traits of tutors who undoubtedly had an influence on their students. Besides that, the author investigates the corps' department for minors where Ryleev also spent several years and attempts to define the circle of cadet friends of the future revolutionary and analyze his first verses written in the cadet corps."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432; \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0424.\u0412.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u041a.\u041a.\u041c\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440; \u0413.\u0412.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u041f.\u0421.\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"K.Th.Ryleev; cadet corps; military education; F.V.Boulgarion; department for minors; history of education in Russia; Patriotic war of 1812; K.K.Merder; G.V.Gherakov; P.S.Zhelez-nyakov."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":531,"author_id":59}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":531,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":532,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb: \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Folklore Versions of the \u00abState Building\u00bb: Legends of the Power Making"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 XIX\u2013XXI \u0432\u0432. \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u00bb.","en":"The author investigates motives related to making of the state and state power as these motives were presented in the Slavic folklore legends and oral narratives. In the popular narrative tradition these motives are inseparably connected with the motive of faith choice. This motive is present in folklore legends of different chronological periods. Reflecting the plot borrowed form medieval literature sources the popular narratives emphasize the inseparable connection between choice of \u00abright\u00bb faith with accession of the \u00abright\u00bb potentate to power and consolidation of his power. In greater part of these cases such texts are results of literature sources adaptation for folklore, of textbooks, popular books and local studies retelling. Nevertheless such adaptations become assets of a local \u00aboral history\u00bb and are transferred to \u00ablocal legends\u00bb codes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440; \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b; \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b; \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439.","en":"Slavic folklore; legends; \u201cfolk Bible\u201d; ethnocultural stereotypes; folk images of historical persons."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":22,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belova Ol'ga Vladislavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philologist, leading specialist, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":532,"author_id":22}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":533,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0434\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u00bb. \u041b.\u0418. \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"How about not Repealing the Law on Jews, but Simply not Applying it?\u00bb Leonid Brezhnev, D\u0439tente and Jewish Emigration from the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1970-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041b.\u0418.\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u00ab\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0438\u00bb.","en":"The article describes the history of Jewish emigration from the Soviet Union in the first half of the 1970s. The desire of the Soviet leadership to limit the opportunities for emigration, especially for those people who got higher education, led to a confrontation with the USA. On the basis of archival documents, including the notes from the L.I.Brezhnev's personal diary, we can examine the pragmatic policy of the General Secretary of the CPSU which was aimed at continuing the \u00abd\u00e9tente\u00bb, taking into consideration the \u00abJewish question\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432; \u041a\u0413\u0411.","en":"Jews; emigration; tax; USA; Brezhnev; KGB."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440","en":"Donninghaus Victor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0434-\u041e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435), \u041b\u044e\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci. in history, Professor, Deputy Director of the Nord-Ost Institute (Institut f\u00fcr Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa e. V.), Luneburg, German"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":533,"author_id":72}},{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savin Andrey Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Siberian Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":533,"author_id":242}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":534,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u00bb. \u041e \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u00ab\u2026This Glorious Year Has Passed\u00bb: On the Patriotic War of 1812 Jubilee"},"desc":{"ru":"200-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1812 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u041c\u0418, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430.","en":"The 200th anniversary of Russia\u2019s victory in the Patriotic War of 1912 was celebrated at the state level. Preparations and conducting of the jubilee included various events. Numerous exhibitions, conferences, scientific proceedings devoted to the glorious date were held in the course of several years. With no pretension to analytical nature of her remarks the author characterizes the content and geographical scope of celebrations on the basis of published special literature, media materials and information distributed in the Web."},"keywords":{"ru":"200-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0438; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u044b; \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430.","en":"the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812; the historical memory; museums; archives; exhibitions; scientific confe-rences; music."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":51,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gerasimova Galina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u00bb","en":"historian, a member of historical and patriotic society \u00abBagration\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":534,"author_id":51}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":535,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Boorish Willfulness"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u211621, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445.","en":"The article reflects the outbreak of indignation provoked by the Public Health department\u2019s irresponsible decision to disestablish the oldest Moscow psychoneurological dispensary \u2116\u200921 which is famous with its humanistic traditions and high level of its staff qualification. The decision in question was made without consent of numerous patients and well-knit medical staff whose activities are aimed at meeting needs of persons with psychic deviations. Arbitrariness of the Public Health department officials violates the basic principles of dispensary medical care, i.e. its decentralization and accessibility for population. The Public Health department\u2019s decision was made secretly and in contempt of patient interests. According to the author, the decision is determined by a desire to use the plot occupied with the dispensary in the downtown in commercial purposes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"disestablishment of a dispensary; arbitrariness of officials."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":79,"authors":[{"id":65,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u042d\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0438\u043b \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u0413\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u042d\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0438\u043b \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b 56 \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b 56 \u043b\u0435\u0442"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":535,"author_id":65}}],"issue":{"id":79,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":536,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d: \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b","en":"Crisis is Inevitable: Information War and Displacement of Elite"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438? \u041d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434? \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439? \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b.","en":"The author deals with the current situation in the Russian political life. The main content of the current processes are the struggle of elites, alignment and correlation of forces, problem of principal messages formation (messages that the supreme authority sends to elites and the society at large). The crisis of the current domestic policy in Russia arises from the ambiguity of the general situation: elites have not defined their predilections and the vector of further development. Where will move the country? Will we go to East? Or to West? Will we retain our identity and uniqueness or not? How will we fight rodent corruption? It is impossible to provide answers to these questions without renewal of political life, without displacement of elite with some fresh forces and without broad public initiative."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430.","en":"elite; corruption; information war; ideology; politics; Russia; West; perestroika."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":536,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":537,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430","en":"Some Hate War, Some War Adore"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438.","en":"The public generally thought of military procurement and supply system as of the sphere that attracted people of low moral standards. In fact, corruption and embezzlement of state property in the military department of the Russian Empire were complex socio-cultural phenomena that reflected realities of the political system, of social life pattern, of legal conscience and administration technologies. The organized embezzlement of the state property in form of money or inventory items is the inescapable result of loose control over the bureaucratic machine where activities of all audit structures are effectively neutralized with techniques developed in the process of practical use of normative acts and by-laws that were presumably aimed at preservation of every public penny."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430.","en":"military procurement and supply system; embezzlement of the state property; lack of control over the bureaucracy."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":537,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":538,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"Consider \u00abOne's Own Business a Public Service\u00bb: the Early 20th Century Liberal-Centrists on Entrepreneurship"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430; \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb: \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0412.\u0413. \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0410.\u041c. \u0420\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author examines contribution of early 20th century Russian scientists and publicists who belonged to the Liberal-Centrists to making of the business social responsibility conception and characterizes main sources that prompted these people to accept the public mission of entrepreneurs. The author also analyzes these people\u2019s notions of distribution of roles in the sphere of social responsibility within participants of \u00abtriangle\u00bb consisting of the power, business and society. The author\u2019s attention is focused on persons who formed the circle that emerged around the \u00abVestnik Evropy\u00bb magazine and the \u00abRusskie Vedomosti\u00bb newspaper and some other periodicals. The particular attention is devoted to views of V.G.Yarotsky and A.M.Rykachev whose names are emerging from the historical oblivion nowadays. Original and innovative character and relevance of the Russian Liberal-Centrists' opinions on importance of businessmen in Russia\u2019s development is emphasized."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u00ab\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u0412.\u0413. \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0410.\u041c. \u0420\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432.","en":"Liberal-Centrists; social responsibility of business; \u201cmoral economy\u201d; V.G. Yarotsky; A.M. Rykachev."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":538,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":539,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Problems of Charity in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 5 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, 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\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb.","en":"The purpose of the article is generalization of the basic results of research of the author over the last 5 years. The article defines historically developed motives of charity in Russia, allocates problems of development of charity connected mainly with standard-legal regulation of this activity, for assistance of development of corporate charity some recommendations are offered. The analysis of charity practice in Russia shows that charity starts to be used more and more as an element of the corporate strategy aimed to increase capitalization of companies. The merciful nature of charity keeps the value, but key features in modern charity are connected with \u00abresponsibility\u00bb and \u00abefficiency\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441; \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"charity; the legislation; the tax code; motivation of charity; social investments."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":151,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lestchenko Olesya Alexandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u041d\u0418\u0423-\u0412\u0428\u042d \u0421\u041f\u0431 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"senior lecturer of National Research University \u2013 Higher School of Economics, St. Petersburg branch, faculty of management"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":539,"author_id":151}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":540,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444: \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Vladimir Kalligraf \u2013 a Cristian Jew in the Church Hierarchy of Russian Empire"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 1716 \u0433. \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to one of the least investigated aspects of the Russian-Jewish mutual relations, i.e. to participation of Christian Jews in the Orthodox church life in the early Modern times Russian Empire. The author focuses on one figure, Vassily Krizhanovsky, a Jew who was baptized in 1716 and got name Vladimir Kalligraf as a monk. His biography is a unique source for study of such key issues as adaptation to and integration of neophytes of Jewish origin in the Russian socio-cultural environment, the Orthodox intellectuals' and representatives of the state power perception of such neophytes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Jews in Russia; change from Judaism to Orthodox Christianity; Vladimir Kalligraf; anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":50,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gerasimova Viktoria Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"post-graduate student of chair of history and culture theory, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":540,"author_id":50}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":541,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0438\u043d\u00bb \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430. \u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 VI \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abPolitical Harlequin\u00bb and| the Anglo-Russian Alliance. On the Formationof the 6th Anti-Napoleonic Coalition"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 1813. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1813 \u0433. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044e. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1813 \u0433.) \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 1813 \u0433. \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.","en":"The issue describes the problems of the Sixth anti-Napoleonic coalition, Russian-British and British-Austrian relations during campaign of 1813. The article disproves an opinion that Britain had always supported Austria since as early as 1813. Austria was viewed with de\u0435p distrust in England and Castlereagh did not intend to follow the main waterway of Austrian policy in 1813. It was Russia that has been seen by Castlereagh as a main and most important ally. When Castlereagh emerged in the Foreign Office in 1812, an opportunity to get closer and overcome the mutual distrust occurred for both Russia and Britain. But Russian-British alliance (proposed by Castlereagh in the beginning of 1813) did not work in 1813 and Castlereagh found support with Metternich instead of Russian Emperor. The article describes the personal relationships between the ambassadors which, as the experience of the talks in 1813 specifically illustrated, and as it will be shown below, were very important and sometimes decisive for Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1813; \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435; \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0444\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; VI \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438; \u041c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"19th century; Europe; campaign of 1813; The Armistice of Pleischwitz; the Conference at Prague; the Frankfurt proposals; 6th anti-Napoleonic coalition; Castlereagh; Metternich; Alexander I; Russian-British relations; British-Austrian relations."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goncharova Oksana Valentinovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Voronezh"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":541,"author_id":56}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":542,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435: \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"The German Defeat in Stalingrad: the Reactions of German Society and the Nazi State"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0445\u0435. \u041d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u041c\u0418, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article sketches the consequences of the German defeat in Stalingrad inside the Third Reich. The German population, inadequately informed by state controlled media until the very last phase of the battle, went into a state of shock. While political opponents of Hitler\u2019s dictatorship drew hope from its loss of popularity, the regime tried to overcome the critical situation by means of propagating \u00abtotal war\u00bb, which meant first of all radicalizing its criminal methods of suppression and enslavement."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0445\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.","en":"Second World War; Battle of Stalingrad; domestic politics of the Third Reich; resistance against Nazi dictatorship."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":302,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0426\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d","en":"\u0426\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u042e\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d","en":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":542,"author_id":302}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":543,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u00bb. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c \u2013 \u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u2013 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442","en":"\u00abToward New Horisons\u00bb. Americans about the US Aims at WWII \u2014 First-Hand Information"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u044e\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u041a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u00bb \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0417\u043b\u0430 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430 (\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439), \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435.","en":"The article is based on the US Office of War Information (OWI) brochure \u00abToward new horizons\u00bb (1942). The OWI was central governmental agency that promoted information on Franklin D. Roosevelt diplomacy and US war efforts during the World War II. The translated into Russian brochure consists of the chief US politicians and is designated to show the US aims at WWII to the general American reader. The main ideas of it are as follows: resistance to the Evil (Nazis and Japan militarists), that will be finished by victory of Good (United Nations) that will provide wellness all over the world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u042d.\u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0441; \u0414.\u041d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0413.\u0423\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441; \u041a.\u0425\u044d\u043b\u043b; \u0421.\u0423\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441; \u041c.\u041f\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441; \u0414\u0436.\u0423\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442.","en":"US; WWII; Office of War Information; public diplomacy; public opininon; E.Davis; D.Nelson; G.Wallace; C.Hull; S.Welles; M.Perkins; J.Winant."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":261,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043a \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Surzhik Dmitrii Viktorovich "},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0410.\u0428\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"researcher at the Scientifical and Educational Center \u00abActual problems of modern history and policy\u00bb (M.A.Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":543,"author_id":261}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":544,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0418\u0437 Attachments \u041c\u043e\u0448\u0435 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"A Walk along Paths of the Past. Fragments from Moshe Levin\u2019s Attachments"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0448\u0435 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \"Lenin's Last Struggle\" \u0438 \"Russian Peasants and Soviet Power\" (\u043e\u0431\u0435 1968 \u0433.), \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 60-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \"\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\". \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u2013 \u00ab\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb. \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u00ab\u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432\u00bb \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b: \u00ab...\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e (\u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443) \u2013 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb. \u0417\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2013 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b, \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0413\u0430\u0448\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0438\u0440\u00bb, \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435.","en":"Moshe Lewin is one of the major foreign explorers of Soviet Russia\u2019s social and political history. His works \u00abLenin's Last Struggle\u00bb and \u00abRussian Peasants and Soviet Power\u00bb (both books were published in 1968) occupy as of right the place among those fundamental writings that, according to prominent Steven Cohen\u2019s words, \u00absuperceded single-mindedness and axioms of Soviet studies with scientific pluralism and broad vision\u00bb. As it turned out, the only book by Lewin translated into Russian is his last book, \u00abSoviet Age\u00bb. Publisher Gleb Pavlovski in his foreword to the book titled \u00abTextbook of caution for heroes\u00bb has justly remarked: \u00ab\u2026It is the book on the Soviet school of politics, on the Soviet type of domination that emerged spontaneously (as result of acceptance of responsibility for the sinking country) and succeeded in entrenching itself in history though at a heavy cost\u00bb. The keen and impartial vision and of Lewin\u2019s expressions are in many ways determined by Lewin\u2019s own life experience. In particular, these experiences are reflected in Lewin\u2019s Attachments (that are published for the first time) and narrate about years of the Great Patriotic War Lewin spent in the USSR: about Sovietization of Lithuania, Jewish youth organization Gashomer Gozeir, work in a collective farm and in shops of Serov steelworks, about service in construction units and training in Podolsk military school."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \"\u0418\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0442\u044c\u043c\u0435\", \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437, \u041c\u0422\u0421, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0431\u0430\u0442, \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Catastrophe; ghetto; uprising; collaboration; \u201cSparkles in the darkness\u201d; collective farm; machine and tractor station; construction unit; Zionism and anti-Semitism."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":80,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":544,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":80,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":545,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0443\u0448\u044c\u044f: \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b","en":"Madness of Asphixy (or Depleted Resources)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435. \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 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\u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a 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\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The author deals with the nearest prospects of humankind that has lost its historical future. Humankind is suffocating in the gripe of crisis. It is the crisis of the world political class, the elite monster. In connection with that the author is concerned with chances that fall to the lot of Russia. So far the vector of Russia\u2019s development was the movement to the West. However this way is exhausted for the Western civilization has rejected values of Modern and opted for anti-Communist project. The elite has built the civilization of lust to prolong the age of capitalist heaven. But the end will be soon put to this condition and the whole humankind will be subject to reduction. The response of Russia may be contained in promotion of the advanced ideology of counter-elite, the cognitariat that will be able to take upon itself specific and complex mission of control and management in the interests of laboring people."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442.","en":"global crisis; elite; communism; counter-elite; cognitariat."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":545,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":546,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"\u00abCold\u00bb War was Born in \u00abHot\u00bb War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f 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\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043a \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u2013 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u041e\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u2013 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c, \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u2013 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The middle and the second half of last century of Second Millennium were noted for unprecedented acuteness of comprehensive confrontation of two extremely hostile to each other social systems. This phenomenon, called \u00abcold\u00bb war, also has a big impact on people\u2019s fates now, in Third Millennium. Important thing is that it didn\u2019t led to a \u00abhot\u00bb war. Nevertheless it has repeatedly drive the ideologically parted society into a border of \u00abhot\u00bb war by the impermissibility of using military expenses on the development needs. \u00abCold\u00bb war can be compared with \u00abhot\u00bb World Wars I and II by the influence on people\u2019s fates, heavy human casualties and the damage to the environment. The background of such a way of society life since World War II should be founded in quite impartial events, in actual of world war, especially its final stage, and in its conclusions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430.","en":"cold war; Second World War; ideological confrontation; social system."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zimonin Vyacheslav Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, academician of Russian Acadeny of natural Sciences, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":546,"author_id":90}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":547,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u043c\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435","en":"Young Andropov\u2019s Career Agony. How Andropov \u00abWashed\u00bb his Past off"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u2212 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e\u00bb. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"Gennady Kostyrchenko, a prominent historian, challenges the authenticity of the official biography of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov who was in charge of the KGB for many years and by the end of his life became a head of the USSR and the CPSU for a short period. Having scrupulously examined numerous historical evidence and documents, including documents from the state archive collections the author demonstrates in detail how this prominent political leader \u00abcorrected\u00bb his own personal data for the sake of a successful career and concealed his true social background that could be dangerous at those times. Andropov carried out this first special operation on creation of his own legend so neatly and fundamentally that it is still impossible to reveal his real past to the very end. It remains just to speculate about his real parents, his ethnic origin, and place of his birth."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432; \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f; \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0431\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; \u0420\u044b\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a; \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044c; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f.","en":"Yuri Andropov; biography; family; parents; place of birth; origin; Germans; Jews; education; the Young Communist League; marriage; career; Moscow; Rybinsk; Yaroslavl; Northern Caucasus; Karelia."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":547,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":548,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"Sheikh-Mansour: A Glance through the Mist of Ages. 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\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.","en":"The article revisits the image of Sheikh-Mansour one of the most enigmatic figures of the Chechen history, who by the close of the 18-th century, to quote John Baddeley, \u00abdropped, as it were, from the clouds full grown, a warrior, preacher and prophet\u00bb to lead the resistance movement against Russia. The mere fact that Mansour gave an armed response to the advent of the Russians serves for many scholars an irresistible temptation to cast him both as a precursor of the 19-th century Caucasus War and a typological predecessor of the renowned Imam Shamyl. The author of this essay argues against what seems to him a far-fetched comparison between the two mountaineers' leaders belonging to different epochs and having different kinds of perception of their political, ideological, and military missions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438, \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445-\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440; \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0413.\u0410. \u0438 \u041f.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1787\u20131791 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Russian policy in the North Caucasus in the 18th c.; patterns of social life in Chechnya; Sheikh-Mansour; the Potemkin brothers; domestic problems in Kabarda; Russo-Turkish War of 1787\u20131791."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":548,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":549,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 (\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e)","en":"Imaginative language of Ancient Rus as a Problem (Facial Chronicle Code of Ivan the Terrible)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 2004 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d\u00bb (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430). \u0414\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0438\u0306 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, 16 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440, \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c (\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c) \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c \u041b\u041b\u0421 (\u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435) \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442. \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a: \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430?","en":"The author deals with study of ancient Russia miniature pictures contained in the Facial chronicle code of Ivan the Terrible. This is the unique memorial of the Russian Middle Ages. In 2004 \u00abActeon\u00bb publishers made the first facsimile publication of the Facial code. Dozens volumes and 16 thousand miniature pictures that illustrate the world and the Russian history were presented and became available in many Russian and foreign libraries. Now access to the first (and subsequent) volumes of the Facial Chronicle Code (in e-version) is possible only by virtue of Internet. It should seem that the publication guaranties knowledge. But it is not so: the sign nature of miniatures is to be in reconstructed for understanding their content. The issue concerns the experience reconstruction of the unknown language specific to the Russian culture. This language has determined the way of text and artistic image \u00abreading\u00bb. One of the main problems of the article is the study of an ancient Russian artist\u2019s horizon of freedom. Whether this artist was not free in his creative work or he was a creator of his own artistic world?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434; \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044b; \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"the Facial Chronicle Code; miniature pictures; Ivan the Terrible; reconstruction; typology of signs."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":549,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":550,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430: \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u043f\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Two Narrative Strategies. Persuasiveness and Conclusiveness in Hagiography by Epiphany the Wise\u2019s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0415\u043f\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 14-15 \u0432\u0432. \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0420\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432 18 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 (\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430) \u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 20 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u044f\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"The author deals with two strategies of rhetoric narrative in the Russian saints' hagiographies written by Medieval scribe Epiphany the Wise at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The heritage of this Moscow Rus author is considered in the broad context of the literature culture of Medieval and early Modern Russia. Rhetoric poetics has never disappeared. Taking its origins in the antique times it kept to be alive during the Middle Age, in the 18th century, in the epoch when classicism burst into blossom, and in the 20th century literature. The rhetoric poetics is connected with extra-literature purposes and tasks as strongly as no other formation of literary culture is and serves to substantiation and propaganda and clear-cut ideological principles and values."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0415\u043f\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u044b\u0439; \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"the Medieval book culture; Epiphany the Wise; the Medieval rhetoric narrative; historical poetics of the Russian literature."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":550,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":551,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u00bb. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b 1938\u20131939 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"\u00abOnly Personal and Confidential\u00bb. American Diplomats on Causes and Secret Springs of the World Catastrophe in 1938\u20131939"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.\n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439, \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 1938\u20131939 \u0433\u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432 30-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u2013\u0420\u0438\u0431\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430.","en":"The article and publication of some unknown documents from a private correspondence of American diplomats describe the substance of the polemics in modern Russian historiography of the genesis of the WWII.\n\nThe author claims that the archival sources of special origin \u2014 personal diaries, letters of professional American diplomats to their colleagues, their highly confidential in governments' offices, newspapermen and family friends provide an upright overview of events in dramatic history of Europe in 1938\u22121939 which proves that the \u00abtraditional\u00bb school of historical research is more close in general to the correct interpretations of the international relations in the 1930s including the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u043c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u2013\u0420\u0438\u0431\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c; \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d.","en":"European crisis; Munich capitulation; Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact; collective security; Churchill; Hitler; Stalin."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":81,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":551,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":552,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u00bb (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abCold\u00bb War was Born in \u00abHot\u00bb War (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0418\u043c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043a \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u2013 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u2013 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c, \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u2013 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d?","en":"The middle and the second half of last century of Second Millennium were noted for unprecedented acuteness of comprehensive confrontation of two extremely hostile to each other social systems. This phenomenon, called \u00abcold\u00bb war, also has a big impact on people\u2019s fates now, in Third Millennium. The background of such a way of society life since World War II should be founded in quite impartial events, in actual of world war, especially its final stage, and in its conclusions. Is the international society in ability to change the paradigm of international relations in a way of refusing \u00abhot\u00bb and \u00abcold\u00bb war thinking?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"Cold war; Second World War; ideological confrontation; social system; Paradigm; thinking."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zimonin Vyacheslav Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, academician of Russian Acadeny of natural Sciences, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":552,"author_id":90}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":553,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412.\u0421. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb","en":"Technologies of Myth Creation: Notes on Publication of V.S.Grossman's Novel \u00abLife and destiny\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412.\u0421.\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 1940-\u0445\u20131960-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u041a.\u041c.\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0410.\u0410.\u0424\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0410.\u0422.\u0422\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0412.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0410.\u042e.\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0421.\u0418.\u041b\u0438\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.","en":"The authors deal with the history of V.S.Grossman's novel \u00abLife and destiny\u00bb publication considered in relation with the history of novel \u00abFor the right cause\u00bb edition. Relations of Grossman with I.V.Stalin, K.M.Simonov, A.A.Fedeev, A.T.Tvardovski, V.M.Kozhevnikov, A.Yu.Krivitski, S.I.Lipkin and with other coevals. The authors demonstrate that judgments of memoirists on the causes of \u00abLife and destiny\u00bb sequestration are not confirmed with documents."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0421.\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u00bb, \u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb, \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432, \u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0410.\u0422.\u0422\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u041a.\u041c.\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0410.\u0410.\u0424\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u0412.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0421.\u0418.\u041b\u0438\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb, \u00ab\u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u044f\u00bb.","en":"V.S.Grossman, \u201cLife and destiny\u201d novel, \u201cFor the right cause\u201d novel, I.V.Stalin, N.S.Khruschev, M.A.Suslov, A.T.Tvardovski, K.M.Simonov, A.A.Fadeev, V.M.Kozgevnikov, S.I.Lipkin , \u201cThe New World\u201d magazine, \u201cThe Banner\u201d magazine."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":27,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0438\u0442-\u042e\u043d\u0430\u043d \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bit-Yunan Yrii Gevargisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., philologist, senior lecturer of Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":553,"author_id":27}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":553,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":554,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Sheikh-Mansour: A Glance through the Mist of Ages. Reflections of a XXI Century Historian (the continuance)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u044d\u0434\u0434\u043b\u0438, \"\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \", \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article revisits the image of Sheikh-Mansour one of the most enigmatic figures of the Chechen history, who by the close of the 18-th century, to quote John Baddeley, \u00abdropped, as it were, from the clouds full grown, a warrior, preacher and prophet\u00bb to lead the resistance movement against Russia. The mere fact that Mansour gave an armed response to the advent of the Russians serves for many scholars an irresistible temptation to cast him both as a precursor of the 19-th century Caucasus War and a typological predecessor of the renowned Imam Shamyl. The author of this essay argues against what seems to him a far-fetched comparison between the two mountaineers' leaders belonging to different epochs and having different kinds of perception of their political, ideological, and military missions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438, \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445-\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440; \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0413.\u0410. \u0438 \u041f.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1787\u20131791 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Russian policy in the North Caucasus in the 18-th c.; patterns of social life in Chechnya; Sheikh Mansour; the Potemkin brothers; domestic problems in Kabarda; Russo-Turkish War of 1787\u20131791."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":554,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":555,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445, \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445...\u00bb. \u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439","en":"\u00abDuring these conferences we grew up in our and others' eyes\u00bb. Cases from the history of the Russian emigration\u2019s scientific communication (1921\u22121930)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438-\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 1921\u20131930 \u0433\u0433. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b: \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430, \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0410.\u0410.\u041a\u0438\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0410.\u0421.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u041d.\u041e.\u041b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u041c.\u041c.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u041f.\u0411.\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article covers the phenomenon of scientific congresses organized by Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 scientists during the 1921\u22121930 years. These congresses combined Russian academic community abroad, coordinated scholars\u2019s activities, regulated system of education and scientific manpower training. In total, five congresses were organized. Prague, Belgrade and Sofia were places where these congresses took place. A.A.Kizewetter, A.S.Lomshakov, N.O.Lossky, M.M.Novikov, P.B.Struve and others were members of congresses. Congresses have played a huge role in the development of scientific communication between emigrants."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438; \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434; \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f.","en":"Russia Abroad, scientific congresses, Russian academic groups, the history of science, Prague, Belgrade, Sofia."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":555,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":556,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u042e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0430\u00bb","en":"From Christian to Noble. The Sistem of Basic Values in \u00abDomostroi\u00bb and \u00abYunosti Chestnoe Zercalo\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0438 \u042e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u201c\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u201d, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 XVI \u043a XVIII \u0432. \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c.","en":"This paper addresses the comparative analysis of the two famous Russian treatises Domostroi and Junosti chestnoe zertsalo to account for the transformations of the basic attitudes to everyday life from 16th to 18th cent. In order to implement that the author is developing a special methodology rest on revealing the categories of \u00abpivot meaning\u00bb. The gist of the analysis can be formulated as follows: the rationalization and the secularization of Russian culture turn out the two main directions of cultural evolution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u042e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"Domostroi; Junosti chestnoe zertsalo; category of pivot meaning; secularization of culture; rationalization of system of values."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":54,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Glebkin Vladimir Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u2116 1514 \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b","en":"Ph.D., philosopher, Head of Department of Theory and History of World Culture in Gymnasium 1514, Moscow"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":556,"author_id":54}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":557,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XVI \u2013 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"Tsar Elected and Tsar Dethroned: Transformation of Notions of Reign in Russia at the End of the 16\u201317th c."},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f-\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0446\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XVI \u0432. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XVI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0411\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 XVII \u0432., \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f.","en":"The idea of tsar as an autocrat whose God-blessed reign is rooted in his God-chosen dynasty, was fully formed in Russia in the 16th century. Still at the end of the century, after the death of Feodor Ivanovich who left no successor, the model collapsed. The new ritual and symbolical system of choosing the tsar was rapidly created. This step signified the radical shift of notions that concerned the origins and the system of reign. The article is focused on this new model and the way it influenced the culture of the 17th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0428\u0443\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"Time of Troubles; election of tsar; cross-kissing; Boris Godunov; Vasily Shuysky."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":13,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Antonov Dmitriy Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor of the Institute of Russian History, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":557,"author_id":13}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":558,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\". \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b II \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432","en":"\u00abThe power bereft of popular support is nothing\u00bb. The Provincial Government Reform of Catherine II in Sermons Delivered at the Opening of Vicegerencies Events"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438- \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u2013 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430.","en":"The author analyzes principal strategies the Church hierarchs of the Catherine the Great reign employed at the ceremonies of vicegerency openings for substantiation of the provincial governance reform as well as for explanation of ideas related to the role of justice and court bodies in life of the society and the state. A sermon is considered as an effective instrument that allowed providing information about domestic and foreign policies actions of the supreme power. Though the principal aim of a sermon had to be spiritual instruction on the execution of Christian virtues by the flock, the civic function of s sermon, i.e. conveying of the state ideology and its fastening in conscience of the Russian sovereign subjects of various standings was increasing in a quite visible way."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"provincial government reform, sermon, the state ideology, Catherine II, legal proceedings."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430","en":"Zernova Anna Il\u2019inichna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"postgraduate, Chair of Medieval and Early Modern of Russian History, faculty of archives, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":558,"author_id":89}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":559,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u041a.\u0424.\u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435","en":"A Contribution to the History of the Early 19th Century Russian Army: K.Th.Ryleev at the Military Service"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433. \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 1813 \u0438 1814 \u0433\u0433. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041a.\u0424. \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438.","en":"The authors deal with the situation in the Russian army after the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813 and 1814. Relations in mass of army officers are examined on the example of K. Th. Ryleev, the poet and conspirator, service activities. The authors reconstruct the circle of the army officers' interests and their attitude to the military service and come to the conclusion that the post-war officers' service could not meet aspirations of young gentlemen to the full in the later years of Alexander I reign."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a.\u0424. \u0420\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u041a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u041f.\u041e. \u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430, \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430, \u0410.\u0410. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438.","en":"K.Th.Ryleev; horse artillery; P.O.Sukhozanet, gambling; general field service, A.A.Kosovsky, unrest in the army."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":82,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":559,"author_id":59}},{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":559,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":560,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Concentration of Impudence: Criminal Capitalism and the Russian Academy of Sciences Reform"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0420\u0410\u041d. \u0417\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. \u0417\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the so much featured reform of the Russian Academy of sciences (the RAS). Whatever may happen in the future, any person sensitive and partial to destiny of the Russian science has to side with the Russian Academy of sciences. This institution represents and embodies the history of all Russian science while those who wish to privatize the RAS property are agents of the criminal capital. It is necessary to withstand all attempts to convert the RAS reform into an enormous raider takeover. Though the RAS in its present condition is a far cry from what it used to be, it as well as its staff is, no doubt, more close to Russia\u2019s interests than those who plan takeover of property. However, the future of the RAS depends on the RAS itself and on the society at large."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d; \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b; \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445.","en":"reform of the Russian Academy of Scienses (the RAS); raider seisure of RAS property; criminal capital; future of the RAS depends of the RAS itself."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":560,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":561,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0446. \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439","en":"The Chocolate Hare. The Intelligentsia\u2019s Pushkin-Decembrist Myth at the Turn of Millennia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e 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\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442. \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u00bb (\u0410.\u0418.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043d) \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0434\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb, \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430.","en":"The Pushkin-Decembrist myth of the Soviet times, according to which the national poet did not find his way into the conspirator ranks solely due conspirators' careful attitude to Pushkin\u2019s literary genius, is being subject to a comprehensive revision nowadays. The higher power and Orthodox monarchists who enjoy the power\u2019s support are creating an image of a consistent and coherent admirer of the empire and the loyal son of the Church. Such person could have only short-term and superficial relations with Freemasonic Decembrists. The intelligentsia is also creating a new design of the myth, and this design provides no place to revolutionary moods. Liberal Pushkin does not share his more resolute friends' opinions about a coup d\u2019etat and even more so their ideas about a regicidal dagger. Though Pushkin\u2019s opinions diverged from opinions of his friends he had friendly feelings to them and called upon harsh but just Czar Nicholas to demonstrate mercy to them. In this interpretation interrelation of the Soviet myth characters is being changed. Pushkin is no longer a younger friend and a like-minded man of revolutionary Decembrists. Vice versa, now Decembrists are considered as an element of Pushkin\u2019s environment. Indifference to self-giving Decembrists (as they were presented by A.I.Herzen and since his times had been seen as the archetype of the Russian intelligentsia) is an evidence of rapid estrangement of the current \u2018creative class' from the tradition of a selfless life for the sake of the people\u2019s enlightenment. Properly speaking, intelligentsia as a social group which unites people who are ready to sacrifice their time, money, freedom and even their lives for the sake of social interests and common good does not exist any longer. Heroic loners are unable to influence a demoralized majority of \u2018very special people' (as A.I.Herzen defined them) of creative professions who are absorbed, along with \u2018the trash' they despise so much, in the values of comfort."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u00ab\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b\u00bb; \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Pushkin, Decembrists, \u00abgrande revues\u00bb, the intelligentsia\u2019s myth."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Erlich Sergey Efraimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433)","en":"Ph.D in History, Director of the Publishing House \u00abNestor-History\u00bb (St. Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":561,"author_id":321}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":562,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Sheikh-Mansour: A Glance through the Mist of Ages. Reflections of a XXI Century Historian (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u044d\u0434\u0434\u043b\u0438, \"\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \", \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article revisits the image of Sheikh-Mansour one of the most enigmatic figures of the Chechen history, who by the close of the 18-th century, to quote John Baddeley, \u00abdropped, as it were, from the clouds full grown, a warrior, preacher and prophet\u00bb to lead the resistance movement against Russia. The mere fact that Mansour gave an armed response to the advent of the Russians serves for many scholars an irresistible temptation to cast him both as a precursor of the 19-th century Caucasus War and a typological predecessor of the renowned Imam Shamyl. The author of this essay argues against what seems to him a far-fetched comparison between the two mountaineers' leaders belonging to different epochs and having different kinds of perception of their political, ideological, and military missions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438, \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445-\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440; \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0413.\u0410. \u0438 \u041f.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1787\u20131791 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Russian policy in the North Caucasus in the 18-th c.; patterns of social life in Chechnya; Sheikh Mansour; the Potemkin brothers; domestic problems in Kabarda; Russo-Turkish War of 1787\u20131791."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":562,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":563,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445, \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445...\u00bb. \u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1929\u20131930) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abDuring These Conferences We Grew up in Our and Others' Eyes\u00bb. Cases from the History of the Russian Emigration\u2019s Sientific Communication (1921\u22121930) (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438-\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 1921 \u2013 1930 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 (2013. \u2116 4).\n\n\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 (1922 \u0438 1924 \u0433\u0433.), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (1928 \u0433.) \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (1930 \u0433.). \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2013 \u0410. \u0410. \u041a\u0438\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0410. \u0412. \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0410. \u0421. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u0448\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u041d. \u041e. \u041b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u041c. \u041c. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u041f. \u0411. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435.\n\n\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432.\n\n\u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article covers the phenomenon of scientific congresses organized by Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 scientists during the 1921\u22121930 years. These congresses combined Russian academic community abroad, coordinated scholars\u2019s activities, regulated system of education and scientific manpower training. The article is devoted to the congresses organized in Prague (1922), Belgrade (1929) and Sofia (1930). A.A.Kizewetter, A.V.Florovsky, A.S.Lomshakov, N.O.Lossky, M.M.Novikov, P.B.Struve and others were members of congresses. Congresses have played a huge role in the development of scientific communication between Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 scientists."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438; \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434; \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f.","en":"Russia Abroad; scientific congresses; Russian academic groups; the history of science; Prague; Belgrade; Sofia."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":563,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":564,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b-\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Destiny of a Female Refugee. Based on the WWI Documents"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u2013 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b-\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author deals with one of the most dramatic and new social phenomena the Russian empire encountered during the World War I, i.e. massive flow of refugees. The author considers various aspects of a female refugee as these are represented by results of new document studies. The main types of new documents are newspaper publications and some female refugees' letters kept in archives. The author describes a wide range of a female refugee\u2019s fears and alarms, difficulties of such females' life at new places of residence in the escape."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430.","en":"World War I; Russian empire; refugees; a refugee woman."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":82,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhvanko Lubov\u2019 Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0411\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, O.M.Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":564,"author_id":82}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":565,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0443 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 1918\u20131919 \u0433\u0433. \u041c.\u0410.\u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d","en":"Socialist-Revolutionary in the Service of Kolchak. M.A.Atmakin: Governor of Irbitskii Uezd during 1918\u20131919"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 1918-1919 \u0433\u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0418\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c.\u0410. \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"This article is devoted to the biography of Markel Atmakin, socialist-revolutionary and journalist, who was governor of Irbitskii uezd in 1918\u22121919. The article is focusing on activity of Atmakin during the period of Russian Civil war. With use of various archival documents, the background of conflicts between civil and military authorities of Kolchak regime is described in the article. According to the author\u2019s opinion, such conflicts bring the White movement in the East of Russia to defeat."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b; \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043a; \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d.","en":"Civil war; Ural; socialist-revolutionaries; Kolchak; Atmakin."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":42,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0440 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Veber Mikhail Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Junior research fellow of Department of Political and Sociocultural History, the Institute of History and Archaeology of Ural branch of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":565,"author_id":42}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":566,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:51.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u2013 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"Roosevelt\u2013Litvinov: the Two Meetings in the White House with Interval Eight Years Long"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 1918-1919 \u0433\u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0418\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c.\u0410. \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article brings to life a fulcrum moment in history of Russian-American relations in XX century which took place at the very time of the Great Depression and when it was recognized in full the seriousness of the Japanese threat in Asia and the reality of the Nazi menace in Europe. In Autumn 1933 the new president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt fully appreciated the gravity of these development and initiated the recognition of the USSR. As a result of the negotiation with the Soviet foreign commissar M. Litvinov the establishment of relations between the United States and the Soviet Union was announced in November 16, 1933. Thus the sixteen years long, notorious non-recognition was closed and the path to more or less durable relationship between the two countries was opened. The article reveals not only the historical significance of the Roosevelt-Litvinov meeting as one of the first indications of the two states' marked solicitude for the precarious position of the peace-loving nations in the face of the Nazi menace and Japanese militarism. It was also a clear recognition of the Russia\u2019s role in international relations and seriousness of Soviet offer to prevent attacks of the aggressors at the first sign. The efforts to stop the war failed but the ordeal of WWII proved definitely that the personal relationship of confidence between leaders and diplomats of the Big Three was entirely necessary and possible. M. Litvinov in his quality as a soviet envoy to Washington (1941\u22121943) was successful in gaining Roosevelt\u2019s sympathy and involving him in talks concerning the postwar international security and world structure."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0438; \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430; \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b; \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0421\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0411\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0442.","en":"Soviet-American relations; non-recognition; Colby note; Roosevelt initiative; Washington negotiation; Litvinov; Skvirsky; Bullitt."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":566,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":567,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0415.\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043c-\u0413\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"V.E.Groum-Grzhimailo on Specialist Training on Technological Higher Education Institutions in the 1920s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433., \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (1927 \u0433.) \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0413\u0440\u0443\u043c-\u0413\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435-\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author considers problems of engineering and technical personnel training in the 1920s. In particular, the author investigates principal guidelines of the Soviet system devised for the purpose of cadre question solution in metallurgy. The greatest attention is paid to analysis of metallurgical high quality engineer training system ich was suggested by the prominent metallurgical scientist, the Associate Member of the USSR Academy of sciences Vladimir Efimovich Groum-Grzhimailo who was the father of hydraulic theory of flame furnace computation and the author of works on physical and chemical fundamentals of steel-smelting processes, size-grading of forming rolls and refractory materials making."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"young engineers; high school; engineer training system; metallurgy."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":83,"authors":[{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zakharov Evgenii Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"Postgraduate, Faculty of State Management, Chair of political history, Moscow State University, leading specialist of Russian State Archive of Social-Political History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":567,"author_id":86}}],"issue":{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":568,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b: \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432","en":"At the Very Brink of Disater: Answer to Challenge"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438? \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0424\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1917 \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b?","en":"The author deals with situation in the present day Russia. Over a quarter of century the country experiences degradation and decay, the post-Soviet syndrome of a kind. Is an exit from the situation possible? The author compares the current situation with the post-revolutionary breakdown and chaos that emerged due to the crisis of leadership. The feudal gentry and bourgeoisie were incapable to overcome the breakdown. The future belonged to the Bolshevists charged with ideal aims and willing to make sacrifices to attain their aims. The criminal capitalism emerged on the ruins of the Soviet Union carries no less danger than the collapse of the authority in 1917. Is it possible to find a force that will stop the country at the very brink of disaster?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441.","en":"the USSR; criminal capitalism; the Great October revolution; bourgeoisie; the Bolshevist party; ruling class."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":568,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":569,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Our Achievements"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 1992 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00bb \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author examines the current state of the Russian society, Russians' attitude toward the authorities and compares them with the aggregate of ideas and expectations that were specific to the so called democratic movement and the liberal intelligentsia in the time of perestroika, on the eve of reforms commenced in 1992. The \u00abdemocratic\u00bb project of those days are compared with results of reforms carried out during the past 20 years along such criteria as freedom, justice, and public moods and values. The author demonstrates that freedom has not been achieved in the social dimension and principles of justice are grossly violated and ignored. All that exercises a negative effect on the mass conscience that experiences crisis and degradation. According to author, the higher authorities lack a coherent conception of reforms, of transformations they carry out. Moreover, even the declaration of the authorities' intentions is a simulation of systemic reforms and modernization."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430; \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"post-Soviet Russia; authorities; society; freedom; social rights; justice."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":569,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":570,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443","en":"Russia\u2019s Centuries-Old Path to the Arctic Region"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0435\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.","en":"In this article the author makes an attempt to portray different stages of the Arctic policy of Russia, to show that Russia was historically deeply interconnected with the Arctic region, and to demonstrate continuity and novelty elements in the Russia\u2019s Arctic policy. The author analyzes the Arctic policies of the Russian Empire, of the Soviet Union and of the Russian Federation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041e\u041e\u041d \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443; \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c.","en":"UN convention on the law of the sea; sectoral and conventional approaches; the Northern Sea Route."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aleksandrov Oleg Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e(\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, assistant Professor, Chair for International Relations and Foreign Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations \u2013 University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":570,"author_id":6}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":571,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"Concept of Law in the Decembrist\u2019s World View"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432: \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430.","en":"The author investigates the role the notion of law played in the Decembrists' ideology. The semantics of the notion is examined in the first part of the article while the second part of the article deals with defining of the notion\u2019s place in the Decembrists' Weltanschauung: notions that are semantically connected with the notion of law are identified and a system of basic Weltanschauung notions of secret societies' members is reconstructed. Ideology of the Decembrists is examined in the third part of the article on the basis of the system obtained. In particular, emergence of monarchy limitation and serfdom abolition ideas is considered."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"Decembrists; notion of law; ideology; history of notions; semantics."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamenev Evgeniy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in history, the lecturer, Petrozavodsky State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":571,"author_id":107}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":572,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0435\u0432: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"Ivan Timofeev: History and Rhetoric"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u044c\u044f\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0443 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\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044e. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to one of the most original thinkers of the 17th century, d\u2019yak (clerk) Ivan Timofeev (Semenov), the author of the \u00abChronicle\u00bb, the book that had to provide an answer to the challenging question concerning the causes of the Time of troubles in the Russian state. The plan of the work came to Ivan Timofeev\u2019s mind in Novgorod. This city lived through a long Swedish occupation and all vicissitudes of the state crisis that brought Russian on the brink of national disaster. It was precisely the time when the Metropolitan of Novgorod blessed Timofeev to write the Time of troubles chronicle which had to prevent oblivion of the Russian history tragic period when usurpers, \u00abslave czars\u00bb and \u00abHellenes\u00bb of alien faith contributed to the supreme authority renown\u2019s fall. Yet Timofeev produces not a dry chronicle of events but an excited lyrical monologue, confused, irregular in contexture, and does that by extremely difficult language and style. Timofeev failed to write a well-structured historical work. But he was the first of the Russian medieval authors who employed the traditional hagiographic general judgments and techniques of time and space organization for description of the civil history events. Also he was the first who began to consider a historian\u2019s method."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0421\u043c\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f; \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b; \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"history; rhetoric; the ancient Russian literature; the Time of troubles; general statements; book-learning culture."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":572,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":573,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u2013 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"National Self-Identification: Experience of German Princesses \u2013 Would be Russian Empresses in the Russian Society"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430 \u2013\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\/\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The House of the Romanovs is considered to be a social, culture, political phenomenon of Russian society. Dynasty marriage, on the one hand, is a political tool of Russia-Europe coexistence. On the other hand, it appears to be a special platform for a cross cultural dialog. The article reveals main indicators of positive sociocultural adaptation of German Princesses (Russian Impresses): Russian language competence \u2014 Orthodox mentality \u2014 self-understanding of high status \u2014 social and political activity \u2014 people surrounding \u2014 Russian self-identification. Two first steps are taken into consideration in details for their basic function in performing Russian self-identification. Also the article focuses on features of motivation and mentality orientation: the reach motif seems to be the most important. It overtakes the stimulus of recognition, stability, in prestige, in belonging to a family\/society, cognitive, in self-competence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u044b;\n\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445; \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u042f-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437.","en":"religious mentality; language competence; selfidentification; Russian Impresses; the Romanovs; motivation; selfimage."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":209,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pavlovskaya Olga Anatol\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"lecturer, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area of Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":573,"author_id":209}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":574,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441 \u0413.\u0412.\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0410.\u041d.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"A Bad Peace is Better than a Good Quarrel: The Alliance of G.V.Plekhanov with A.N.Potresov for the Sake of Defense During the World War I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0413.\u0412.\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0410.\u041d.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1917\u20131918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"In the article there is a detailed analysis of an event in beginning of the \u0425\u0425 century of the conflict between \u00abthe father of Russian marxism\u00bb and the founder of the Russian social democracy G.V.Plekhanov with one of leaders of the Russian Menshevism \u2014 A.N.Potresov, and also overcoming of this conflict in 1917\u22121918 on the basis of divided both figures of a \u00abdefensist\u00bb platform in relation to the First world war contains. A reconciliation between these leaders promoted to the formation during this period of \u00abdefensist\u00bb alliance in structure of Plekhanov, Potresov and their adherents."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb.","en":"Plekhanov; Potresov; World War I; Social democracy; Menshevism; \u201cdefensism\u201d."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0435\u0432 \u042d\u0434\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyaev Eduard Valentinovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Chair of History and Culture of the Fatherland, Saratov State Technical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":574,"author_id":132}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":575,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b: \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb","en":"A Struggle for \u00abEternal Peace\u00bb in the Years of the World War I: the Bolsheviks against the \u00abDemocrats\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 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\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d.","en":"The author considers the fact that in the years of the First World War, contrary to the old view, the struggle was not only for the new territories, but also for the establishment of the \u00abeternal\u00bb peace of the world. Being an active participant in this struggle, the Bolsheviks defended the \u00absocialist\u00bb model of the world in the ideological confrontation, mainly, with the adherents of the \u00abdemocratic\u00bb model, which included not only liberals, but also many representatives of the international social democratic movement. However, in recent years this activity of the Bolsheviks is often ignored, it helps to wrench the picture of past and to one-side explanation of the world wars history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"the First World War; the Bolsheviks; the eternal peace; the \u201csocialist\u201d model of the world; the \u201cdemocratic\u201d model of the world."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":84,"authors":[{"id":140,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kuleshova Natalia Yur\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u041c\u0410\u0414\u0418)","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Chair of History and Cultural Studies, Moscow State Automobile and Road Technical University (MADI)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":575,"author_id":140}}],"issue":{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2013,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":576,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b: \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c","en":"Barricades: Logic of Radicalization. How did that Commence"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0435. \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445) \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e: \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e. \u0412\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d: \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"The article deals with events that unfold in Ukraine. The author analyzes the media responses to riots that have occurred in Kyiv this winter. Logic of radicalization us seen everywhere. Events at Maidan and at Grushevsky street are well controlled by the opposition (with all qualifications and deliberate aberrations) and radicals act quite consciously and persistently: they had been well prepared. To be sure, events of this winter are the pilot balloon that has to check stability and endurance of Russia. In fact, all these efforts were made not in vain. They are focused on Russia. There is the only way out: calmness, anti-extremism and law-abidance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"opposition; radicalization; the European Union; Russia politics; government."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":576,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":577,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u00ab\u0441 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0439, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"The USSR\u2019s Allies Harboring the \u00abAtomic Stone\u00bb Behind their Back. How and for What Purpose the Atomic Weaponry was Created During the World War II"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043a \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u2013 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435.","en":"The development of atom weaponry undertaken by the USA in secret from the USSR at the final stage of the World War II led the former anti-Nazi allies along the path of mutual hatred and brought them to the Cold War and nuclear arms race that put the world in the historical nuclear stalemate that was fraught with the real danger of annihilation of life all over the Earth."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u044b; \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"World War II; Cold War; development of atom bomb; coalition; confrontation."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zimonin Vyacheslav Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, academician of Russian Acadeny of natural Sciences, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":577,"author_id":90}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":578,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u2014 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d","en":"Terrorism and Muslim Radicalism \u2013 the Global Risk Number One"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article deals with the burning issues of terrorism and Islamic extremism which are the main threat for the whole humanity today. This danger causes the growing alarm in the world society and that\u2019s why needs thorough analyses of their reasons. That\u2019s why in the article the author thoroughly investigates the growth of terrorist threats, their reasons and why the terrorism and Islamic extremism are especially dangerous. In this context considered the problems connected with the adopting of the decisions by the different international organizations on common struggle with terrorism. Using system and holistic analyses the author who was the ambassador at large and the director of the Middle East department in the USSR Foreign Ministry researchts the possible ways and methods of struggle with terrorism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b; \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c; \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a.","en":"terrorism; islamic extremism; terrorist acts; the struggle against terrorism; force actions; antiterrorist international cooperation; Middle East."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":60,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grinevsky Oleg Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru","en":"D. Sci., historian, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities and Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)\\r\\nolgrinev@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":578,"author_id":60}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":579,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0415\u0413\u042d \u2014 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u0433 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"The Repeal of the SSE as the First Step to Education Revival"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u0424. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 70 % \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0415\u0413\u042d. \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0413\u042d \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c.","en":"A conference organized by S. Kurginyan was dedicated to the fate of the single state examination in the RF. Members of higher education institutions faculty and scientists who work at these institutions took part in discussion of the urgent topic. The Russian education problem lies in the fact that initiatives of the power in the sphere of education have long ago come in contradiction with moods of the overwhelming part of population. In fact, nearly 70% of population is strongly against the SSE. The SSE system contributes to the degradation of education as a whole. It was important for participants of the conference to understand the essence of the SSE, how it is carried on and to what asymmetric results the SSE provides across the RF territory. The author considers the SSE within the general context of education reforms."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415\u0413\u042d; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430.","en":"the SSE; reforms of education; school exams; corruption; tutors and coaches; culture."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":46,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volkov Aleksander Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Head of the Department of General and Comparative Linguistics, Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":579,"author_id":46}},{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zverkina Galina Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, Moscow State University of Railway Transport"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":579,"author_id":88}},{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ivanov Aleksander Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci. in physics and mathematics, Professor, Head of the Department of Geometry and Topology, Petrozavodsk State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":579,"author_id":97}},{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":579,"author_id":143}},{"id":268,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tishkov Mikhail Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f '\u0420\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436'\u00bb","en":"Director of the first private school in Russia \u00ab'Radonezh' Orthodox Gymnasium\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":579,"author_id":268}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":580,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"The War of Monuments and the War Against Monuments"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438\u2026","en":"Destruction of monuments is one of the most vivid characteristics of revolutionary events. Raging crowds enthusiastically overturn bronze figures of hateful rulers and their servants and destroy other visible hostile symbols. During radical political transformations not only the power is seized in the center of a state and all over a country and not just control over armed forces and important facilities is established. A victory in symbolic dimension has an enormous significance because such victory exerts tremendous impact on people\u2019s minds and hearts, mobilizes masses. A city belongs to a person whose monument stands at the central square of a city."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439.","en":"history of Russia; historical memory; wars of memory; politics of memory; monuments; names of ships."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":580,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":581,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445","en":"Abdication of Nicholas II and Mikhail Aleksandrovich: Legal Validity of the Romanovs\u2019 Last Manifests"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u043e\u0442 2 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442 3 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 IV \u0434\u043e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c I \u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u043c I. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the questions of compliance of the act of the Emperor Nicholas II dated the 2nd March 1917 about abdication and the act of the Grand duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich dated the 3rd March 1917 about refusal from the Throne to the norms of State law of the Russian Empire. The analysis of the theory and practice of rules of a succession in Russia since the time of Ivan IV to Nicholas II is presented. A particular attention is paid to the rules of succession established by Peter I and Paul I. A question of status of the Russian Emperor according to the Fundamental laws of the Russian Empire is partially investigated. A detailed analysis of the acts of Nicholas II and Mikhail regarding their compliance to the imperial legislation is given; an attempt to show a role of these documents in discredit of ideology of the Russian monarchy is done."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II; \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russia; Nicholas II; abdication of the throne; monarchy; state law of the Russian Empire."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":184,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Monastyrev Mikhail Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"Post-graduate, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":581,"author_id":184}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":582,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Beginning of the Stalingrad Battle as Reflected by the US Printed Media"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"In article an estimation of U.S. press of Soviet announcement of Stalingrad battle is analyzed. Studied opinions of the press the U.S. about beginning the battle. Specificity of these opinions is revealed. Sources of formation of opinions and estimations are considered, for the first time in historiography. A comparison of press concerning the progress and character of Soviet defense and Nazi offensive."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434.","en":"USSR; public opinion; Stalingrad."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":85,"authors":[{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Buranok Sergey Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f (\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430)","en":"Ph.D., historian, Volga State Socio-Humanitarian Academy, Samara"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":582,"author_id":38}}],"issue":{"id":85,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":583,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f","en":"The People\u2019s Will and the Meeting Democracy"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u2013 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0443, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0445\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"The interview is dedicated to the current events in Ukraine. De-Banderization of Ukraine is inevitable. It will occur much along the lines of denazification, and Western assistant will not help. These assistants initially provided help even to Hitler. The end of that story is well known. Therefore, right now the main thing is to see the truth, shake oneself free from the spell of the Ukrainian nazi propaganda. It is necessary to understand fully the goodness, totality and happiness of the choice made by the Crimean people."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"de-Banderization; the Crimea; the meeting democracy; Nazism."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":583,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":584,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"The Dark Ages of the Caucasus History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438), \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430.","en":"The author is well aware that by trying to immerse the reader into the murky ages of the Caucasus history he embarks upon a risky travel. The overwhelming part of academic knowledge on that subject-matter is doomed to remain either plausible hypothesis or dubious theories. To verify them with absolute correctness seems next to impossible. Nevertheless we are not going to give up hope to have the picture of the past more vivid and trustworthy. Our cautious optimism is based on the belief that historical sources, for all its impressive quantity, have not yet parted with many of its secrets."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b VI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d.\u044d.; \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430; \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"history of the North Caucasus from the ancient times up to the mid-sixth century AD; the great transmigration of people; the North-Caucasus tribes and Classical Antiquity; the rise and fall of Eurasian tribal \u201cempires\u201d."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":584,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":585,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"World War I in Human Dimension: Power and Society"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f 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\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u044b\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0418 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f. \u041d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u00bb.","en":"For Russia World War I turned out to be not just a precursor but also a powerful detonator of fateful events of 1917. The tenth wave of revolutionary impulse generated by hardships of those ragged years did not stop upon destruction of the autocracy\u2019s fundamentals that had seemed hard and fast just a few years ago. The impulse went much further and smashed down age-old fundamentals, traditional order of the state and popular life. And resulted in another war, even more fearful and bloody civil war. A century after beginning of these earthshaking events that shattered the whole country and the whole world we are bound to revisit them and to understand them in the perspective of the present-day problems and challenges. To do that we have, in the first place, call from not-being, to revive, hear and perceive adequately voices of people who had endured hardships and consequences of that war now commonly called \u00abthe forgotten war\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434; \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"World War I; civil war; power; society; anthropological approach; lessons of history."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":585,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":586,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445.","en":"Abdication of Nicholas II and Mikhail Aleksandrovich: Legal Validity of the Romanovs\u2019 Last Manifests (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u043e\u0442 2 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442 3 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u043a \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f II \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the questions of compliance of the act of the Emperor Nicholas II dated the 2nd March 1917 about abdication and the act of the Grand duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich dated the 3rd March 1917 about refusal from the Throne to the norms of State law of the Russian Empire. The analysis of the theory and practice of rules of a succession in Russia since the time of Ivan IV to Nicholas II is presented. A particular attention is paid to the rules of succession established by Peter I and Paul I. A question of status of the Russian Emperor according to the Fundamental laws of the Russian Empire is partially investigated. A detailed analysis of the acts of Nicholas II and Mikhail regarding their compliance to the imperial legislation is given; an attempt to show a role of these documents in discredit of ideology of the Russian monarchy is done."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II; \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russia; Nicholas II; abdication of the throne; monarchy; state law of the Russian Empire."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":184,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Monastyrev Mikhail Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"Post-graduate, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":586,"author_id":184}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":587,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Nomadic and Meshochnicheskaya Russia : the Survival of the Russian Population in the Catastrophe of Civil War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 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\u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044c\u0435. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443. \u041c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441.","en":"During the Civil War and the Russian Time of Troubles there was a revival of nomadic consciousness inherent in Russian ethnicity. In stable times it was receding into the background and gradually becoming obsolete. However, it showed its true worth in an extreme situation. That very circumstance played a crucial role in the survival of the Russian population. A significant part of population moved on and became nomads. In this regard, the author relates this large-scale phenomenon to Russian bag people, or meshochnics. Millions of them were essentially nomads. The Soviet state declared war on them, generally for ideological reasons. The bag people movement became illegal. Having started the fight against the state, they met and overcame countless difficulties on their nomadic way. Ultimately, Russian nomads and bag people forced Bolsheviks to compromise."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438; \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0434\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434; \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438; \u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"nomadic Russia; bag people; types of bag people; the Civil War; railroad; barrier troops; requisitions; Narkomprod; markets; Sukharevka; political moods."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davydov Alexander Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u0418.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Russian History, A.I.Gertsen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":587,"author_id":68}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":588,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438: \u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e","en":"The Dymovka Affair: an Episode of the Soviet Regional Press History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u00bb \u0413.\u0418.\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442, \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u00ab\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0424.\u042d.\u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0438 \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The authors relate details of so called Dymovka affair, a large-scale press campaign connected with slaughter of G.I.Malinovsky, the agrarian correspondent of the \u00abRed Nikolaev\u00bb newspaper. The authors analyze press materials, art works and archive materials pertaining to the event as well as to the trial of \u00abmurders of the agrarian correspondents\u00bb. The authors come to the conclusion that the real reason of the press campaign was the struggle for power between I.V.Stalin who was supported by F.E.Dzierzynsky and L.D.Trotsky. The article demonstrates how sinuosity of this struggle was reflected in press publications, first of all, in the \u00abRed Nikolaev\u00bb newspaper."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u00bb; \u0413.\u0418.\u041c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0414\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0424.\u042d.\u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"the Soviet press; political struggle; press campaign; the \u201cRed Nikolaev\u201d newspaper; G.I.Malinovsky; Dymovka; I.V.Stalin; L.D.Trotsky; F.D.Dzierzynsky."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":86,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":588,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":588,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":86,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":589,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f...\u2026\u00bb: \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443","en":"\u00abFor Protection of Peace and Welfare\u2026\u00bb: Russia\u2019s European Policy in the Post-Napoleonic Era"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432. 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\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 (1820) \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c.","en":"The issue is about Russian foreign policy during post-Napoleonic period in Europe. Russia keenly protested against Austrian policy of interference with German home affairs. Russia did not champion the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees and restrained from recommending it to German sires. Alexander patronized sovereignty and constitutions of the German princes against the Habsburg court. From 1815 to 1821 Russia recommended and supported public representation bodies established in Bavaria, Baden, W\u00fcrtemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt with three Saxon duchies of Sachsen-Weimar, Sachsen-Koburg and Sachsen-Meiningen. Russia was going to help France return to the Great Power system and replace the Quadruple Alliance with a \u00abgrand alliance\u00bb of all European countries which signed the Vienna treatises. Russia acknowledged the revolutionary government of Spain despite adoption of the constitution through revolution and the predominantly radical character of the constitution. After the Italian Revolution (1820) and on the eve of the Congress of Troppau, Russia did its best to prevent Austrian interference with Italian affairs and use the Congress to settle the Naples Revolution problem peacefully. The St. Petersburg Cabinet planned to reiterate the European Union and European Constitution issues."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u041a\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0440\u0438; \u041c\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0410\u0430\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0443.","en":"the Congress of Vienna; the Holy Alliance; legitimism; the united Europe; foreign policy; European policy of Russia; Europe; 19th century; German confederation; Castlereagh; Metternich; Alexander I; British-Russian relations; British-Austrian relations; Congresses in Aachen and Troppau."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":56,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goncharova Oksana Valentinovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Voronezh"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":589,"author_id":56}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":590,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0415.\u0410.\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f 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\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The unique practice of the New Economic Policy that forced to transfer asearch of the oretical and practical solutions in the capitalist plane in the processes of the Socialist society building was accompanied by the Russian Soviet economic science take-off. Complex researches of theoretical and applied nature undertaken by the brilliant constellation of the Soviet economists of the 1920s could in perspective amount the foundation of the mixed economy of the transitory period in the backward in industrial terms peasant country. Less than in 30 years a number of studies will be acknowledged as outstanding achievements of the global economic thought. Involvement of new archive documents in the scientific turnover and understanding of materials that had been published earlier allowed reconstruction of history of the conflict that occurred between scientist and statesman E.A.Preobrazhensky and the authorities. Significance of the theme suggested consists in problem of confrontation between conceptual priorities of innovative economic models and conceptual priorities aimed at maintaining of political regime and retention of political power. And this problem has not lost its topicality even now."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d\u042d\u041f; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"NEP; transition economy; opposition; power; repressions."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bespiatova Elena Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Deputy Head of the History Department, Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":590,"author_id":26}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":591,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044b:\u043a 70-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e-\u0434\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438","en":"Through the Carpatians to Slovakia: in Commemoration of the 70th Anniversary of the Slovakian National Uprising and of the Carpathian-Doukla Operation of the Red Army"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a 70-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (29 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u2013 28 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1944 \u0433.) \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e-\u0414\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 (8 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u2013 28 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1944 \u0433.), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 1-\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441. 6 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1944 \u0433. \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.","en":"The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Slovakian national uprising (August 29 \u2014 October 28, 1944) and of the Carpathian- Doukla operation of the Red Army (September 8 \u2014 October 28, 1944) that was carried out due to political reasons in order to assist the uprising. The operation was prepared in the shortest terms and was carried out in the most difficult conditions. The operation led to enormous losses. The 1st Czechoslovakian army corps formed on the USSR took part in the operation together with the Red Army. On October 6 the Soviet and Czechoslovakian troops conquered the Doukla pass in the Carpathian ridge and reached the prewar Czechoslovakian border. The author demonstrates variety of the operation\u2019s assessments in the recent Czech and Slovakian historiography. The article is based on archive and published documents, memoirs of the generals and literature available to the author."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Maslov Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Modern History, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":591,"author_id":171}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":592,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439: \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435","en":"The North of Russia is the Woodland: Exploitation and Protection of Forests in the 18th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 XVIII \u0432. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0436\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 XVIII \u0432. \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c.","en":"The article is devoted to the problems of forest exploitation and protection at the North of Russia in the 18th century. During this period the region got the reputation of the greatest exporter and employer of forests, hard to be held under the control of central power. Though the research based on statistics data and proving that conclusions like that are a mistake, is more than 50 years old, the questions why this stereotype was formed stays without an answer. The materials used for this article provide us with the opportunity to say that the attention to the problems of local forests during the 18th century was constantly drawn by reports and complaints of local people, who used the rhetoric of official forest-protecting official documents, to gain own aims."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440; XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f; \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"Russian North; 18th century; economy; forest employment; export trade; relations between Russian and foreign merchants; commercial interests of local officials."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":592,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":593,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u00bb: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435","en":"\u00abThe Damned Revolt of the Matter Enslaved by the Man\u00bb: Contemporaries on the World War I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0424.\u042e\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0412.\u0412.\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0424.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0443\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0418.\u0410.\u0421\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041f\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u0445 \u0415.\u041d.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041f.\u0411.\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u041b.\u0410.\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u041c.\u041e.\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u041b.\u041d.\u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0412.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"Assessments of the World War I as the war of an entirely new type are adduced in the article. Opinions of philosophers (Fr. J\u00fcnger, V.V.Rozanov, F.A.Stepun, politician L.D.Trotsky, psychiatrist I.A.Sikorsky, writer Pierre Drieu La Rochelle are presented. E.N.Trubetskoi and P.B.Struve demonstrated in their articles how the war aggravated national problems and engendered the \u00abUkrainian question\u00bb. The conservative position expressed by Antony Khrapovistky, L.A.Tikhomirov and M.O.Men'shikov. L.B.Voitylovski and V.V.Korsak characterize the war as the direct participants of fighting."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442; \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"the World War I; war of machines; society; anthropological approach; national question; moral crisis; war experience; geopolitics."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":593,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":594,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\u00bb","en":"Unknown \u00abBagration\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1944 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c 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\u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0423. \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0422\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.\n\n\u0427\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \"\u041e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0434\" \u0438 \"\u0411\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d\" \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.","en":"One of the biggest operation of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War was operation Bagration held in 1944. We knew about that operation practically everything. But some documents found recently in Russian military archives open new interesting pages in history of operations Bagration and Overlord."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0434; \u0411\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u042e\u0433; \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440; \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b.","en":"Overlord; Bodyguard; military deception; Fortitude-South; Fortitude-North; London Controlling Section; soviet General Staff; secret intelligence and counterespionage services."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":154,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lota Vladimir Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":594,"author_id":154}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":595,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u0412\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u00bb: \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435","en":"\u00abFor Me You are the Most Close and the Dearest Person\u00bb: Gratitude for Help Provided in Leningrad Besieged and Blockaded"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c 1941 \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430 1942 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article deals with practices of survival in the blockaded city in the most difficult time, from autumn of 1941 through spring of 1942. It is demonstrated that despite the collapse of ethical norms and weakening of ties among different social groups provision of help to family members and to the most vulnerable social groups, i.e. elderly people, women and children, remained the ethical values inhabitants of Leningrad kept to profess even during the greatest social disaster of 20th century. A particular attention is paid to the practice of gratitude for help. It is noted that respondent presents to people who had provided support were scanty and poor but nevertheless were a tradition emerged in the besieged city. The author demonstrates that the moral values inherent to people could express themselves even on the period of enormous suffering though not to the full extent in interpersonal relations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430; \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Ethical norms; blockade; the besieged city dwellers; moral traditions."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":87,"authors":[{"id":325,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042f\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u042f\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":595,"author_id":325}}],"issue":{"id":87,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":596,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"New Geo-economic Trends and Their Reflections in the Global and Regional Politics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 (\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430.","en":"The article deals with new types of global wars that arise and will arise all over the world (including the Asian-Pacific region). The author examines causes of global economic and military-political crises, backgrounds of the present-day economic condition of the US, roots of the US economic problems, and twinned plan of the US exit from the crisis. Finally, economic reformatting of the world, successes and problems of the American project form the subject matter of analytical material. Immediacy of the issues set forth in the article is conditioned by the fact that Russia\u2019s future depends directly not only on domestic policy but also on the global economic and military-political context."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d (\u0410\u0422\u0420), \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"the Asian-Pacific region; economic expansion; geo-economics; global and regional policy."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":596,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":597,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435","en":"Russia and Eastern Europe: Mutual Relations in the 21st Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 2014 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432\u00bb.","en":"The author considers principal stages and complicated problems of restoration of Russia\u2019s relations with its East European former allies and negative phenomena Russia encounters along this way, as well as new circumstances emerging in connection with NATO the European Union expansion in the course of the East European countries' joining the Western integration blocks. Analysis of all these cardinal international changes occurred during the past decade and a half provides an opportunity not just to take into account lessons of the recent past but also (and that is particular important) to project ways of exit from the acute aggravation of international situation caused by the Ukrainian crisis. This crisis brought about \u00absanctions\u00bb of unpredictable consequences against Russia undertaken by the US and the EU countries including the East European \u00abyoung Europeans\u00bb that follow the US."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russia; Eastern Europe; the European Union; NATO; economic relations; crisis; prospects of normalization."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":206,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlik Igor\u2019 Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci. in history, Professor, Chief Researcher at the Center for East European Studies, Institute of Economics RAS, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":597,"author_id":206}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":598,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb: \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u041a\u041f\u0420\u0424","en":"\u00abWithout Decembrists there would be no Communists\u00bb: Lenin\u2019s \u00abFirst Generation\u00bb in the CPRF\u2019s Myth Desiging"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u041a\u041f\u0420\u0424, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c\u00bb.","en":"The author considers employment of memory about Decembrists in the CPRF propaganda, correction of Lenin\u2019s concept of \u00abthree generations\u00bb in accordance with challenges of the time, i.e. \u00abquest for ethnic roots\u00bb, \u00abstruggle against terrorism\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u041a\u041f\u0420\u0424.","en":"the Decembrists\u2019 myth; \u201cthree generations\u201d; the CPRR."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Erlich Sergey Efraimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433)","en":"Ph.D in History, Director of the Publishing House \u00abNestor-History\u00bb (St. Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":598,"author_id":321}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":599,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438: \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442 28 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435","en":"Prehistory and Epilogue of the Tragedy: the Act of Terrorism in Berlin on March 28th 1922"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. 28 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1922 \u0433. \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0421 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0435\u0439; \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412.\u0414.\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"The author draws attention to an event that, in his opinion, became a milestone and in some way completed the process of growing discord among the Russian intelligentsia. On the 28th of March, 1922 young monarchist emigrants killed the leader of the Cadet party V. Nabokov in the Berlin Philharmonic Hall. Since early XX Vladimir Dmitrievich and his associates had been guided by the liberal utopia, which was unacceptable for Russia at that time, and launched an offensive against the domestic monarchy. The ideology of the latter also became an utopia in terms of modernization; still the state continued to symbolize the stability capable of evolving. Meanwhile, liberals managed to undermine the authority of the political system. This resulted in a revolution, the Russian Time of Troubles and the rise to power of a new utopian group \u2014 Bolsheviks. Vladimir Nabokov experienced disillusionment and became an emigrant. He was shot by the conspirators, whose psychology and ideology were defined by the sovereign utopia and monarchical exaltation. The author believes that the fierce oppositions between collectives inspired by social utopias often became the dominant of domestic development."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0414.\u041d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044b; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440; \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f.","en":"V.D.Nabokov; cadets; liberals; empire; revolution; emigration; monarchists; the Russian Constituent Assembly; conspiracy; utopia."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":68,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davydov Alexander Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u0418.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Russian History, A.I.Gertsen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":599,"author_id":68}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":600,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0415.\u0410.\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"E.A.Preobrazhenskiy' \u00abDissent\u00bb: Relationships of a Scientist and the Authorities (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0423\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u041d\u042d\u041f \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The unique practice of the New Economic Policy that forced to transfer a search of theoretical and practical solutions in the capitalist plane in the processes of the Socialist society building was accompanied by the Russian Soviet economic science take-off. Complex researches of theoretical and applied nature undertaken by the brilliant constellation of the Soviet economists of the 1920s could in perspective amount the foundation of the mixed economy of the transitory period in the backward in industrial terms peasant country. Less than in 30 years a number of studies will be acknowledged as outstanding achievements of the global economic thought. Involvement of new archive documents in the scientific turnover and understanding of materials that had been published earlier allowed reconstruction of history of the conflict that occurred between scientist and statesman E.A.Preobrazhensky and the authorities. Significance of the theme suggested consists in problem of confrontation between conceptual priorities of innovative economic models and conceptual priorities aimed at maintaining of political regime and retention of political power. And this problem has not lost its topicality even now."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d\u042d\u041f; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"NEP; transition economy; opposition; power; repressions."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bespiatova Elena Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Deputy Head of the History Department, Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":600,"author_id":26}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":601,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"\u00abI have Tasted of the Wine of Death, and its Flavor will be Forever in my Throat\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1914\u20131918 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432. \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0421 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0427\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b, \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447: \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u044b. \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1915 \u0433., \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0440 1914\u20131918 \u0433\u0433. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"After nearly one hundred years the Great War of 1914\u22121918 continues to affect the spiritual climate and international conditions under which our contemporary global society exists. Among the important sources which unleash the untold stories of that global conflict there are forgotten reminiscences of a few trained eyewitnesses of the war actions on the Eastern front where the most dramatic confrontations between the Russian Army and the armed forces of the Central Powers began in the first days of August 1914. The Robert R. McCormick's book \u00abWith the Russian Army\u00bb belong to this kind of once published and \u00ablost\u00bb memoirs. The media magnate from Chicago was the only stranger to be invited to Russia and the Russian armies. His duty was manifold: to bring to America the information which \u00abwas denied to others\u00bb, to see from within the military organization of a country geographically so like American size and so eminent in military experience and to feel in the proper sense a call to genuine Russian patriotism that could not be refused by Russian haters. As a matter of fact McCormick\u2019s book published in Autumn 1915 was first in-depth research which explores the conditions that gave rise to the military conflagration of 1914\u22121918. The article and two appendixes tell us the unique story which reflects the authentic vision of the observer, who came in touch with the bloody massacre of world war."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"Great War; Russian army; Eastern front; Germany; France; Galicia; conscription; Balkan wars."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":601,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":602,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"The End of the Pirogov Society"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1885 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1917 \u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u043c\u0430\u0435 1922 \u0433. \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 1922 \u0433. \u041f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443.","en":"The most authoritative in the Russian empire the Pirogov society of doctors was established in December of 1885. It carried on regular congresses of doctors and occasional meetings with the collective discussions of every medical problem. After events of October, 1917, the board of society called doctors to boycott the Soviet instititons. In May of 1922 the Pirogov society members made the public protest against severe exploitation of the medical labor, humiliating labor duty and arbitrariness of medical establishments' administration. In summer of 1922 the Pirogov society was closed down and some of its members were deported to the Northern and Eastern regions of Russia or exiled to West Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430; \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0412\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u00bb.","en":"Pirogov society of doctors; creation of the People\u2019s Commissariat of public health; labor duty; denunciation made by the People Commissar of public health; \u201cDoctors\u201d operation."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":88,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":602,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":88,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":603,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044c","en":"The Dark Flame"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0421 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 (\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 2.0) \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u044f\u0442\u0435\u0436, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442.","en":"The author considers an extremely difficult moment of the current history and the current political process connected with involvement of Russian and the EU in the conflict in the South-East of Ukraine. The imperfect Russian statehood provides certain hopes for reconstruction of the USSR (the USSR 2.0) is in need of support by all healthy and sane forces. The Nazi mutiny has occurred in Ukraine and that fact does not allow the Russian patriots any other choice but tacit public support provided to the resistance forces. An alternative structure capable to undertake the state\u2019s functions and to protect its citizens is still lacking in Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u044e\u0433\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 2.0; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Russia; the South-East of Ukraine; anti-Russian statehood; reconstruction of the USSR (the USSR 2.0); resistance to the Nazi mutiny."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":603,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":604,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"The Place of the GDR in 20th Century History: Restoration of Russian\u2013German Relations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 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\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.","en":"The disappearance of the GDR from the political map of Europe over a quarter of century ago clearly marked the beginning of the process of destabilisation of the continent, which are now manifesting themselves in an especially dramatic way in Ukraine and around it. This alone necessitates a more thorough analysis of the history of the East German republic that, to a great extent, embodied the European ideas of peacefullness and social equity. The attempts to reduce the memory of GDR only to the \u00abStasi horrors\u00bb are inappropriate. Edward Snowden proved beyond any doubt that the secret services of the countries portraying themselves as the leaders of the world\u2019s democracy have left Stasi far behind in terms of horrors. The 65th anniversary of the creation of GDR calls for a serious discussion on the main stages of her 40 year-long development from a zone of occupation to a respected member of the European family of peoples. For Russia this subject is especially relevant because it reminds that of one the basic human truths is that you cannot leave a friend in need if you do not want to find yourself on your own. The Russian-German cooperation remains the cornerstone of European peace. The preservation of the traditions of friendship that have always characterised the relationships between the Russians and East Germans is in the interests not only of Russia and Germany but those of the entire continent as well."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0413\u0414\u0420; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"Second World War; Occupation of Germany; FRG; GDR; Russian-German relationships; prospects of European peace."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":604,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":605,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442","en":"\u00abMoldavian Question\u00bb in Bessarabia in the Late 19th and Early 20th Century: Comparative Aspect"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \"\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\" \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \"\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445\" \u0438 \"\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445\" \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0411\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439.","en":"The article deals with a comparative analysis of \u00abMoldavian question\u00bb in Bessarabia in late XIX and early XX century. Bessarabia was an object of symbolical competition of Russian Empire and Romanian national state. The comparison of Bessarabian case with other \u00abnational questions\u00bb in Russia shows that the Moldavians had complex position in the ethno-cultural hierarchies and their national movement demonstrated resemblance with the nationalisms of both \u00abwestern\u00bb and \u00abeastern\u00bb national borderlands of Russian Empire. In Romanian national imagination and policy Bessarabia played smaller role as compared with Transilvania and Bucovina."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u0420\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437.","en":"Bessarabia; borderlands of Russian Empire; Romania; nationalism; comparative analysis."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":62,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Grom Oleg Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Degree candidate, St. Petersburg Institute of History, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":605,"author_id":62}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":606,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c? \u0426\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XVIII \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u00abMiddle Ages Institution\u00bb or Innovation in the Spirit of the Reforms of Peter I? \u0421raft Guilds in Russia and Corporate Self Administration of Craftworkers on the Example of St. Petersburg from the Beginning of XVIII to the Beginning of XX Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0432 1722 \u0433. \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432., \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e 1914 \u0433.","en":"The introduction of guilds in Saint Petersburg in 1722 played an important role in the growth of the city\u2019s handicrafts and corporate self-administration. With signs of development in the middle of the nineteenth century, a civic consciousness appeared in the guilds. Initiatives of the guild masters during the period of reform, demanding the right to choose permanent and non-permanent masters, were not supported by the state, which brought about institutional stagnation, in spite of considerable growth of guilds up to 1914."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0435\u0445\u0438; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"craft guilds; city\u2019s handicraft; modernization; craftworker; craftworkers self-administration.."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":606,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":607,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0421\u044b\u0442\u0438\u043d","en":"Media Magnat Ivan Sytin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418.\u0414.\u0421\u044b\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0425IX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0421\u044b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c. \u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430.","en":"Sytin was one of the most important figures of the publishing business at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. This article gives us not only an analysis of his biography, but also shows the process of the development of the book publishing business and Sytin\u2019s key role in it. The personality of the entrepreneur is considered in the complex and difficult historical context."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u044b\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u00bb; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442; \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430.","en":"Sytin; publisher; book; printing house; entrepreneur; publishing house; newspaper; editorial office; \u201cRusskoe slovo\u201d; journalist; Doroshevich; Moscow."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kazakova Natalia Yur'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., philologist, lecturer, Department of Russian Studies in New York City University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":607,"author_id":104}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":608,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b: \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a-\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430","en":"Realities of the Civil War: New Materials and Traits to the Portrait of Stanislaw Bulak-Balakhovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a-\u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0411\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439), \u042d\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d \u2013 Virtuti Militari. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 (\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439: \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0430).","en":"The World War I changed the geopolitical picture of the post-war Europe and encouraged emergence of extraordinary personalities. Stanislaw Bulak-Balakhovich, a guerilla warrior, adventurer, lucky and successful army commander, can be described as one of such figures. War experience he obtained at the frontlines and personal qualities ensured that he was welcomed in armies of several states, including the Russian Empire, the Soviet Russia, Estonia, and Poland. Bulak-Balakhovich made his way from the rank of captain of horses in the Russian Imperial army to the rank of the Polish Republic army general rapidly. He was decorated with Virtuti Militari, the highest Polish order. His attempts to create Belorussian detachments (army) failed because the Polish leaders vigorously suppressed any expression of national self-consciousness on territory under their control. After the Soviet-Polish war ended and the self-contained march to Belorussia failed Bulak-Balakhovich resided in Poland down to the World War II beginning and collaborated with the Polish military command (intelligence and counterintelligence)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447.","en":"The First World War; The Russian Civil War; Soviet-Polish war; anti-Soviet formations in Poland; Polish Ministry of War; Balakhovich."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":251,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Simonova Tat'ana Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u041e \u0420\u0424, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, senior lecturer, the senior scientific employee of Institute of Military History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":608,"author_id":251}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":609,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0441, \u041c\u044e\u043d\u0445\u0435\u043d, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430..: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1938\u20131939 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Anschluss, Munich, Poland: the United States Press and the Threat of War 1938\u20131939 Years"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 1938\u20131939 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u2014 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0447\u0451\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 1938-1939 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Based on the materials from the US press the article explores special aspect of the period of international crisis 1938\u22121939. The American society in 1920\u22121930s had two tendencies in respect to the threat of war: \u00abisolationists\u00bb on one hand, and \u00abinternationalists\u00bb on the other hand. Central and local newspapers provide a vivid description of society\u2019s reaction to crisis moments in the international relations in 1938\u22121939."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"international relations; U.S. press; politics; the USA; Germany."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":38,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Buranok Sergey Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f (\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430)","en":"Ph.D., historian, Volga State Socio-Humanitarian Academy, Samara"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":609,"author_id":38}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":610,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b, \u201c\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u201d\u2026\u00bb: \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445","en":"\u00abWe, \u201eThe Crocodile\u201c \u2026\u00bb: the Power and the Satirical Press in the 1930s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u2013 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u00bb, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0413\u041f\u0423 \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0432 1934 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0424\u0421\u0411 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author considers the Soviet satirical press of the 1930s on the example of \u00abThe Crocodile\u00bb magazine. The historical and political context of the magazine\u2019s existence is discussed in connection with tasks that were set for the Soviet satire of that period. The author analyzes \u00abThe Crocodile\u00bb editorial board\u2019s policy, the circle of the magazine\u2019s writers, main themes of publications. A particular attention is paid to the issue of denunciations on the magazine\u2019s staff members made to the State Political Directorate. Reasons of \u00abThe Crocodile\u00bb reform of 1934 are considered in detail. The article is predominantly based on archive materials including documents from the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Central Archive."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u041c.\u0417.\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u042f.\u041c.\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u0421.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432; \u0413\u041f\u0423; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b; \u041c.\u0415.\u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e\u0432.","en":"satirical press; \u201cThe Crocodile\u201d; M.Z.Manuilskiy; A.S.Buhov; G.P.U. (Political State Administration); White Sea-Baltic Canal; M.E.Koltcov."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":89,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":610,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":610,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":89,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":611,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435: \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430","en":"Russia in the South Caucasus: Geopolitical Retrospective"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0435\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The basic problems of Russia\u2019s presence in the South Caucasus through historical and retrospective analysis are identified. The geopolitical component of Russia\u2019s foreign policy toward the region since the \u0425VII century was shown. The configuration of the main political forces in the South Caucasus was analyzed, Russian nowadays influence in the political and economic processes in the region was estimated. The basic geographic, geo-economic and other benefits of the South Caucasus were shown. In particular the transit potential of the region was assessed. Weaknesses of Russian geopolitics in the South Caucasus direction were identified, some recommendations were made."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b.","en":"South Caucasus; Russia; geopolitics; historical and retrospective analysis; transit potential."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0442\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davtian Vahe Samvelovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor at Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":611,"author_id":67}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":612,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d","en":"On the Common Law of the Ossetians"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439.","en":"Interest in the common law of the Ossetians used to be and is still of current interest. Nowadays adats of the Ossetians as well as of other mountainous peoples exist both as an important historical resource and as a practical guidance. The author of the article bases this conclusion not only on studies of published collections of common law documents but also on his own experience gained during the extensive travels in the mountain regions taken by him to understand the reason for these archaic norms to survive through ages."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"ancient history of Ossetia; common low of the Ossetians; historyography: modern historiographical trends."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":64,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0424\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0441 \u0425\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gutnov Feliks Hazmurzaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u041e\u0418\u0413\u0421\u0418 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, head of the Department of Source-study, North Ossetian Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, the RAS and the Government of North Ossetia-Alania"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":612,"author_id":64}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":613,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430-\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"The Formation of the Image of Petrograd-Leningrad at the Tour Literature of the 1920-s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443-\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434-\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043e-\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b; \u0432-\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0438\u0445, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440; \u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434-\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434.","en":"This article analyzes the 1920s methodological guidelines to conduct tours of Petrograd-Leningrad. Key themes for the formation of the city\u2019s image and the recommendations for sightseeing for the local and visiting tourists are identified. Author concludes that there were four main ideas of the excursion literature for Petrograd-Leningrad in the early Soviet period. Firstly, the City as the center of the revolutionary movement; secondly, historical significance of the former capital was also quite important; thirdly, the city was seen as a center of culture; and finally, Petrograd-Leningrad was presented in textbooks as the economic center of the country, and the large industrial city."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e; 1920-\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434-\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434.","en":"tourism; guiding tour activities; 1920-s; Petrograd-Leningrad."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":25,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Berezina Vera Anatol\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"post graduate student of St.Petersburg History Institute, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":613,"author_id":25}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":614,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042d\u0445, \u0413\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434!..\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430 \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"\u00abHeh, Howard\u2026\u00bb: Literary Story of Howard Fast\u2019s Severance of Relations with the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u2013 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u0432\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Making use of archive documents that previously were classified the author seeks to understand the background of complex conflict emerged in the second half of the 1950s between leaders of the USSR and the Soviet writers' union on one hand and Howard Fast, the prominent American writer, on the other hand. Trying to comprehend why Fast was the most published and the most highly paid foreign writer in the most cruel years of Stalin\u2019s rule and why he, as if suddenly decided to put the end to his relations with the Communism and the USSR (and did that in the scandalous way) in the earlier years of Khrushchev\u2019s liberalization the author presents his own documented version of this contradictory situation that does not lend itself to an univalent assessment."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0413\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0424\u0430\u0441\u0442; \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439.","en":"the Khrushchev thaw; de-Stalinization; the Soviet writers\u2019 union; Jewish question; the CPSU Central Committee; the U.S. Communist party; Howard Fast; Boris Polevoi."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":614,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":615,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430","en":"Relevancy of an Ancient Text"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 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\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u00bb, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u00bb \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f?\u00bb","en":"The magazine publishes materials of the conference held in October, 2013, at the Department of philology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The conference was dedicated to one of the most ancient monuments of the Russian literature, The Primary Chronicle. It is the most ancient code of the Russian history. It contains the most important mythologemes and ideologemes of the East European past. Participants of the conference focused of issues of hermeneutics, the text\u2019s integrity and origins of The Primary Chronicle. The significance of the monument is not limited to narrow professional interests of medievalists. For The Primary Chronicle was intended to provide the answer to the question: \u00abWherefrom the Russian land has emerged?\u00bb"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u00bb; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430; \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438.","en":"the Primary Chronicle; historiosophy; problem of a text\u2019s integrity; code of the Russian national mythology."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":109}},{"id":127,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Konyavskaya Elena Leonidovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0420\u0418 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb","en":"D.Sci.,philologist, leading researcher, nstitute of Russian History, RAS, Editor-in-Chief of the journal \u00abDrevnyaya Rus\u2019. Voprosy Medievistiki\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":127}},{"id":200,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Nikolova Aneta"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442\u044b\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f)","en":"Ph.D., philologist, chief assistant of Velikotyrnovo University, Bulgaria"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":200}},{"id":214,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pautkin Aleksey Arkadievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":214}},{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":230}},{"id":241,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel\u2019ev Viktor Yur\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Ph.D., historian, Professor of chair for social and humanitarian studies of the Moscow Institute of Open Education"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":241}},{"id":273,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Trofimova Nina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u041f\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Moscow State Pedagogical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":273}},{"id":308,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shaikin Aleksandr Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Oryol State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":615,"author_id":308}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":616,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The Forests of the Volga in the Government Policy in the 18th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432. XVIII \u0432. \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0443\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435.","en":"Volga region woods had strategic meaning for Russian Empire in the 18th century. Its ship groves provided the material for Russian navy. No wonder it was the region where Russian forestry started. Volga region was experienced the most of Peter 1st's restrictions, the hardness of procurement obligations. Forests of Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod, Voronezh provinces were the best known, the best specialists were sent there, the most attention was paid to keep these forests in order."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0449\u0438; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a.","en":"forest protection; Volga region; ship groves; state regulation of nature exploitation; 18th century."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":616,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":617,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439: \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0421.\u042f.\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"Co-authored with Himself: Two Autobiographies of S.Ya.Alliluev"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0439 \u0421.\u042f.\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 1922\u20131923 \u0438 1944\u20131945 \u0433\u0433. \u042f \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"This article is dedicated to the problem of how intertextual and contextual factors influence an autobiography. The aim of my thesis is analysis of the both S.Y.Alliluev's autobiographies, written in 1922\u22121923 and 1944\u22121945. I am trying to show peculiarities of the first text\u2019s influence on the next, differences in systems of argumentation and plots' choice."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0421.\u042f.\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0432; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"autobiography; S.Y.Alliluev; history of the USSR."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gil\u2019mintinov Roman Radievich"},"desc":{"ru":"c\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u041f\u0431.","en":"Student of History Department, European University, St.Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":617,"author_id":52}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":618,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0413\u0411","en":"Anna Akhmatova under Surveillance of the MGB"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 1946 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f\u0431 \u0410.\u0410.\u0416\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u00ab\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u00bb, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041c.\u041c.\u0417\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0410.\u0410.\u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0410.\u0410.\u0416\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0410.\u0410.\u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0413\u0411 \u043f\u043e \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"In August, 1946, A.A.Zhdanov, the Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) launched the campaign against dissent and nonconformity in the Soviet literature. Zhdanov chose literary magazines \u00abZvezda\u00bb and \u00abLeningrad\u00bb as well as M.M.Zoschenko, the writer, and A.A.Akhmatova as and his main targets. Preparing his huge report A.A.Zhdanov used the reference cited below and produced by the Ministry of State Security Department for Leningrad region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0435; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u00ab\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u00bb; \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0411; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0410.\u0410.\u0416\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439.","en":"dissent; \u201cZvezda\u201d and \u201cLeningrad\u201d magazines; the Min-istry of State Security reference; A.A.Zhdanov\u2019s report; Alhmayova\u2019 verses."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":618,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":619,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044e...\u00bb: \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438","en":"\u00abDo not be Afraid of any Hardship, Believe in Yourself\u2026\u00bb: Economic Adaptation of Russian Emigrants of the \u00abFirst Wave\u00bb in Czechoslovakia\u2026"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u0413\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1929 \u2013 1930 \u0433\u0433., \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0427\u0421\u0420, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0427\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.","en":"The newspaper \u00abNedelja\u00bb, published in Czechoslovakia in 1929\u22121930, is an important source of information on the economic adaptation of Russian emigrants in this country. Analysis of the publications of the newspaper allows us to consider the basic directions and ways of organizing economic activity of Russian emigrants in Czechoslovakia, to evaluate the nature and forms of mutual aid, characteristics and extent of their participation in the economy of Czechoslovak Republic and other countries."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1920\u20131930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.; \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"the newspaper \u00abNedelja\u00bb, Russian emigration in Czechoslovakia in 1920\u20131930-s; economic activity; the employment problems and their solutions."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":90,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":619,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2014,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":620,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441","en":"Economic Front: a Brief Excursus"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435. \u0412\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434: \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442: \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0447\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0421\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to key problems of the Russian economy at the current stage. The author suggests looking at the Russian economy from a specific sight angle. The foreign policy situation changed seriously during the last year and now it is quite possible to say that the Russian economic machine functions in mobilization regime. Taking this approach the author addresses such painful topics as fall of oil prices, the Russian Federation Central Bank and the government\u2019s policies, interaction of the president and elite, economic amnesty and gas wars. In particular, the author notes: there is a serious risk that the government will go along the most simple and available way, that is it will set about optimization (as it is called now) which practically means drastic reduction of expenses on public health care, education, science, culture, social security. At the same time it should be remembered that the economic life affects all spheres including legislation. It is high time to think about improvement of the constitutional process and a new status of the Central Bank."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c; \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438; \u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"fall of oil prices; the Central Bank; economic front and wartime economy; amnesty, optimization; gas wars."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":620,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":621,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0410\u041a \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438","en":"The Higher Attestation Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles and the Higher Education: Current Debates and their Origins"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0412\u0410\u041a). \u0412\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0410\u041a \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author examines historical roots of the current debates around the Higher Attestation Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles (the Russian acronym for it is VAK). Suggestions made by scientists and officials are mainly aimed at decentralization of the Russian system of scientific achievements attestation and at attachment of international character to this system. In fact, these suggestions exclude the necessity to retain the VAK in its present form. However the movement forward in this sphere is impossible without understanding of origins and causes that generated the current crisis of the thesis attestation business in Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0410\u041a; \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"the VAK; higher education; academic degrees and titles."},"column_id":10,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":211,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Parsamov Vadim Surenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, National Research University \u00abHigh School of Economics\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":621,"author_id":211}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":622,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u00bb: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430","en":"\u00abLermontov's Great-Uncle\u00bb: History of One of the Ancient Artifacts from the Decembrist Myth"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441. \u0418\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0414.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u041c.\u042e.\u041b\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u041f.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u2013 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"During the soviet era it was allowed to include historical figures in the research related to Decembrists. The cultural momentum maintains the use of the \u00abacceptance\u00bb in the modern world. Such an inclusion by modern researchers of the D.A.Stolypin, the granduncle of the M.Yu.Lermontov to friends and associates of the P.I.Pestel is very noticeable. On the one hand, this \u00abfact\u00bb is gain access to the authoritative biographical reference books; on the other hand, it is based on very dubious sources. In the process of \u00abtranslation\u00bb the original \u00abmessage\u00bb has acquired additional figurative details."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u042e.\u041b\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0414.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d; \u0410.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d; \u041f.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.","en":"M.Yu.Lermontov; D.A.Stolypin; A.A.Stolypin; P.I.Pestel."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":321,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Erlich Sergey Efraimovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433)","en":"Ph.D in History, Director of the Publishing House \u00abNestor-History\u00bb (St. Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":622,"author_id":321}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":623,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"On the Pre-History of the Nineteenth Century Caucasian War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b? \u041d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438? \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 XVIII\u2013XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445? \u041a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"Does the Caucasus War belong to the nineteenth century, or, if otherwise, which time could this phenomenon be attributed to? Has this dispute any scholarly importance, or is it just a complex interplay between the nowadays politics and ideology? Is there any methodological sense in retrospective reflections on the alternative routes of Russia-Caucasus history? Let us soberly think over these questions with timid hope to get closer to some feasible solution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044f; \u0410.\u041f.\u0415\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u0428\u0435\u0439\u0445-\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440; \u0411\u0435\u0439\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442 \u0422\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432.","en":"The Caucasus War; Russian Policy in the Caucasus; Chechnya; Ermolov; Sheykh-Mansur; Beibulat Taimazov."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":623,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":624,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Tailor in St. Petersburg \u2013 Trendsetter in First Half 19th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0443\u0442\u044e\u0440\u044c\u0435 (\u0444\u0440. couturiere \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445\u0430, \u043e\u0442 couture \u2013 \u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0451, \u0441\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041d\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c? \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 19 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435.","en":"Today, the profession of a tailor, masters of their craft and artist in one person to become prestigious. But long before this trend existed in St. Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century. How changing social and economic situation tailors in Petersburg for this time? The impact of fashion on the development of Handicrafts? What fashion trends, found its dissemination with the Westernization of Russia after the reforms of Peter the great. Petersburg as a European capital, famous for its luxury, attracted many tailors masters from Europe, which has led to a remarkable symbiosis and the flourishing of the tailor\u2019s craft in the 19th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044e\u043c; \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Sankt Petersburg; fashion; tailors of Petersburg; city\u2019s handicraft; city\u2019s craftworker; modernisation; westernisation."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":624,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":625,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438...\u00bb \u0414\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b (1917 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 1920 \u0433.)","en":"\u00abWe, Recognized as Representatives of Russia by the Allies\u2026\u00bb: Activities of the Russian non-Bolshevik Diplomacy during the Russian Civil War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0436 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The Russian diplomacy refused to collaborate with the Bolshevik power in Petrograd, established an autonomous organization and found ways of its financing. Over the period of all Civil War the agency carefully guarded its image of the all-Russian embassy and cooperated with all anti-Bolshevik forces of Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0412.\u0410.\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u041d.\u0413\u0438\u0440\u0441; \u0421.\u0414.\u0421\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432.","en":"Russian diplomacy; Council of ambassadors; Ministry of foreign affairs; revolution; the Civil war; political delegation; V.A.Maklakov; M.N.Ghiers; S.D.Sazonov."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":182,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mironova Elena Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior researcher of Institute of World History RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":625,"author_id":182}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":626,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u00ab\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u00bb","en":"Vassily Shulgin and the \u00abUkrainian Question\u00bb\u2026"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0412.\u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d (1878\u20131976) \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0428\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.","en":"V.V.Shul'gin (1878\u22121976) is a politician and member of the Sate Dumas, a participant of the White movement, prominent publicist of the Russia community abroad. As early as prior the revolution Shul\u2019gin paid attention to a great potential of the Ukrainian nationalism and warned about that. During the Civil war the topic acquired further development in Sul\u2019gin\u2019s articles that are relevant even today."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"the Civil war; Ukraine; Russia; society; national question; geopolitics."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":626,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":627,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 1918\u20131919 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432: \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"Mikhail Kol\u2019tsov\u2019s Political Articles Written and Published in 1918\u20131919 in Kiev: Materials to Bibliography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u041c.\u0415\u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u2013 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u00bb \u0432 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.","en":"The article is devoted to the early journalist work of M. E. Kol\u2019tsov who later on was the famous Soviet journalist and one of the Soviet press organizers. Kol\u2019tsov\u2019s little known early article \u2018Kings' vengeance' originally published in Kiev newspaper \u00abFree thoughts\u00bb in 1918 is reproduced."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u0415.\u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u00bb; \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"M.E.Kol\u2019tsov; \u201cFree thoughts\u201d; \u201ckings\u2019 vengeance\u201d; the Civil war; Ukraine; hetman Skoropadski."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":91,"authors":[{"id":40,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0439 \u042e","en":"Wan Kai Yu"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"postgraduate, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":627,"author_id":40}}],"issue":{"id":91,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":628,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441: \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f","en":"The Global Economy and the World Crisis: USA, Europe, Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0420\u0421 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a.","en":"The article is devoted to condition of the global economy and to difficult relations of the USA and Europe at the world stage. To ensure influx of the world money saved from the crisis into the USA and strengthen the USA capabilities to increase its foreign debt in a rather indolent way it is necessary to escalate crises, make them universal and increasingly acute. However crises cannot intensify indefinitely. That means a threat of a global war. Such gloomy forecasts seem to dominate in the world economy and do not contribute to its positive dynamics at all. The Russian government has developed the anti-crisis plan and anti-crisis investment program. According to this program banks will get main part of money for additional capitalization, for rescue of the banking system. The remaining anti-crisis investments are actually smeared over the key social and productive branches of economy. It means that the government is going to step on the rake the US Fed and European Central Bank have stepped on already."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"global economy; crisis; economic sanctions; economic pressure; global war."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":628,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":629,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435","en":"Prospects of the Russian-Chinese Strategic Alliance in the Arctic Region"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.","en":"The author analyzes perspectives of the Russian-Chinese strategic alliance formation in the Arctic, assesses merits and deficiencies of such alliance. The reason for analysis were the Western sanctions against Russia since these measures may call into question implementation of joint Arctic projects and impair the general political situation in the region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c; \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.","en":"the Northern Sea Route; the Cold war in the Arctic; Chinese interests in the Arctic."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aleksandrov Oleg Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e(\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, assistant Professor, Chair for International Relations and Foreign Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations \u2013 University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":629,"author_id":6}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":630,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u00abPhilistinism\u00bb and \u00abPlatitude\u00bb in Literary-Philosophical Controversies of the Modernists and the Positivists in the Early 20th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430: \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, \u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e? \u041e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The author deals with the debate that unfolded in the early 20th century between the Modernists and the Positivists about notions of philistinism, platitude, and cynicism. It seems that these notions are uncontroversial: everybody is sure that the meaning of the terms is clear and definite. However this certainty is just an illusion. So a great discussion about understanding of these notions evolved in the early 20th century. And this debate demonstrated that the Russian society was deeply divided into two worlds: ideas of Individuality\u2019s rights, ideas of Renaissance through supra-personal foundations of culture were proclaimed and affirmed in one world while another world adored the Humankind and worshiped it. What is higher, a Person or the Humankind? The future of Russia, to a considerable extent, depended on a decision of the question. The future of the 20th century, terrible and bloody, can be seen in these controversies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441.","en":"Positivism; Modernism; platitude; philistinism; cynicism; the Russian Renaissance."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":630,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":631,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb: \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"The \u00abSatirists' Case\u00bb and \u00abKrokodil\u00bb Magazine: from the History of the Soviet Journalism of the 1930s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u2013 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u00bb, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u041d.\u0420.\u042d\u0440\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0412.\u0417.\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0438 \u042d\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c \u041a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u041c.\u0414.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u041c.\u0410.\u0413\u043b\u0443\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410.\u0421.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u042f.\u041c.\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The authors describe the popular feelings of the 1930s in connection with the history of \u00abKrokodil\u00bb magazine reformation. The criminal case filed against three Soviet satirists (N.R.Erdman, V.Z.Mass and Emil Krotki who were accused of writing and disseminating \u00abanti-Soviet\u00bb fables and subsequently sentenced) is analyzed. The authors also examine criminal cases brought against M.D.Volpin, M.A.Gloushkov, A.S.Bukhov and Ya.M.Bel'ski."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u041d.\u0420.\u042d\u0440\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d; \u0412.\u0417.\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u042d\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c \u041a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0413.\u0413.\u042f\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0430\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0434 XVI\u00bb.","en":"\u201cKrokodil\u201d magazine; the Soviet satire; N.R.Erdman, V.Z.Mass, Emil Krotki, J.V.Stalin, H.G.Yagoda, \u201cGod XVI\u201d almanac."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":631,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":631,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":632,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b (1914\u20131915 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b)","en":"Pro-German Feelings in Sweden in the First Years of World War I (1914\u20131915)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0438, \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 1914\u20131915 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 1915 \u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0445\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443.","en":"The article explores pro-German feelings' influence on Swedish public opinion which was typical for one part of the country\u2019s military, political and academic elite in the first years of World War I. The author shows that in spite of some temporal advances Swedish pro-Germanists didn\u2019t succeed any significant changes in Sweden\u2019s political life in 1914\u22121915. As a result pro-German feelings went gradually out to the end of 1915, and pro-German people in Sweden became a marginal minority without any effective political leverages over Swedish society and policy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0421\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0425\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d; \u0420\u0443\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0444 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d; \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043d; \u00ab\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb.","en":"Sweden\u2019s domestic policy; Swedish pro-Germanism; Sven Hedin; Rudolf Kjell\u00e9n; Gustaf Steffen; \u201cactivism\u201d."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gritsenko Svyatoslav Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"postgraduate, Chair of Modern History of Europe and America, History Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":632,"author_id":61}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":633,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439: \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Aircraft Industry on the Eve and During the Great Patriotic War: under Stalin Hand of a Rigid"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e.","en":"In many ways the USSR won the war against Nazi Germany (the war became the first global war of engines) due to the fact that the country had a powerful aircraft industry that was in the process of dynamic development. That is why it is so important to reconstruct the process of organizational consolidation and scientific and technological modernization of the aircraft industry in the tense international situation of the late 1930s and the industry\u2019s subsequent functioning in the extreme circumstances of the wartime. That should be done with all known historical facts taken into account and with no prejudice and no bias. The author has tried to do exactly that. In his attempt the author undertook, perhaps, for the first time, a study of a controversial role I.V.Stalin played in management of the Russian aircraft industry on the eve of the Great Patriotic War and during the war. Readers are free to judge whether the author succeeded or failed in solution of this very complicated task."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0410.\u0418.\u0428\u0430\u0445\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043d.","en":"the Soviet aircraft industry; combat aircraft; prewar period; the Great Patriotic War; relocation of production capacities; I.V.Stalin; the Aircraft Industry Ministry; A.I.Shakhurin."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":633,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":634,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435 1941\u20131944 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a","en":"In Balta Town Underground, 1941\u20131944. Documentary Essay"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u044e, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0433. \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u044b\u043b\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u044f.","en":"Personal recollections, notes made by comrades in the partisan underground, documentary materials on lives and struggle of people on the territory which was occupied by the German and Rumanian invaders form the core of the essay. For nearly 3 years of harsh occupational regime a big underground and partisan organization that existed in vicinity of Balta town, Odessa region, delivered blows to enemy\u2019s rear area. Unknown hitherto facts about heroic and sometimes tragic events of that time, about defeats and victories of partisans and underground fighters are narrated."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"The Patriotic war; Rumanian occupation regime, partisan movement; Odessa; assistance of the Red Army; liberation."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":206,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Orlik Igor\u2019 Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci. in history, Professor, Chief Researcher at the Center for East European Studies, Institute of Economics RAS, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":634,"author_id":206}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":635,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435","en":"Literature and Men of Letters in the First Russian Magazine"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0415\u0436\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435\u00bb (1755\u20131764). \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0438\u0437\u044f\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u0434\u0440.","en":"The author deals with the first Russian semi-popular magazine \u2018Monthly essays serving to utility and entertainment' (1755\u22121764). The literary section was one of the most solid parts of the magazine. The magazine reflected events of the epoch\u2019s literary life: literary polemic debates, personal relations of men of letters, European \u2018polite literature' works' penetration into Russia etc."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 XVIII \u0432.; \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0413.\u0424.\u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440; \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"Russian journalism of the 18th century; Academy of sciences; G.Fr.Muller; M.V.Lomonosov; literary polemic debates."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":92,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":635,"author_id":59}}],"issue":{"id":92,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":636,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Calculations and Miscalculations. How Geo-Strategy Became a Hostage of Geopolitics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435.","en":"According to Kausewitz, \u00abwar is the continuation of politics by other means\u00bb, by means of armed struggle. A state\u2019s capacity to implement its war-time policy principles and ends with military ways and means depends on correct definition of a state\u2019s war-time policy. The World War II is replete with illustrations that inadequately, poorly formulated, permeated with reactionary ideology geopolitics had a negative bearing of achievement of specific goals by a state military machine. The author discloses contradictions between policies and strategies of the USSR\u2019s allies in anti-Nazi coalition and anti-Japan coalition in the Pacific war. The author demonstrates how these contradictions impeded war efforts of Western allies and led Japan to military and political downfall in the world war."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"policy; strategy; contradictions; anti-fascist coalition, the USSR; the USA; Great Britain; China; Japan; interests; war."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zimonin Vyacheslav Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, academician of Russian Acadeny of natural Sciences, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":636,"author_id":90}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":637,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abPhilistinism\u00bb and \u00abPlatitude\u00bb in Literary-Philosophical Controversies of the Modernists and the Positivists in the Early 20th Century (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0424.\u041c.\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 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\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u00bb, \u00ab\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c.","en":"Responses and comments to Gorki\u2019s letter with the demand to knock already prepared stage play on F.M.Dostoevski's novel \u00abDemons\u00bb off the Moscow Art Theater\u2019s repertoire expressed the modernist attitude to infringement of personal freedom in the space of culture. Virtually everybody who responded to the situation censured Gorki for violence against freedom of creativity. However, the revolutionary young people who acted in the open discussions of Gorki\u2019s letter, rather supported than condemned the writer. In his answer to critics Gorki himself did not admit any fault and accused his opponents of \u00abphilistinism\u00bb, \u00abcynicism\u00bb and \u00abplatitude\u00bb. The article deals with the deep-seated foundations of differences in explanations of these concepts. The differences resulted from the polar perceptions of Russia\u2019s progress and Russia\u2019s future."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0425\u0422 \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb; \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"Gorki\u2019s letter on Moscow Art Theater\u2019 stage play \u201cDemons\u201d; responses to the letter; responses of the revolutionary youth; perceptions of the country\u2019s progress."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":637,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":638,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435...\u00bb. \u0424\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1920-\u0435 \u2013 1930-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b)","en":"\u00abWe All are Do-or-Die Heroes Here\u2026\u00bb. Phenomenon of the Soviet Society Social Mobility in Light of Its Elevation (1920\u22121930)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u043d\u044d\u043f \u0434\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432\u00bb \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430.","en":"Heroism was and remains to be one of the most effective tools of Communist regime legitimization. At the same time creation of heroes was an effective tool of the Soviet elites formation. Rise of \u00abheroic\u00bb quasi-social layer of population became the most pronounced example of social mobility in the Soviet society. The author traces genesis of this phenomenon from the cult of fallen heroes of the revolution and civil war through the \u00abpost-heroic\u00bb \u00abNew Economic Policy\u00bb period up to \u00abthe time of heroes\u00bb of the second half of the 1930s. This later period was marked with a hero\u2019s image functionality. A particular attention is paid to the role of the \u00abheroic\u00bb narrative."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"the USSR; heroes; glorification; Soviet elites; social mobility."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savin Andrey Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Siberian Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":638,"author_id":242}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":639,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f","en":"A Dangerous Profession"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435 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\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u00bb \u0441 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430.","en":"The attempt by the new Soviet leadership in 1965 to increase all forms of censorship and other repressive measures created opposition among many intellectuals which developed into \u00abdissident movement\u00bb. To suppress this dissent the KGB started to use different repressive measures, including the pressure to emigrate, deprivation of some dissidents of Soviet citizenship with confiscation of their passports and the deportation. Zhores Medvedev, biologist, was deprived his Soviet citizenship in July 1973 while officially arranged research trip to London. In his Memoirs \u00abDangerous profession\u00bb, extracts of which are published here, he describes some episodes of his first year as an exile and the problems of some other dissidents, in this story Mstislav Rostropovich and Alexander Solzhenitsyn forced out of the USSR in 1974."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430; \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u041d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f.","en":"Spain; dissidents; Rostropovich; Solzhenitsyn; Sakharov; Nobel prize; Jackson Amendment."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":639,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":640,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0430. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443","en":"\u00abShuttle Diplomacy Harry Hopkins\u00bb. On the History of the Letter to Stalin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0424.\u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1941 \u0433. \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1941 \u0433. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442 12 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1941 \u0433. \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e.","en":"During the World longest crisis \u2014 the Great Depression and the Second World War \u2014 in the USA one man stood nearest to the president Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was Harry L. Hopkins \u2014 trusted and loyal lieutenant of the president. From his work as a social worker in the New Deal through his most dangerous assignments during the war Hopkins demonstrated his best qualities \u2014 intellect and the art of creative diplomacy in negotiations with world leaders. By the fall of 1941 Hopkins became a key figure in US-Soviet relations. The main part of the article deals with the unknown Hopkins' letter to Stalin written by the special presidential envoy after his Moscow visit in July 1941."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434-\u043b\u0438\u0437; \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u043f\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443.","en":"The Second World War; shuttle diplomacy; Roosevelt; Churchill; Stalin; Hopkins; lend-lease; antinazis coalition; Hopkins visit to Moscow."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":640,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":641,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b\u00bb. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u00ab\u2026An important phase of the peace offensive of Moscow \u2026\u00bb. Based on materials from the International Economic Conference 1952"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0427\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"This article analyzes the documents of the International Economic Conference held in Moscow in April 1952. The authors clarify and enhance the common point of view on the formation of foreign policy doctrine of late Stalinism. In addition, the published documents are a clear illustration of pragmatic solutions of current problems of internal and foreign policy of the Soviet government. The reader gets a rare opportunity to \u00absee\u00bb the events in a historical context by the \u00abeyes\u00bb of their members, which is especially relevant in the context of modernity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"late Stalinism; foreign policy; economic sanctions; trade embargo; an international meeting; the publication of the source."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":641,"author_id":83}},{"id":146,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:25:05.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lazareva Lyubov\u2019 Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d (\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0432 \u0433. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e)","en":"Ph.D., historian, leading specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, assistant Professor, Chair of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines (Domodedovo branch of Russian State University for Humanities)"},"email":"laz_dom@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":641,"author_id":146}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":642,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0435 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"Two Germanies. Impressions gained during a visit to Berlin in May"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e 70-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0413\u0414\u0420, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0441\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0424\u0420\u0413, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u0410 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0413\u0414\u0420, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442.","en":"The author shares with impressions he gained during his recent visit to the capital of Germany (the visit coincided with the 70-th jubilee of the Great Victory. The opinion of the expert on German affairs, author of numerous studies in the 20th century German history, a person who from \u00abwithin\u00bb observed how the Federal Republic of Germany really expanded at the expense of the German Democratic Republic is of interest because a picture that is carefully produced by media and politicians who care of anything but firm and safe peace in Europe does not disturb the author\u2019s judgment. For a lot in the contemporary world still depends on what Germans think and do. The author comes to the conclusions providing a hope that peacefulness and readiness to constructive cooperation (both traits can be regarded as the GDR\u2019s political testament) will prevail in the final resort."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0413\u0414\u0420; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0414\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b.","en":"the Federal Republic of Germany; German Democratic Republic; the Victory Day celebration."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":93,"authors":[{"id":162,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u041a\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u044c\u044e\u0437\u0435\u043d","en":"McCaffray Susan P."},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0412\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0421\u0428\u0410","en":"Professor of Russian History, University of North Carolina at Wilmington (USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":642,"author_id":162}}],"issue":{"id":93,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":643,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b","en":"Off the Main Street"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e 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\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u041c\u0420 \u0438 \u041d\u041a\u0420 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438.","en":"The author focuses her attention on the problem of unrecognized or self-proclaimed states. Nowadays the problem became one of the most obvious manifestations of the international law chaotization. The process began in the late 20th century. Nevertheless up to 2008 normative value of such documents as the UN Charter and the Final act of the Conference on security and cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Act) have been never challenged. The more so the fundamental principles laid in the basis of the international legal order that was established after the World War II. The situation changed drastically after 2008. The author pays a particular attention to events happened in 2008 since it were precisely these events that, in a great extent, created the context ignoring which it is impossible neither to grasp specifics of the Donbass phenomenon (despite the wide spread opinion that has little in common with the first post-Soviet unrecognized republics), nor duly appreciate tenacity demonstrated by the still unrecognized Trans-Dniester Moldavian Republic and Nagorno-Karabkh Republic in their fighting for the territory of right. As the author shows in the concluding part of the article, the significance of this tenacity goes far beyond confines of these republics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0445\u0430\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c.","en":"chaotization; legal order; conflict; referendum."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":190,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u043b\u043e \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Myalo Kseniya Grigorievna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, specialist in political sciences, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":643,"author_id":190}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":644,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Calculations and Miscalculations. How Geo-Strategy Became a Hostage of Geopolitics (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439.","en":"The World War II is replete with examples when inadequately stated, permeated with class ideology geopolitics brought to bear negative influence on achievement of its specific goals by means of military strategy. The second part of the article exposes contradictions between policies and strategies of the Western Allies in the anti-Fascist coalition during the Pacific war. The most dramatic manifestation of these contradictions came at the final stage of the WWII when the Western Allies proved to be unable to complete defeat of Japan in short terms and without unacceptable losses. All these conditions could be fulfilled only due to the USSR entry into war. Despite willingness to limit growth of authority and influence of the USSR on the post-war world balance of forces the Western Allies had to ask the USSR to join the war on the Far East due to the immense experience of land operations the USSR acquired in Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"policy; strategy; contradictions; anti-fascist coalition, the USSR; the USA; Great Britain; China; Japan; interests; war."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":90,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zimonin Vyacheslav Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u0415\u041d, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, academician of Russian Acadeny of natural Sciences, Merited Science Worker of Russia"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":644,"author_id":90}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":645,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435: \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Energy Policy of Russia in the South Caucasus: Pipeline Wars"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b 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\u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u2013\u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0415\u0421, \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430.","en":"The geopolitical aspects of a number of energy projects in South Caucasus are presented. The major pipeline projects in the region such as Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, Iran-Armenia and others are estimated. The basic problems of confrontation and cooperation among Russia, US\u0410, EU, Turkey and Iran for the dominance in the energy market of the South Caucasus are studied. Russia\u2019s pipeline strategy in the region is analyzed; its strengths and weaknesses are identified. The significance of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the development of regional pipeline maps is revealed. The degree of influence of regional instability and a number of territorial conflicts on the pipeline system of South Caucasus is defined."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0415\u0421; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437; \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c.","en":"energy policy; South Caucasus; pipelines; Russia; EU; USA; Iran; Turkey; natural gas; oil."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0442\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davtian Vahe Samvelovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor at Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":645,"author_id":67}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":646,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb: \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439","en":"\u00abA Magazine for Military Educational Institutions Students Reading\u00bb: Glimpses of Journalism for Children"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article deals with a specialized magazine for children. The magazine was intended for students of military educational institutions of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the magazine determined its contents, circle of authors and general ideological trend of the magazine."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439; \u042f.\u0418.\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432.","en":"ideology of Nickolas I epoch; magazines for children; Ya.I.Rostovtsev."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":23,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043ac\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Belozerskaya Ksenia Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"graduate student, Chair of literary criticism, Faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":646,"author_id":23}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":647,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u044c. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 1916\u20131917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Luxury. Crisis. State. The State Regulation of the Russian Luxury Market during the Crisis of 1916\u20131917"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439.","en":"The article considers the regulatory activities of the Russian government in the luxury market during the World War I and February Revolution. This research is focused on the price formation and speculations in the Russian consumer market. The article contains analysis of the Russian tax system under the extreme conditions of the war time. The author has revealed new historical sources. This research contains multidisciplinary approach (social, historical and economical science). The further research of the respective topics may lead to significant scientific achievements."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u044c; \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a.","en":"price formation; \u0441risis; World War I; luxury; tax system; regulation of consumption; consumer market."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":3,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ageeva Elena Andreevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u0424","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Chair of Economic History and the History of Economic Doctrines of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":647,"author_id":3}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":648,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"A Dangerous Profession (to be continued)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1974 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 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\u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041e\u0421\u0412-1), \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 1972 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430 8 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430.","en":"During September and October 1974 the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations under the chairmanship of Senator J.W.Fulbright organised the open \u00abHearings\u00bb on \u00abD\u00e9tente\u00bb and the awarding the Soviet Union \u00abThe Most Favoured Nation\u00bb status in trade and the Jackson amendment attached to it. This Amendment linked the MFN status to free emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. At the same time the new Trade agreement was also linked to the ratification of Agreements on the mutual reduction of strategic weapons (SALT-1) signed by Brezhnev and Nixon in 1972. Zhores Medvedev was invited to participate and in his Statement before the Committee on October 8th insisted that the Senate approval of \u00abJackson amendment\u00bb which was unacceptable to Soviet leadership might ruin not only the Trade agreement, but also the whole d\u00e9tente, SALT-1 and create new restrictions for emigration from the Soviet Union."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb; \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u041e\u0421\u0412-1; \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c.","en":"Jackson Amendment; SALT-1 Treaty; J.W.Fulbright; Jewish emigration."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":648,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":649,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab...\u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435","en":"\u00ab\u2026He Was a Great Lover of Luxury and Splendor\u00bb: Saint-Petersburg Tailor of the 18th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u041d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b XVII \u0432., \u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435, \u0442.\u0435. \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e? \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d, \u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d, \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0446\u043e\u0432, \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XVIII \u0432.","en":"The history of Imperial Russia began not only with new army and navy, but also with the new clothes. Growth to the new capital of the Russian Empire, St. Petersburg, on the one hand, absorbed the Moscow experience of cooperation with foreign experts from the German Slobode of the 17th century, on the other hand, was an experimental space in which to generate new knowledge and experience sharing to a new level. The tailors of Petersburg were supposed to supply the population of a large city with European clothes: nobility, burghers, craftworker and merchants, the Royal court, the army and navy. The presence of many foreign tailors in St. Petersburg strongly influenced the development of tailor\u2019s and resulted in a major fashion center in Russia in the 18th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 XVIII \u0432.; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044e\u043c; \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"St. Petersburg in the 18th century; fashion; man's suit; tailors of Petersburg; city\u2019s handicraft; city\u2019s craftworker; modernisation; westernisation."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":649,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":650,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u0423\u041b\u0430\u0433\u0430 1920-\u0445 \u2013 1940-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432)","en":"\u00abSubstitute\u00bb Elements in Religious Practices (Based on Recollections of GULAG Prisoners in the 1920-s \u2014 the 1940s)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a (\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445) \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u044e\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1920 \u2013 1940-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439: \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c; \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the problem of religious practices adaptation to conditions of the Soviet imprisonment and prison camp detention in the 1920s \u2014 the 1940s. Christian religious practices are taken as example. Actions, items, spaces, texts of religious life mutated under impact of interdictory conditions: religious procedures and rites were simplified and reduced down to substitution of action with narrative about action; items of religious attributes were made of make-shift materials and divided into parts; each part began to symbolize the whole or these parts were excluded altogether; lack of special spaces for religious rites and actions led to their conduct virtually in any point of space accessible to prisoners."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0423\u041b\u0410\u0413; \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Gulag; memoirs; religion; uncensored tradition."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":216,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Petrova Natal\u2019a Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442","en":"graduate student, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":650,"author_id":216}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":651,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b","en":"Crisis of Medicine"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043b, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0412\u0440\u0430\u0447 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.","en":"Technocratic mentality started to form gradually since the second part of the 19th century. The most famous European physicians stated that the crisis of humane medicine arrived after the WWI and the increasing dehumanization of medical activity came after the WWII. Nowadays the process seems to acquire irreversible character. A doctor and a patient have proved to be on different sides of the barricade built of technical achievements and hardened by impregnable technocratic mentality."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"causal thinking; reductionism; technocratic mentality; dehumanization of medical activity."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":94,"authors":[{"id":270,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyanski Viktor Davydovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, Assistant Professor of Y.M.Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":651,"author_id":270}}],"issue":{"id":94,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":652,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0427\u0443\u0434\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b","en":"Miracle of Survival and New Threats"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442. \u041d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435.","en":"The metaphysical fall and subsequent cultural, geopolitical and other disasters caused by that fall have not brought about to the final lethal result they had to bring about. It means that if the process of conflict between Russia and the West has really acquired a long process character and become really fundamental one belonging to issues of the country\u2019s life or death then the subject of the whole system reformatting comes to the fore. The existing system is inadequate to the new reality and new challenges by now. A new plan is required. If this discussion will not be started right now then Russia will have no future. Not because it is necessary to catch up what was missed out but because it is necessary to consider in due time those strategic threats that are not in the center of attention so far but seem to be of great gravity. These dangers may suddenly make everything else dull and senseless."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"the metaphysica; retrogression; Russia; the modern European humankind; structure; sense and meaning; state."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":652,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":653,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b...\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"\u00abWe Need Orders and Distinctions\u2026\u00bb. Role of Awards in the Soviet Identity Formation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0433\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0430\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0432\u00bb. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article deals with role of awards in formation of the Stalin\u2019s period \u00abnew man\u00bb formation. The article is based on authentic personal documents of the second half of the 1930s that are introduced into scientific turnover for the first time. Giving an answer to the question on causes of high ascendant social mobility of the Soviet society the author comes to the conclusion that the positive identity of \u00abhomo heroicus\u00bb which, to a large extent, was being formed due to belonging to the \u00abaward bearers\u00bb community. The author pays the particular attention to transition of the Soviet award system from awards granted to the elite to mass awards."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b; \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"the USSR; awards; elites; the Soviet identity; social mobility."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savin Andrey Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Siberian Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":653,"author_id":242}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":654,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"A Dangerous Profession (to be continued)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 8 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1974 \u0433. \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 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\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u041e\u041d\u0422\u0418\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0422\u00bb. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1974 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0443.","en":"My report at the \u00abHearing\u00bb of the US Senate Foreign Affairs Committee on \u00abJackson Amendment\u00bb on October 8th 1974 produced an \u00abOpen Letter by Lidya Chukovskaya and Lev Kopelev to Zhores Medvedev\u00bb which was broadcasted by foreign radios. Both authors criticised me for negative attitude on awarding The Nobel Peace Prize to Andrey Sakharov. This criticism was based on false information. In November 1974 I was appointed as Senior Reserch Scientist of the National Institute of Medical Research and was able to resume my study of biochemistry of ageing. In 1974 Vladimir Maximov and Solzhenitsyn founded a new literary-political journal \u00abKONTINENT\u00bb. Attention of western press in December of 1974 was also attracted by the ceremony of the presentation of Nobel Prize for Literature to Alexander Solzhenitsyn."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432; \u041b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f; \u041d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u00bb; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"Lev Kopelev; Lidya Chukovskaya; Nobel Peace Prize; Kontinent; Alexander Solzhenitsyn; Andrei Sakharov."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":654,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":655,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"The Ancient Russian Notions of the Other World"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438.","en":"The author examines the Christian and pagan ideas about the otherworld and their influence on the literature of Ancient Russia. Common understanding of the problem did not exist. Disputes about heaven were based on different interpretation of another world. The Antioch concept and Neoplatonic concept had the greatest influence on Russia. Apocryphal images of heaven and hell were widespread in the Old Russian literature. They had strong influence on the disputes about heaven. Russian ideas the other world were formed on the basis of Orthodox, apocryphal and pagans ideas about post-mortem existence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u0430\u0434; \u0440\u0430\u0439; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438; \u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0444\u044b; \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Ancient Russia; another world; heaven; hell; life after death; Orthodoxy; Neoplatonism; the Apocrypha; the influence of paganism."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":655,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":656,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0432 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"\u00abInsane for Christ\u00bb and \u00abWordly Holiness\u00bb in Ancient Rus. The Classical French Historiography Text on the Russian \u00abFoolishness for Christ\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u042f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u042d\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0442 \u0411\u0435\u0440-\u0421\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044c (1907\u20132005), \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0413.\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.","en":"Bibliography in French devoted to the Russian religious piety, to foolishness for Christ in particular is in many respects based on works by the Russian Orthodox community. The life and creative development of Elisabeth Behr-Sigel (1907\u22122005), the French researcher who adopted the Russian Orthodoxy and studied history of the Orthodox church and the Russian theology are the most vivid example of the thesis. Her study of the Russian spirituality based on G. Fedotov's conception, has not lost its relevancy for French readers up to now."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u042d.\u0411\u0435\u0440-\u0421\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0413.\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"the French language bibliography; fools for Christ; holiness; E.Behr-Sigel; G.Fedotov."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":181,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mironenko-Marenkova Irina Konstantinovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436)","en":"Ph.D., historian, the teacher, Russian State University for Humanities, doctor in philosophy, EHESS, Paris"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":656,"author_id":181}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":657,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430. \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f 1917-\u0433\u043e","en":"Thoughts Caused by a Letter. Once More about Intelligentzia on the Eve of February, 1917"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435, \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u041c.\u0424.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041c.\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443.","en":"In years prior to the fall of the Russian autocracy intelligentsia circles discussed urgent issues of war and patriotism, authority, inevitability or possibility of revolution. Activities of these circles were a part of political everyday reality and are reconstructed on the basis of coevals' correspondence including a little-known letter written by M.F.Andreeva to M.Gorky."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"letters; everyday life; non-formal associations; patriotism; imperialism."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":657,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":658,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\u2013\u041a\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u2013\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0441 \u0432 1940\u20131941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c","en":"Moscow\u2013Kaunas\u2013Vil\u2019nyus in 1940\u20131941. Between Geopolitics and Social Issue"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438: 1) \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; 2) \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.","en":"Peculiarities of the Soviet power making in Lithuania in pre-war years are reflected in documents held in the Russian State Archive of social and political history that are published now. It is demonstrated the key motives of the Soviet power activities wee as follows: 1) military and political considerations connected with expectancy of war; 2) radical transformation of the Lithuanian society social and economic structure that relied upon a complex balance of ideology, practical needs and real possibilities."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b.","en":"geopolitics; foreign policy; the Baltic states; Lithuania; economy; ideology, archive documents."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":74,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0438\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Dovjick Natal\u2019ya Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"graduate student, Political Science Faculty of Moscow State Lomonosov University, the leading expert of the Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":658,"author_id":74}},{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":658,"author_id":233}},{"id":250,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Simindey Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u00bb, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"Head of research programs, \u00abHistorical Memory\u00bb Foundation, executive editor of the \u00abJournal of Russian and East European historical studies\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":658,"author_id":250}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":659,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Love of Space"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The authors consider the most recent experience that is acquired due to study of peculiarities of a new social-psychological and creative space formation in the Soviet literature and public life of the 1920s exemplified by materials of the Soviet men of letters' private archives and their legal cases and court investigations. The authors analyze mechanisms of creative personalities' adaptation to conditions and requirements of the emerging totalitarian culture."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438; \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0411\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0444; \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0432; \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.","en":"the Soviet literature; public life; repressions and purges; Isaac Babel; Ilya Ilf; Valentin Kataev; Evgenij Petrov."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":95,"authors":[{"id":266,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Taratorkin Philip Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant professor, \u0421hair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Director of the Humanities Archive, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":659,"author_id":266}},{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":659,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":95,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":660,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"Self-preservation. Challenge of the Time"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u0424 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to the problem of modern Russia\u2019s survival in the global world, to the challenges that present combination of the country\u2019s foreign and domestic policy factors. Russia has not just to survive. Russia has to gain a new place in the current military-political, religious, cultural context and to fulfill its prescription and assignment. The principal theme of the article is the RF policy in the Middle East and analysis of relation of forces and groupings in this region of the globe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"Near East; Russia; Europe; Islam; political process; war; refugees; state."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":660,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":661,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0443 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430?","en":"Is there any Future for German-Russian Cooperation?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 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\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u044e\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0418\u0413\u0418\u041b.","en":"Condition of Russian-German cooperation plays defining role in formation of international atmosphere in Europe. That was true for the first post-war years and remains to be true nowadays. In conditions when project of the Big Europe that involves the Russian Federation in transcontinental cooperation is not yet realized well-being of all European countries directly depends on character of relations between Moscow and Berlin that, in fact, is the capital of the European Union. Growing threat of terrorism only accentuates this connection. Upon terrorist attack in Paris France in cooperation with Russia has formed the basis of a wide international antiterrorist coalition. The principal question is: when the Federal Republic of Germany will join the coalition. Respective decisions seem to be made but the first and greatest difficulty consists of the fact that so far Berlin was geared exclusively to Washington and the USA does not hurry with taking part in ISIS routing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0418\u0413\u0418\u041b; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russia; FRG; the USA; international terrorism; ISIS; antiterrorist coalition; Big Europe; unification of Germany."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":661,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":662,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u00bb? \u0421\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0418.\u0418.\u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 50-\u0445 \u2013 60-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 XVIII \u0432.","en":"\u00abOpen the Gateway to Well-Being for Natural Talents\u00bb? The Estate Problem in Educational Reforms Drafts Suggested by I.I.Shuvalov and M.V.Lomonosov at the Turn of the 1750s and 1760s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 50-\u0445 \u2013 60-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XVIII \u0432. \u0418.\u0418.\u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article deals with the solution of the problem of integration of educational institutions in a estate society of Russian empire, proposed in the projects of I.I.Shuvalov and M.V.Lomonosov at the turn of 50\u221260-ies of XVIII c. Shuvalov and Lomonosov in 1760\u22121761 were in a situation of confrontation. For Lomonosov educational institutions should strive to teach gifted children, regardless of their social status. According to Shuvalov, the planned system of schools and gymnasiums was intended only for the children of the nobility, because they were supposed to govern due to their noble birth."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418.\u0418.\u0428\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"I.I.Shuvalov; M.V.Lomonosov; history of education; history of Russian empire."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kiselev Mikhail Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":662,"author_id":117}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":663,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \/ Apocalypse now. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Apocalypse of Our Times: Preliminary Results of the Russian Education Reforms"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 2000-\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 2010-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 Liberal Arts; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0443. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The author considers consequences and prospects of reforms commenced in the Russian education in the 2000s and 2010s. The author focuses his attention on the higher education of the Bologna system and on conception of Liberal Arts as well as on idea of radical reduction of faculty, on conception of the \u00abeffective contract\u00bb an instructor strikes with an educational institution administration, on introduction of the final composition in senior classes and on changes in control and measuring materials of the Unified state exam in Russian. The author notes crudity of reforms undertaken as well as planned, a significant intensification bureaucratization and unfounded upsurge of reporting. Finally the author proposes a number of measures that can stop the pernicious trend."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f Liberal Arts; \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"reform of education, higher education; the Bologna system; Liberal Arts conception; \u201croad map\u201d in sphere of education; budgetary funding; optimization."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":663,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":664,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a: \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f, \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437 1945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e","en":"Gustav Husak: Slovakia, Czechoslovakia, the USSR. A Glance from 1945 and not Only Just That"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u00ab\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u00bb, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1944 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0451 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"The author relates her personal acquaintance with Husak that took place after rehabilitation of Husak and his exoneration from accusation in the \u00abbourgeois nationalism\u00bb considers circumstances of Husak' appearance in Moscow in early 1945, analyzes documents prepared by Husak and connected with the Slovakian national uprising and situation in Slovakia. The author also describes the second visit of Husak to Moscow in March, 1945, for discussion of the program advanced by Czechoslovakian government which had been formed in the USSR, and presents Husak\u2019s opinion in respect of state and legal construction of the post-war Czechoslovakia and of condition of Slovakia in Czechoslovak Republic after its restoration and demonstrates Husak\u2019s attitude to the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043a; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; 1945 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Gustav Gusak; Czechoslovakia; Slovakia; the USSR, 1945; Moscow; the Slovakian national uprising."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":664,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":665,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"A Dangerous Profession (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432 1974\u20131975 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\u00ab\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0413\u0423\u041b\u0430\u0433\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb \u0432 1989 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.","en":"The appearance in 1974\u22121975 some new anti-socialist and religious journals of Soviet emigration stimulated the creation by Roy Medvedev a new samizdat journal \u00abXXth Century\u00bb in Moscow with socialist-democratic orientation. Collections of essays and literary stories from this journals were published also abroad in Russian, English, French, German and other languages. One of the authors of this journal was Michail Yakubovich active participant of Russian revolution who knew well its main leaders. Memoirs of Yakubovich about his arrest and interrogation with the use of torture were included by Alexander Solzhenitsyn into his epic \u00abGulag Archipelago\u00bb, however with many distortions and falsifications of Yakubovich case. It is described in this essay how it became possible to force Solzhenitsyn to make necessary corrections in the text of the first Soviet edition of his work pablished in \u00abNovy Mir\u00bb in 1989."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442; \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u042f\u043a\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u0413\u0423\u041b\u0430\u0433.","en":"Roy Medvedev; samizdat; Michail Yakubovich; Alexander Solzhenitsyn; \u201cGulag Archipelago\u201d."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":665,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":666,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Ancient Russian Notions of the Other World (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 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\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u042f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Basing his study on proceedings of exegetes, apocryphal books, the ancient Russian writings, and folklore the author investigates two extremities of the Medieval understanding of the paradise: paradise was understood as the phenomenal historical reality and as the noumenal entity. Exegetes-textualists' conception of the earthly paradise negated the conception of the earthly paradise from the Christianized Neo-Platonism positions. Ambiguousness of the situation is interpreted with trends of the problem understanding by the popular consciousness taken in due account. Impact of pre-Christian notions on apocryphal images of the paradise is demonstrated. Images of the other world divided from this world by the water barrier are referred to archetypical images. Such images received their second life in works of Vassily the Wanderer. Vassily\u2019s opinions are estimated in comparison with the strict Orthodox works of the medieval Russian book culture. The author comes to the conclusion that the na\u00efve adherence to the nature confronts with the impeccable in doctrinal terms conception of the ideal heavenly paradise as the supra-sensual world devoid of specific features. Scenic understanding of the heavenly paradise was transferred into the early medieval Russian literature through descriptions of saint visionaries' travels to the Heaven. The author suggests interpreting vivid images of the paradise that were offered in the non-canonical books as the sensual allegories of the future indescribable blessing."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u0430\u0434; \u0440\u0430\u0439; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438; \u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0444\u044b; \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"Ancient Russia; another world; heaven; hell; life after death; Orthodoxy; Neoplatonism; the Apocrypha; the influence of paganism."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":179,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mil\u2019kov Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., philosopher, leading specialist, Institute of Philosophy of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":666,"author_id":179}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":667,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"The New Research of the Phenomenon of Stalinism and the Jewish question in the USSR"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0413.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c (\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f)\u00bb, \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0432 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044e.","en":"The author, renowned specialist in history of interethnic relations in Russia and the USSR, presents the new version of book \u00abSecret policy of Stalin. Authority and anti-Semitism\u00bb written by G.V.Kostyrchenko and published in 2015 by International relations publisher\u2019s house. Author investigated in a rather detailed way the book\u2019s theses that are principally new in methodological, factual and analytical respects. Author gives an overall positive appraisal of the book and thinks that the book is an important scientific contribution to the Russian historiography."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb; \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Stalin\u2019s policy, national question, political and state anti-Semitism, \u201ccosmopolitism\u201d, enhancement of patriotizm and ethnic nationalizm in authority."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":9,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0436\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Amanzholova Dina Akhmetzhanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci. in history, leading researcher of the Center \u201cHistory of the peoples of Russia and inter-ethnic relations\u201d, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":667,"author_id":9}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":668,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a","en":"People from Footnotes. Maxim Maximovich Kovalevski as an Austrian Captive"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041c.\u041c. \u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (1851\u20131916), \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0441\u0431\u0430\u0434\u0435 (\u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u044f) \u0441 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1914 \u0433. \u043f\u043e \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 1915 \u0433. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to a poorly studied period of life of M.M.Kovalevski (1851\u22121916), the distinguished scientist and public figure. This period is connected with Kovalevski\u2019s staying in intern condition in Karlsbad (Austro-Hungary) from July, 1914, to February, 1915. Analysis of various sources allows not only making up gaps in Kovalevski\u2019s biography. The analysis also enables to elucidate difficulties experienced by Russians who happened to find themselves in a similar condition at the outbreak of the WWI. That is very important because issues like adaptation of Russian prisoners to new severe conditions, their everyday life, creation and testing of mechanism of prisoners and interns release and repatriation are yet poorly investigated."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1914\u20131915 \u0433\u0433.","en":"M.M.Kovalevski; the Austrian captivity; attitude to the war; condition of Russians interned in Austro-Hungary in 1914\u20131915."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":96,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":668,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":96,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2015,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":669,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Language of the Elite Responsibility"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, 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\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0433\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b 30-\u0445 \u2013 70-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442-\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"Understanding of the USSR collapse reasons is one of the most important factors that prevent disintegration of Russia. The comprehension of the fact that collapse of the USSR was disastrous is growing in the Russian society. However answers provided to the question why USSR collapsed are still naive. The article is devoted not only to the current social and political situation and prospects of the Russian Federation but to the future of the analytics which nowadays can be considered as the analytics of elite games, as a new way of reflection which allows reconstruct multidimensional models of the past, the present and the future. The main subject matter of the article is the history of relations within the Soviet and the international elite of the 1930s-1970s. History of elites and clans requires not just a scientific approach which presupposes relations of agents and subjects but requires interpretation, a peculiar hermeneutics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0433\u0440; \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"the USSR; contemporary Russia; science; analytics of elite games; language of elite responsibility; interpretation."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":669,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":670,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \/ Apocalipse Now. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Apocalipse of Our Times: Preliminary Results of the Russian Education Reforms"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 2000-\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 2010-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f; \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0413\u042d, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e.","en":"The author considers consequences and prospects of reforms commenced in the Russian education in the 2000s and 2010s. The author focuses his attention on conception of \u201ceffective contract\u201d an instructor strikes with an educational institution administration, on bibliometrical indices as the criterion of an instructor\u2019s scientific activity efficiency, on introduction of final composition in senior classes and on instrumentation materials of the Unified state exam in Russian and, first of all, on massive simplification of tasks, and on reduction of minimum points required for admission to a higher education institutions. The author notes crudity of reforms undertaken and planned, a significant intensification of bureaucratization and unfounded upsurge of reporting. Finally the author proposes a number of measures that can stop the pernicious trend."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442; \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d.","en":"higher education; effective contract; bibliometrical indices; secondary school; final composition; the Unified state exam."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":670,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":671,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c I","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0439 (\u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f) \u0438 \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440.","en":"The first in the series this article deals with Peter the Great`s diplomacy at the final stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. The peace negotiations were to be conducted at Karlowitz between the Holy League (Austria, Venetia, Poland, Russia) and the Sublime Porte to try to reach an uneasy compromise. As the author argues in the opening part of his text, the conflicting interests of the allies seemed obvious enough to make the chances for success slim."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1684\u20131700 \u0433\u0433.; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699 \u0433\u0433.); \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 I.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1684\u20131700; Holy League (1684\u20131699); the Congress of Karlowitz; Peter the Great; Procopius Voznitsin; the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Leopold I."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":671,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":672,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Design of the Gorbachev Perestroika: Attempts of Reconstruction"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author considers issues connected with exposure of the \u00abperestroika\u00bb design in the USSR in 1985\u20131991 as the design is reflected in sources and historiography. Importance of these issues for study of the current history of Russia is demonstrated. Principal approaches to the problem under investigation are designated and arguments of respective approaches followers are presented. The author comes to the conclusion that poignancy of discussion does not abate while approaches of scientists and participants of perestroika events remain to be extremely contradictive. The main nerve of discussion is connected with the issue whether there was a conception of perestroika or not and what was the content and intention of the conception. In the latter case researchers are in disagreement on the point whether the conception was aimed at the destruction of the Soviet formation or such destruction was a result of objective processes. Suggestions on methodology of the problem investigation including methods of historical sources critique are made in the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438; \u041c.\u0421.\u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0410.\u041d.\u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d.","en":"design of perestroika; M.S.Gorbachev; reforms; the Soviet socialism; A.N.Yakovlev; methodology of investigation; plan."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Maslov Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Modern History, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":672,"author_id":171}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":673,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b II \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430?","en":"Catherine II Policy in the Sphere of Forestry: Abolition of Control for the Sake of Private Interest?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 XIX \u0432. \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b II \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c I \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f 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\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445\u00bb. \u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432.","en":"Since the 19th century there is a common belief in the historiography that the period of Catherine II\u2019s reign was the time when the policy of forest protection (started by Peter the Great`s as the wood was an important recourse for long-term development of navy and industry) was stopped. Indeed Catherine II supposed it necessary to develop private initiative, and state monopolies unpromising for economical development. However the materials taken under consideration in this article show that this judgment is lop-sided and not quite correct. At the time of refuse of repressive methods, Catherine II paid much attention to the problems of forestry \u2013 organization of preservation, descriptions, studies, creation of new regulation. Chopping wood really increased during her reign. But the reason for it was due to not only the changes in legislation and connivance as the growth of population and practice of interpretation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"Catherine II; state regulation of wood exploitation; forestry."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":673,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":674,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c I","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b) \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0435\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0436). \u0412 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438? \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f, \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b? \u0418\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u044e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c? \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c: \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Contrarily to traditional analysis of the politics main components (property interests, lawful, institutional and social principles of power) the publication turns towards a new political history in studying mechanism or everyday life of power (methods, efficiency of function, image). Personality, subjectivity are the most characteristic features of revolution. How one comes to revolutionary? Is it possible to speak about number of persons, little active in ordinal but essentially important in critical moment? Or there are some circumstances able to provoke crucial deviation in one\u2019s mind and action? Quantity of unpublished documents from archives helps us to understand the whole chain of problems: cultural origins of the revolution; making up a \u00abnew human being\u00bb; law and violence in revolutionary administration; discourse of the revolution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c XVIII \u0432.; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); social and political thought of the XVIII century; political culture; revolutionary leadership; new political history."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":674,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":675,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 (\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 20-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 30-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XX \u0432.)","en":"A.K.Voronski in the Literary and Political Process: the Mid-1920s \u2013 the Early 1930s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 20-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XX \u0432. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0443 (1922), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 20-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0435\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The author considers biography of A.K.Voronski, one of the principal figures of the literary process in the 1920s. In 1922 the Bolshevist Party entrusted him not only with censorship but also with guidance of writers whom L.D.Trotsky called \u201cfellow-travellers\u201d. Particularity of the situation consisted in the fact that in the mid-1920s the party admitted the proletarian culture\u2019s inadequacy. The proletarian culture required cooperation with the old prerevolutionary culture in order to acquire the experience accumulated by the old culture. Voronski helped \u201cfellow-travellers\u201d to survive and at the same time tried to instruct representatives of the young proletarian culture in literary mastery skills. This activity caused bitter criticism of the Proletkult representatives who saw in Voronski\u2019s activity the enginery of the class enemy. Co-existence of various literary groupings was possible because the idea of class war within the country still did not gained ascendancy in the party."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"the proletarian culture; the Proletkult; censorship; fellow-travellers; literary process; Trotskyism."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":97,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":675,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":97,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":676,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430","en":"The Strategy of Containment and the Global Conflict. Analysis of Political Discourse"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 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\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.","en":"The article deals with topical issues of global confrontation in the modern world, contemporary Russian foreign policy and its context. The author concentrates on the problems of the Middle East settlement and the role of Russia in this process. At the same time, the article provides the analysis, which helps to understand what is the political choice of the US leadership and how it threatens Russia. In the first place, it is clear that the US is not going to quit the Middle East and will maintain its presence there. The strategy of undermining the national states of the Arab world, and the creation of conditions that will not allow these nation states take shape, also remains the same. US is interested in containment of Russia in the Middle East and throughout the world. The author draws this conclusion on the basis of the analysis of the discourse of the US politicians and political commentators. The findings are of direct relevance to the safety of modern Russia and its place in the international arena. The purpose of containment is not to allow Russia to consolidate its efforts in establishing peace and stability in the post-Soviet region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a; \u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0442; \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d; \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"The Russian Federation; the United States; the Middle East; the Arab world; containment; Caliphate; Israel; Iran; China; Islamism."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":676,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":677,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"XX \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421: \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u0445\u043e (1956 \u0433\u043e\u0434)","en":"XX Congress of the CPSU: Czechoslovak Echo (1956)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1956 \u0433. \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u00ab\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438\u00bb.","en":"The article gives a brief general description of the CPSU Twentieth Congress, with the main emphasis on the N.S. Khrushchev\u2019s \"secret\" report concerning Stalin\u2019s \u201cpersonality cult\u201d and its consequences, on importance of the Congress decisions for the country and the world at large and their impact on the state and development of the world communist movement. It is shown how the problem was presented in the Russian historiography during the last quarter of a century. The perception of the CPSU Twentieth Congress decisions by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, which was then at the helm of the country and society, is explored. The article traces evolution of the views of the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1956, on how to implement the decisions of the CPSU Twentieth Congress on the cult of Stalin's personality, so as not to shake the foundations of the existing socialist system in Czechoslovakia based on the Soviet model. The article pinpoints internal and external factors that by the end of 1956 brought the Czechoslovak authorities back to the help of \"strong hand\" policy."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0425\u0425 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u041d.\u0421.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, 1956 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438; \u0410.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0427.","en":"XX Congress of the CPSU; N.S.Khrushchev\u2019s report on personality cult, 1956; Czechoslovakia; the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; A.Novotny, the CPC Central Committee."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":170,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mar\u2019ina Valentina Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of the Institute of Slavic Studies"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":677,"author_id":170}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":678,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c II","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part II"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043a, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"In the second part of the article the author comes to extensively consider the intricate diplomatic play staged at the Karlowitz congress scene. Hobbled by the absence of the tsar`s update instructions Procopius Voznitsin had to improvise at his own risk. But due to long experience and acute intuition Russian delegate contrived to avoid the traps set by his European counterparts."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u0433., \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699 \u0433\u0433.), \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I, \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u041f.\u0412.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e, \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700, Holy League (1684\u20131699), the Congress of Karlowitz, Peter the Great, Procopius Voznitsin, Peter Posnikov, Alexander Mavrocordato, Rami Mehmed-pasha."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":678,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":679,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Perestroika to the Ground"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430.\n\n\u0412 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u0435 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u041e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"The lifting the Soviet Communist Party of the monopoly of power started the nationalistic desintegration movements in some of the union republics. Because the economic and financial crisis did reduce the influence of the central government President Gorbachev did try to receive a massive financial aid from developed western powers (G-7) to subsidize market oriented reforms. After the failure of this plan , the conspiratorial attempt was made to replace the USSR with the loose voluntary union of the sovereign states by the signing the new treaty which would replace the current Constitution. Ukraine, Belarus and few other republics did not plan to sign a new treaty. The objection to this plan by the government of the USSR, the speaker of the Supreme Soviet and the Chairman of the State bank led to their confrontation with Gorbachev and Yeltsyn."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a, \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d, \u0420\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d, \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0413\u041a\u0427\u041f.","en":"Iraq, Saddam Hussein, Referendum 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsyn."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":679,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":680,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:54.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u2014 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432","en":"Solidarism \u2013 the Concept of the National Union of the New Generation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 1930 \u0433. \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"The ideological views of the National union of the new generation, the Russian emigrant organization in the 1930\u2019s, are analysed in this article. The concept \u201csolidarism\u201d, which had been the basis of the program, is articulated in this article. Its historical ideological sources are shown in this work. The Union was formed in 1930 in Yugoslavia, advocated the overthrow of the Bolshevik government and had offices in many countries."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"russian abroad; emigration; the National Union of the New Generation; solidarism; ideology."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u044e\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Klimovich Ludmila Valer'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Technologies of Ulyanovsk State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":680,"author_id":119}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":681,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c II","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part II"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430 (\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u00ab\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430\u00bb). \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.","en":"The political culture of the French revolution appropriated the ideas of Enlightenment. Owing to the evolution of natural and exact sciences the enforced confidence in an infinite capacity of human reason (rationalism) made possible not only activity in acquaintance and direction for social life but even the creation of an ideal state (\u00abkingdom of Reason\u00bb). The moral order replaced the religion as a main element of spiritual unity in a new society. The \u201cvirtue\u201d represented in this way the principal category of social and political life; it was adopted by revolutionaries for their theory and practice."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c XVIII \u0432.; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); social and political thought of the XVIII c.; political culture; theories of social and political organization; image of ideal state and society."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":681,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":682,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 (\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 20-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 30-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XX \u0432.) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"A.K.Voronski in the Literary and Political Process: the Mid-1920s \u2013 the Early 1930s (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0410.\u041a.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a 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\u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 20-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0432 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0445\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u00bb, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"In the final part of the article A.K.Voronskii\u2019s political persecution is discussed, as well as investigative cases, that reveal harassment mechanism employed during the Stalinist era. The published archival excerpt from investigation file opened in 1937, contains a detailed description by Voronsky of the party and literary figures whom the authorities considered part of the Trotskyist opposition. Despite the origins of the document, its data does not contradict our information from alternative sources. Just the assessments are radically different. What was the legal factional activity in the second half of the 1920s, in 1937 already was treated as a grave crime against the Bolshevik Party. The new document, which is introduced into scientific circulation, will help researchers understand the intricacies of political and literary nature relating to the \u201cPereval\u201d journal, where Voronsky was one of the founders."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"the proletarian culture; the Proletkult; censorship; fellow-travellers; literary process; Trotskyism."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":98,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":682,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":98,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":683,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"By Iron and Blood. The Conflict in Time and Space"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435.","en":"The article is devoted to the new geopolitical reality which to the full extent defines now the situation all over the post-Soviet expanse. The author considers the new role Turkey and other neighbors of Russia in the configuration that presents the latest threat and can change traditional roles these states perform in the East. The author addresses also the painful and hot theme of relations between Turkey and Armenia and between Turkey and Azerbaijan and appraises the challenges tossed to Russia in the present-day diplomatic and military-political context."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"Russia; Turkey; Kemalism ; Neo-Ottomanism ; NATO; Karabakh conflict ; military bloc ; genocide; war."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":683,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":684,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u041a 110-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438","en":"The First State Duma as \u201cthe Mirror of the Russian Revolution\u201d. To the 110th Anniversary of its Nascence and Destruction"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0420\u0424 (2001) \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb (2002). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u043d \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043c? \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435? \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c. \u0418\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e, \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041f.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0430: \u00ab\u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u00bb.","en":"A decade and a half ago author has already addressed problems of the Imperial Russia\u2019s first State Duma historical fate. The social acuteness of these problems under conditions of that time directly correlated with processes of elaboration of the land reform in the Russian Federation principles that stirred the society as a whole, with adoption of the RF Land code (2001) and of the Law \u201cOn agricultural lands turnover\u201d (2002). The time which elapsed since the early 2000s did not lower the researchers\u2019 interest and social-practical interest to the profound investigation of the first in the Russian history representative institution emergence. The Duma had legislative functions and boldly claimed its rights to the primacy and independence of the monarch\u2019s willfulness and of the dictate of the executive power subdued to the monarch. Why did the first try fail? Why that attempt did not inaugurate the beginning of the serious dialogue between the power and the society on a wide range of issues including the most urgent problem, the land problem? The land problem is still urgent. Moreover, it is still hot, burning issue. For the time is incapable to annul the indisputable, absolute justice of the thesis set forward by P.A.Stolypin: \u201cThe land is the precondition and guarantee of our future power, the land is Russia\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The First State Duma of the pre-revolutionary Russia; agrarian projects of the Duma\u2019s factions; conflict of the Duma and the executive power."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":684,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":685,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u041e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430 II \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Pro-German Beliefs of King Oscar II as the Factor of Sweden\u2019s Political Life"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u041e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430 II \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430 XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c II \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article explores Swedish king Oscar II\u2019s political views and their influence on Swedish policy. The author concludes that for a variety of reasons the king\u2019s views had significant pro-German nature. In fact, exactly he turned out to be a proxy for German influence in Sweden at the turn of the 19th century. However, inside the country the king planted successfully German political, economical and cultural patterns, and in foreign policy he strived for rapprochement with Germany which might even include a military alliance. Therethrough Oscar II has laid the groundwork for an important line in Sweden\u2019s political development existed up to the end of the First World War."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440 II \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0442; \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0421\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0425\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d.","en":"Oscar II Bernadotte; Swedish pro-Germanism; Swedens\u2019 domestic policy; Sven Hedin."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":61,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gritsenko Svyatoslav Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"postgraduate, Chair of Modern History of Europe and America, History Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":685,"author_id":61}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":686,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c III","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part III"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c 9 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1698 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 uti possidetis, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.","en":"The third part of the article focuses on the content of Russo-Turkish negotiations at Karlowitz officially started on November 9th 1698. They constantly stumbled at the Porte`s intransigence fueled by the double-standard position of the Austrian, English and Dutch delegates. The discussions centered around the interpretation of the uti possidetis as a basic principle of the Karlowitz congress. While scrutinizing the arguments of each actor the author blames the Turks and their Western supporters for the lack of progress in peace talks."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u0433.; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699 \u0433\u0433.); \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u041f.\u0412.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e; \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430; \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c \u041f\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442; \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0431 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0440.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700; Holy League (1684\u20131699); the Congress of Karlowitz; Peter the Great; Procopius Voznitsin; Peter Posnikov; Alexander Mavrocordato; Rami Mehmed-pasha; William Paget; Jacubus Colier."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":686,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":687,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Perestroika to the Ground (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 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\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP) was not created by \u201chard-liners\u201d as an attempt of the \u201ccoup d\u2019etat\u201d. to take power. It actually tried to save the USSR and its Constitution and to prevent its dessolution and replacement by the new Union of Sovereign States. The defeat of the GKChP, which consisted by the main members of the USSR government and headed by the vice-president, resulted by the transfer of power to Boris Yeltsyn and the government of the Russian Federation which was unable to control the main branches of the economy, foreign trade and the financial system. Because Michail Gorbachev restored as the USSR President was unable to rule by decree or create the new government, the power was transferred by the Supreme Soviets to \u201cThe State Council\u201d, which consisted of leaders of ten Union Republics with Gorbachev as its chairman. In September of 1991 The State Council proclaimed the independence of the Baltic states, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u0413\u041a\u0427\u041f, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041b\u0430\u043a\u0448\u0438\u043d, \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"Boris Yeltsyn, Michail Gorbachev, GKChP, Vladimir Lakshin, Foros. Baltic states."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":687,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":688,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c III","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part III"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c. \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u044e\u00bb \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb (\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d), \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438).","en":"As a hostage of his own selfishness the individual is not acceptable in the ideal state. His only possibility is a self-regeneration in refusing his personal interests and liberty in favor of common wealth. As a representative of pure Virtue he is owned by Revolution. Out of private emotions, evaluations and profit he escapes vengeance and gets an omnipotence in defiance for somebody else\u2019s ends. During the revolution hero\u2019s archetype (as an originator of a new life, a victor of enemies and obstacles) creates in political culture a kind of \u00abcivil religion\u00bb abounding in \u00abcathedrals\u00bb (Panth\u00e9on), iconography and cults (public holidays and ceremony)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); political culture; theories of social and political organization; image of ideal state and society, historical psychology, personal history."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":688,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":689,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d... [18]70-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"\u201cOne of the Last Mohicans of\u2026 the 1870s\u201d. A.S.Posnikov, the Liberal Centrist"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u00bb \u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433.","en":"The article presents \u201cthe portrait against the background of the epoch\u201d: A.S.Posnikov was a major authority in economics, publicist, organizer of higher education and pedagogue, public figure and politician, one of the leaders of the centrist (between the Constitutional Democrats and the Octobrists) current in the Russian Liberalism of the early 20th century. The particular attention is paid to contribution of Posnikov and his followers to elaboration of the \u201cnew Liberalism\u201d ideas, of the \u201cmixed economy\u201d model for Russia, of innovative approach to problems of party building. For the first time Posnikov\u2019s activities during his tenure as the Main Land Committee chairman under the Provisional government are characterized on the basis of archive sources and publicist writings and additional information on Posnikov\u2019s life after the October revolution is adduced."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442; \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a.","en":"economist; political writer; organizer of higher education and pedagogue; public character; politician."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":689,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":690,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042d\u0445\u043e \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f (\u043f\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c)","en":"Echo of Churchill\u2019s Fulton Speech in Light of New Documents"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0423.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0424\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043e \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The documentary essay explores the less-known circumstances surrounding the famous Fulton speech by W.Churchill. It is based on the British archival sources, first of all \u2013 reports from the British Embassy in Washington on Churchill\u2019s visit to the United States and on American public reaction to the Fulton speech. It demonstrates that the initial response was very mixed which pushed Churchill to change emphasis in his subsequent speeches in the U.S. But ultimately, as concluded by the author, the \u201ciron curtain\u201d speech contributed to the shift of American public to the cold war mode."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c; \u0422\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044d\u043d; \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0441; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"Fulton speech; Churchill; Truman; Halifax; cold war."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":99,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":690,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":99,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":691,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1989\u20131992 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"On the Eve of the Berlin Wall\u2019s Downfall. Pages from the Diary"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0432., \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0445\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0451\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d: \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f (\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438). \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u0430. \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1989 \u0433.","en":"The irrefragable answer to questions regarding history of the last third of the 20th century will hardly be possible until all archives will be open. However, it is impossible to wait for that moment passively: in the rapidly changing world exact reference points for building of balanced relations of partners in Europe and all over the world are needed. The negative experience is useful, for people learn from mistakes (at least, theoretically). The human memory is short, selective and unreliable. The notes made in diaries immediately after events are more close to the truth. The evidences that reveal from within the original alignment of forces affecting destiny of people, countries and continents are the most valuable. The diary records related to the eve of the German Democratic Republic\u2019s frontiers opening in November of 1989 are offered in the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0414\u0420; \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u00bb; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432.","en":"Federal Republic of Germany; West Berlin; the German question; situation in the German Democratic Republic; the Berlin Wall; position of the USSR; position of the Western powers."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":691,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":692,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c IV","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part IV"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0449\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0443\u0442. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"The fourth part of the article contains the description of the next round of the uncompromising Russo-Turkish talks at Karlowitz. With the immediate prospects still in the haze the opponents tried their utmost to find out the weakest point in each other\u2019s diplomatic defense. Their desperate search for \u201coptimal solution\u201d made the chances for the breakthrough and collapse roughly equal."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u0433.; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699 \u0433\u0433.); \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u041f.\u0412.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e; \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430; \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c \u041f\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442; \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0431 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0440.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700; Holy League (1684\u20131699); the Congress of Karlowitz; Peter the Great; Procopius Voznitsin; Peter Posnikov; Alexander Mavrocordato; Rami Mehmed-pasha; William Paget; Jacubus Colier."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":692,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":693,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Perestroika to the Ground (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044f \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u041a\u0427\u041f, \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d 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\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"After defeat of GKChP the main state owned newspapers were closed by Yeltsin\u2019s decree. \u201cIzvestia\u201d, however, survived, due to privatisation. The Ukrainian Supreme Soviet renamed as Supreme Rada declared referendum on full independency. Similar decrees in other republics of the USSR were destructive for soviet industry, particularly military, atomic and space branches. The ban on the Communist Party of the USSR and CPRF resulted in the formation of many smaller left-oriented parties. One of them was the Socialist Party with R.Medvedev as one of its leaders. All members of GKChP and the speaker of the Supreme Soviet Anatoly Lukyanov were arrested. M.Gorbachev was still the president of the USSR and the main problem remained the payment of huge Soviet state debt. The referendum in the Ukraine which confirmed its independence was the main step of the full desintegration of the Soviet Union."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432; \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433.","en":"\u201cIzvestia\u201d; independence of the Ukraine; soviet economy; Roy Medvedev; Michail Gorbachev; state debt."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":693,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":694,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u0433\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438","en":"Twists of Fate: Professor A.V.Florovski and his Soviet Colleagues"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0410.\u0418.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0412 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"The first in the series this article, dedicated to Russian historian A.V.Florovsky, describes the attempts of the academic to establish contacts with Soviet colleagues in the postwar years. The interest to the study of the epoch of Peter the Great was his motive. This article describes the communications of A.V.Florovsky with A.I.Andreyev and his research group, which was engaged in the publication of \u201cLetters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d. This work shows how politics intervenes in the research plans, as well as the fate of the peoples. In the USSR erupted ideological campaigns. Colleagues of A.V.Florovsky were under fire."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u0418.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432; \u0421.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0410.\u041b.\u0421\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u041d.\u041b.\u0420\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430.","en":"A.V.Florovsky; A.I.Andreyev; S.A.Feygina; A.L.Sidorov; N.L.Rubinstein; \u201cLetters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d; Peter the Great; Czechoslovakia; USSR; historiography; Russia Abroad; ideological campaigns; Stalin Era."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":694,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":695,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435\u00bb: \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 (\u043f\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439)","en":"\u201cConstructing the Soviet\u201d: Event and Memory of Post-Soviet Subject (Based on Diaries of Svetlana Volskaya)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1993 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 1993\u20131996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f.","en":"The paper is dedicated to post-soviet subject and its memory. It is based on diaries of Svetlana Volskaya. She was a pro-soviet participant in October 1993 revolt in Moscow. But in late-Soviet period Svetlana was a part of soviet artist life, soft \u201cfrondeur\u201d. Moreover, she was pro-Yeltsin protester during the putsch attempt in 1991. In the paper I study her ideological and political evolution using the approach to social memory of Maurice Halbwachs and philosophy of Event of Allain Badiou. My thesis is Svetlana defined herself and her actual political position in 1993\u20131996 by redefining soviet history and her own soviet memories. I suppose the process of that redefining of the history replaces for post-soviet subject actual political and social reflection."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435; 1993 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"S.Volskaya; collective memory; Event; 1993; post-soviet history."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":220,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Piskunov Mikhail Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"post-graduate of the St. Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":695,"author_id":220}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":696,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"The Problem of the High Cost of Wood in St. Petersburg XVIII Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1783 \u0433., \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435.","en":"St.Petersburg demanded a great amount of wood starting from the very first years of its existing. High prizes for firewood became an acute problem for the first habitats of the young city. Reasons for it and ways of solving the problem are under consideration in the article \u2013 attempts of state regulation of wood-sale, limitation of export, enlightening publications, suggestions to use special constructions of stoves and alternative fuels. Special attention is paid to the commission of 1783, created to solve the problem of firewood expensiveness in St.Petersburg."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430; XVIII \u0432.; \u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"history of St.Petersburg; 18th century; heating; rational natural resources usage; Enlightening."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":696,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":697,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c IV","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part IV"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0430 (\u00ab\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0430\u00bb) \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0438\u0437\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 (\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430). \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 (\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb).","en":"The French revolution represented for enlighteners the most propitious occasion for the making a \u00abkingdom of Reason\u00bb a reality. The evolution from fiction to reality, from subjective mood to indicative mood was imagined in most peaceful manner, without destructive rebels and indignation. During the first revolutionary period the legislation was directed to the creation of an ideal state and a citizen (new world and new man). However the permanent danger to social order brought the government to pass the extraordinary law against malevolents in contravention of the Constitution. The violent realization of an earthly paradise derived its strength from the revolutionary psychology but also from the ancient conceptions (the idea of social compact and the practice of \u201croi de guerre\u201d)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435; \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); political culture; theories of social and political organization; image of ideal state and society; system of public administration."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":697,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":698,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u043d \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435...\u00bb: \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u201cBut He is in our List\u2026\u201d: Remarks Related to the History of Public Sentiments in 1937"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u00ab\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430-\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0410.\u041d.\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 1937 \u0433. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u044c\u043c\u0443.","en":"The article is devoted to description of the public sentiments in 1937, in the time of \u201cGreat Terror\u201d in the USSR. Testimonies given by A. N. Garry, journalist from the \u201cIzvestia\u201d newspaper, in the course of investigation carried out in 1937 are published, commented and analyzed. Biography of Garry, his contacts and causes due to which he went up for three times are described."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041d.\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438; \u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414; \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440; \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044b; \u0413.\u0413.\u042f\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"A.N.Garry; the \u201cIzvestia\u201d newspaper; People\u2019s Commissariat of Interior; H.H.Yagoda; war in Spain."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":100,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":698,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":698,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":699,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Atomic Weapons as a Detonator of the Cold War. Two Projections"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0425\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0438? \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0439 (\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439), \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f.","en":"Whether the Cold War between two superpowers and their respective allies was begun more or less as a replay of the closing campaigns of the World War II because of a massive Soviet invasion in the most of Western Europe or its birth we could see even before the advent of atomic weapons so powerfully demonstrated over Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The author demonstrates his understanding of the links between science (particularly nuclear physics), war and politics displayed at the very beginning of the Second World War. Based on recently unknown files in the former Soviet Union and the United States the fascinating history discloses how and why the Cold War between two superpowers gave many signs to be born during their hostilities against the common enemy as a result of a deep conflict of mentalities and the U.S. belief in a secure world if no nation after the WWII (except the USA) possessed nuclear weapons."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430; \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442; \u00ab\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0445\u044d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00bb; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u041b\u043e\u0441-\u0410\u043b\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441; \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u21162; \u0418.\u0412.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0420.\u041e\u043f\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440.","en":"atomic bomb; nuclear physics; Cold War; Soviet atomic project; \u201cManhattan project\u201d; the SSR; the USA; Los Alamos; Laboratory \u2116 2; I.V.Kurchatov; R.Oppenheimer."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":699,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":700,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b (\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 1989\u20131992 \u0433\u0433.) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"On the Eve of the Berlin Wall\u2019s Downfall. Pages from the Diary 1989\u20131992 (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0415\u041f\u0413 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f 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\u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0414\u0420 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0414\u0420.","en":"The internal crisis in the German Democratic Republic was ripening for a long time, but the situation could not be defined as desperate. The Socialist United Party of Germany leadership and the government of the GDR had at their disposal rather powerful levers that allowed regulating the course of events. At the same time lack of a program of actions in the period upon resignation of Erich Honecker had disastrous consequences. Attempts to develop a new concept in a hurry and then to accommodate it with Moscow led to inadmissible waste of time. External and domestic forces that sought not to reform the GDR but to abolish it took advantage of that waste of time. Uncertainty of the middle-level party management in respect of their actions by the leaders of the Soviet perestroika had the additional destructive impact on the situation in the GDR. The toll for the GDR rang out at the moment when the confusion and lack of coordination in the highest echelons of power led to forced abolition of control over the line of demarcation between the capital of the GDR and West Berlin. It was precisely the moment when the countdown to the end of the GDR began."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0411\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430.","en":"Federal Republic of Germany; West Berlin; the German question; the Berlin Wall; perestroika."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":700,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":701,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435","en":"Military Crimes as a Factor of the Crimilization during World War I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article, based on archival materials, is devoted to the role of military crimes in the criminalization of Russia during the First World War. The paper describes the main types of military crimes during the war, their scale and dynamics, the relationship with civil offenses and the revolutionary actions, analyzes the change of the composition of the Russian army, constantly expanding the former criminals, their role in the progressive criminalization of the army and the society until the October Revolution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0424\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"war crimes; crimes; World War I; criminalization; the February Revolution."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":16,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0448\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Astashov Aleksander Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D. in history, assistant Professor, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":701,"author_id":16}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":702,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u0433\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Twists of Fate: Professor A.V.Florovski and his Soviet Colleagues (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb. \u0412 1950-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u0410.\u0410.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0411.\u0411.\u041a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article describes how the \u201cIron Curtain\u201d broke the contact of A.V.Florovsky with Soviet colleagues. He was able to resume them only during the Khrushchev\u2019s Thaw. In 1950-ies the historian met by correspondence with A.A.Novoselsky, B.B.Kafengauz and other Soviet scholars. One of the main themes of their communication becomes the preparation of \u201cThe Letters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d. This article analyzes the historiographic and source study suggestions of A.V.Florovsky regarding this publication."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0413.\u0412.\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0421.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0422.\u0410.\u0411\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0422.\u041a.\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0410.\u0410.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0411.\u0411.\u041a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0443\u0437; \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00bb.","en":"A.V.Florovsky; G.V.Vernadsky; S.A.Feygina; T.A.Bykova; T.K.Krylova; A.A.Novoselsky; B.B.Kafengauz; \u201cLetters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d; Peter the Great; USSR; historiography; Russia Abroad; ideological campaigns; Stalin Era; Khrushchev\u2019s \u201cThaw\u201d."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":702,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":703,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c V","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part V"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1697 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443-\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0443. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u044f. \u0412\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"By the beginning of December 1697 the participants of the Karlowitz congress had seemed exhausted well enough to come up with some semblance of compromise. But instead they faced a series of new problems to be resolved. Owing to Voznitzin's dexterity in the art of capitalizing on the severe disagreements between his opponents the diplomatic struggle reemerged with the renewed vigor. It resulted in a situation that could turn into reality any outcome hitherto unlikely to happen."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u0433.; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699 \u0433\u0433.); \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u041f.\u0412.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e; \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430; \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c \u041f\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442; \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0431 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0440.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700; Holy League (1684\u20131699); the Congress of Karlowitz; Peter the Great; Procopius Voznitsin; Peter Posnikov; Alexander Mavrocordato; Rami Mehmed-pasha; William Paget; Jacubus Colier."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":703,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":704,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Perestroika to the Ground (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e 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\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0443\u00bb. \u0421 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1992 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0446\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0421\u041d\u0413, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e.","en":"At the beginning of December 1991 the Committee of State Security (KGB) was reorganised and Vadim Bakatin was appointed the Chairman of the new security sistem. As \u201cThe Act of the Good Will\u201d Bakatin presented the US Ambassador in Moscow secret documentation on the overhearing devices installed into the walls of the new building of the American Embassy. On 7\u20138 December the leaders of Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belorussia, Yeltsyn, Kravchuk and Shushkevich signed a Declaration on the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the USSR declared his resignation. Consequences of this rapid transformation of the socialist economy into the free market capitalist economy are discussed. Rapid inflation, financial crisis and the decline of the living standards of population forced Boris Yeltsyn to change the rate of reforms. At the end of 1992 Victor Chernomyrdin was appointed as the new prime-minister and Victor Gerashchenko became the Chairman of the Central State Bank."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u041d\u0413; \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d; \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432; \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d; \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e.","en":"Vadim Bakatin; Creation of CIS; Boris Yeltsyn; Mikhail Gorbachev; Financial crisis; Victor Chernomyrdin; Victor Gerashchenko."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":704,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":705,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c V","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part V"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432. \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430: \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u00bb \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u2013 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 200-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f (1989): \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"The Terror is one of the most mysterious and debatable subjects in the history of the French Revolution. For a long time it represented the main research focus for historians whose interpretations, however, were strongly influenced by contemporary ideological battles and political prejudice. The historiography of XIX and XX centuries traditionally offered two opposite hypothesis. On the one hand, the Jacobin dictatorship resulted probably from a whole complex of economic, social, and military difficulties in the country (\u201ctheory of circumstances\u201d). On the other hand, the state violence perhaps put a logical end to philosophy of Enlightenment (conception of \u201chistorical fatalism\u201d). The black-and-white picture was brightly coloured under a jubilee celebration (1989) by numerous alternative propositions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); political culture; theories of social and political organization; image of ideal state and society; law and violence in the system of public administration."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":101,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":705,"author_id":188}}],"issue":{"id":101,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":706,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Atomic Weapons as a Detonator of the Cold War. Two Projections (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0425\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u044b, \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0449\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the U.S. \u2013 Soviet relations had reached one of their lowest points. The conduct of relationship in the contest of the nuclear weapons competition made most people to accept nuclear weapons as part of the natural order. For them the distant dangers of nuclear war became physical reality. In this climate the idea of thermonuclear weapons born in the USA transformed in military psychology into concept of nuclear deterrence. However the threat of nuclear destruction has caused the world wide movement that resists the temptation to commit mass murder which unconditionally could be called a suicide. The nuclear scientists with rear exception are convinced that the chances of developing an effective shield from the nuclear weapon are extremely remote. That is one of the main useful lessons from Cold War history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430; \u00abC\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u00bb; \u0420\u0414\u0421-6\u0441; \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a; \u0421\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u00bb; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0422\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440; \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u00bb.","en":"thermonuclear bomb; \u201cSuper\u201d; RDS-6c; Semipalatinsk; Sarov; test \u201cMike\u201d; Kurchatov, Sakharov; Teller; \u201cBaruch Plan\u201d."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":706,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":707,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c: \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430","en":"Between Unity and Dissent: Influence of the Beginning of the Vietnamese War on the Development of the Partisans for Peace Movement"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1950-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"This article, based on the analysis of declassified documents from Russian archives, is devoted to consideration of a dual influence of the beginning of the Vietnamese War on the further development of the Partisans for Peace Movement. On the one hand, it found its expression in strengthening of the splitting activities of the Chinese representatives within this Movement that began in the end of the 1950s. On the other hand, the widespread protest\u2019s movement against US aggression in Vietnam had stimulated the search by the Partisans for Peace Movement more close cooperation with other anti-war movements and organizations of the world peaceful forces, in spite of the existing between them the ideological and political contradictions, which were typical for the Cold War era."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c; \u0414\u0420\u0412; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435.","en":"The Partisans of Peace Movement; the World Peace Council; the Soviet Peace Committee; the World Congress; the Soviet-Chinese contradictions; South Vietnam; North Vietnam; the USSR; the USA; the beginning of the war in Vietnam."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":78,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Egorova Nataliya Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Chief Researcher, Deputy Head of the Department of XX century History, Institute of the World Hustory, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":707,"author_id":78}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":708,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0411\u0440\u0438\u043a. \u0412 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u043e \u041c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c","en":"Lilya Brik. In Millstones of Mayakovsky Myth"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0424\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b: \u00ab\u041d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0438\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c... \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430\u0445\u00bb. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043d\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 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\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"Gustave Flaubert asserted: \u201cDo not touch idols\u2026 their gilding will remain on your fingers\u201d. But the principal heroine of this article, the beloved woman of Mayakovsky Lilya Brik did not follow Flaubert\u2019s warning. To save Mayakovsky\u2019s original heritage Lilya Brik in 1935 requested assistance from Stalin, the living Soviet god who at that time announced Mayakovsky \u201cthe best and the most talented poet of our Soviet epoch\u201d. However Lilya Brik did not bask in fame of this propaganda myth. As early as from the mid-1950s Lilya Brik became the target of permanent propaganda attacks organized from above: as a lady of cosmopolitan Weltanschauung and sexually liberated in her personal life and, furthermore, a Jewess Brik obviously did not fit the official image of faithful and ideologically consistent girl friend of the proletarian poet. This article narrates how the CPSU officials and specialists in literary studies engaged by the party officials tried to rewrite in retrospect the love history of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik making her the femme fatale guilty of the poet\u2019s death."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0411\u0440\u0438\u043a; \u0412.\u041c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0412.\u041c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u041a.\u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"Lilya Brik; V.Mayakovsky; Mayakovsky studies; museum of V.Mayakovsky; the Jewish question; K.Simonov; the CPSU Central Committee; the Communist Party of France."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":708,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":709,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0417\u0438\u0433\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Twists of Fate: Professor A.V.Florovski and his Soviet Colleagues (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1950-\u0445 \u2013 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0415.\u041f.\u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1967 \u0433. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"In the final article in this series the development of scientific contacts of A.V.Florovsky with Soviet historians in the late 1950s \u2013 1960s was described. Particular attention was paid to his communication with E.P.Podyapolskaya, who took over the editing of \u201cThe Letters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d. The visit of A.V.Florovsky in the USSR in 1967 was characterized. The article presents the arguments according to which closure of Soviet science was one of the reasons that hindered the study of Peter the Great\u2019s theme. In conclusion, the specificity of scientific contacts of A.V.Florovsky conceptualized."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0412.\u0424\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0415.\u041f.\u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f; \u0410.\u0410.\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0421.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044c\u00bb.","en":"A.V.Florovsky; E.P.Podyapolskaya; A.A.Novoselsky; S.A.Feygina; \u201cLetters and papers of the Emperor Peter the Great\u201d; Peter the Great; Czechoslovakia; USSR; scientific contacts; historiography; Russia Abroad; Khrushchev\u2019s \u201cThaw\u201d."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":709,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":710,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c VI","en":"Peter the Great\u2018s Diplomacy at the Final Stage of Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700. Part VI"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 (6\u201316 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1699 \u0433.) \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0435, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e. \u0421\u043d\u044f\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d. 13 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.","en":"In the conclusive part of the article the author concentrates on the dramatic events which happened during the last ten days of the Karlowitz congress (from the 6-th to 16-th of January 1699). Strange as it may seem this short span of time was charged by tremendous tensions fraught with the failure of the Congress. Quite unexpectedly help came from Procopius Voznitsin who, pressured by the circumstances, chose to give up the role of troublemaker for that of troubleshooter."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1686\u20131700 \u0433\u0433.; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 (1684\u20131699); \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u041f.\u0411.\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u041f.\u0412.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e; \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0430; \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c \u041f\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442; \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0431 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0440.","en":"Russo-Turkish War of 1686\u20131700; Holy League (1684\u20131699); the Congress of Karlowitz; Peter the Great; Procopius Voznitsin; Peter Posnikov; Alexander Mavrocordato; Rami Mehmed-pasha; William Paget; Jacubus Colier."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":710,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":711,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Perestroika to the Ground (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 1993, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0433\u0440 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1980 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u0441 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0428\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0413\u0411, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.\n\n\u0412 1993 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0420\u0424, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.","en":"In 1993 I met in Moscow Leonid Shebarshin former chief of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Services. After retirement he did create private security organisation which did employ former professionals of the state security system \u2013 KGB, who now were protecting new private enterprises. The simplified \u201cvaucher\u201d form of the rapid privatisation, which started in Russia from the beginning of 1993, created many new economic and political problems. The development of the conflict between the president and the parliament lead to the unconstitutional dissolvent of the parliament by Boris Yeltsyn and the decision of the parliament to dismiss the president."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0410\u0444\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0428\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d; \u0432\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d.","en":"John Simpson; Afghanistan; Leonid Shebarshin; vaucher privatisation; Boris Yeltsyn."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":711,"author_id":174}}],"issue":{"id":102,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2016,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":712,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0441\u044b\u00bb, \u00ab\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c VI","en":"\u201cDemons\u201d, \u201cGamblers\u201d and \u201cDreamers\u201d or How a Person Becomes a Revolutionary. Part VI"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430: \u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \/ \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \/ \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \/ \u043c\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044f\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"The language, according to Jacobin leaders, was a political instrument, speaking and moving the revolution. The controversy normative language \/ jargon was represented as controversy of moral and spiritual values: patriots \/ emigrants, progress \/ darkness. The French language personified Republic, Enlightenment, Liberty, patriotism, positive knowledge, providing with gentle and harmonious sounding, lucidity and methodicalness, reason. On the contrary, the dialects were perceived as a symbol of feudalism, barbarity, slavery, superstition and fanaticism, translating harsh and indecent idioms, jargon and vulgarity, sensibility."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f (1789\u20131799); \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"French Revolution (1789\u20131799); political culture; theories of social and political organization; image of ideal state and society, revolutionary discourse and linguistic policy in the system of public administration."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":102,"authors":[{"id":188,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"\u041c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c 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\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The article deals with the condition of the global economy, problems in financial and investment spheres. Concentration of capital that precludes a serious competition is observed. Many factors bear witness of the global economy restructuring. The increasing economic inequality is one more problem of the global economy that is acquiring greater acuteness. The author devotes a considerable attention to American President D.Trump\u2019s economic program, considers all \u201cpro\u201d and \u201ccontra\u201d for realization of Trump\u2019s economic program. Nowadays Europe is in a deep economic and political confusion. Three main blows to the European prosperity and unity are Britain\u2019s exit from EU, crisis created by Moslem migrants and unexpected Trump\u2019s victory. The EU economy is far from being successful. As in the USA, in Europe programs of quantitative restrictions pursued by the European Central Bank in form of bailout of bonded debts of companies and problem-plagued countries do not produced considerable economic growth. China\u2019s chances to gain the global leadership are very high. In spite of numerous problems, there are no signs that economic and financial might of China will crumble. Integration projects initiated by China will meet resistance of the USA. All these factors portend long and complicated years of economic, social, political and military-strategic instability for the world."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441, \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b, \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"crisis; investments; finance; global competition; world market economy restructuring; concentration of capital; competition."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":39,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044f\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bialiy Juriy Vul'fovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0425I\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Engineering, vice-president of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, deputy editor of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":713,"author_id":39}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":714,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Traditonal Values and Their Opponents"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article presents an analysis of the decline of traditional values in the USA and European Union as demonstrated by recent developments in redefinition of marriage and family. The author describes intellectual and political debates between liberal opponents and conservative defenders of traditional values. The main trend in his view remains growing secularization and liberalization of social life leading to further decline of traditional values. The article also focuses on the efforts of Russian diplomacy and the Russian Orthodox Church to defend and promote traditional values within international organizations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f; \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438; \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0441-\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"traditional values; liberalism; postmodernism; family; freedom of choice; secularization; same-sex marriages; sex minorities; human rights."},"column_id":10,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":218,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Valentin Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations-University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":714,"author_id":218}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":715,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u201c\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439\u201d \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439!\u00bb \u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0410.\u0412.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041d.\u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 (\u041d.\u0412.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443). 1947\u20131960 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"\u201cBravo, \u201cOld\u201d Volski!\u201d A.V.Rumanov\u2019s Letters to N.Valentinov (N.V.Volski), 1947\u20131960"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 XX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u2013 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"The letters published in this article reflect daily and intellectual life of the Russian emigrants in France after the WW2. The author of the letters reacts to analysis of the 20th century events made by Volski. The correspondents focus their attention on peculiarities of pre-revolutionary Russia and its culture and the tie between the Soviet history and history of pre-revolutionary Russia. Intelligentsia, its role in events of the epoch and evolution of this social group is one of the correspondence cross-cutting themes."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"intelligentsia, typology of intelligentsia; adaptation; mentality; entrepreneur activity; emigration and the Soviet socialism."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":715,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":716,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430","en":"WWI and Crisis of the Russian Modernism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e 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\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u041b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the Russian modernism\u2019s fate in connection with WWI that disturbed the Russian people\u2019s habitual life. Paradoxically, principal figures of the modernist culture did not consider this disturbance of habitual peaceful life as an exclusively negative event. The war was not its own reason and cause, it was just a consequence of problems the humankind had accumulated. The war is the crisis, internal, spiritual crisis that requires resolving. At the same time the war provided an opportunity to transform a person\u2019s inner world. That was the first step to later transformation of the outer world in its relation to a person. Literary and philosophical experience of the modernism fulfilled itself out and demonstrated that the crisis was present not only in the humankind but within the modernist current itself. The modernists debated the issue of whether the modernism would retain the Individual personal perspective of the Individual\u2019s self-assertion as its constituent basis or the pristine Slavophilist myth of the Orthodox state interests of which were supreme in conditions of war and the crisis of modernism consisted precisely in this issue."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044b; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"neo-Slavophilism; the WWI; modernism; crisis of modernism; philosophy of modernism; philosophy of the Individual freedom."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":716,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":717,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Genealogy and the Challenges of the XXI century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439.","en":"Article depicts the role and place of genealogy in modern world, describes how the main current trends (globalization, IT-technologies, development of genetic and medicine, commercialization of science, new methods of historical research, etc.) influenced on it. Article provides an account about the term \u201cfamily\u201d and new methods of translation of genealogical information. Explains the socio-genealogy: the new academic discipline of complex historical and genealogical studies which helps to integrate an analysis of macro-historical processes and micro-historical events."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u043e\u0434; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.","en":"genealogy; globalization; information-oriented society; genetic; family; history."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":194,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naumov Oleg Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Moscow State Regional University, Member of the International Academy of Genealogy in France"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":717,"author_id":194}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":718,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430: \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0445 1937\u20131938 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Abram Stoljar\u2019s Ten Months: the Sverdlovsk Region Leadership in Political Vortexes of 1937\u20131938"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1937\u20131938 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u042f.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e-\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The paper examines administrative practices of the Sverdlovsk region party-state nomenclature in 1937\u20131938 during the leadership of A.Ya.Stolyar. Regional leadership headed by Stolyar demonstrated commitment to Stalin\u2019s political reforms and directives of the supreme power but in reality offered tacitly stubborn resistance to their implementation on the grounds that these changes limited absolute power of the regional party nomenclature, threatened its material well-being and stability."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u042f.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"A.Ya.Stoljar; I.V.Stalin; party and state system of the power; administrative practices."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":264,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sushkov Andrey Valer\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D, Senior Researcher of the History department, Institute of history and archaeology of the Ural branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":718,"author_id":264}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":719,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"1917 Mirrored by the Satire, Diaries and Contemporaries\u2019 Reminiscences"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439? \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c (\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 II, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b). \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0410.\u0424.\u041a\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c.","en":"Breakdown of monarchy in Russia brought about the fall of censorial restrictions Topics that until recently were under the ban became open for discussion and presentation on satirical publications, cinema and at theaters. How did the educated society take advantage of the freedom the society had got? First of all, the old regime in persons of Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, and czar\u2019s ministers were subject to the total mockery. Upon V.I.Lenin\u2019s return to Petrograd, enhancement of the Bolsheviks\u2019 positions and the July crisis the total critics was hailed on the Bolsheviks. Later on the critics was diverted on \u201cKornilovschina\u201d. Finally A.F.Kerensky became the subject of derision. In result a part of intelligentsia moved from reprobation of certain individuals to the criticism of the people and Russia as a whole."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Revolution of 1917; political satire; intelligentsia; political culture; historical psychology; diaries; reminiscences."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":103,"authors":[{"id":233,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Repnikov Alexander Vital'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0413\u0418\u0422\u0418\u0421)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Deputy Director, Center documentary publications of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Professor of Russian Theatrical Art University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":719,"author_id":233}}],"issue":{"id":103,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":720,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b","en":"Refugees. Formation and Evolution of the Status and Development System of Protection"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f 1920-\u0445 \u2013 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u041b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"The authors consider evolution of the \u201crefugees\u201d concept and of the international system of displaced persons\u2019 rights protection on the basis of broad massive of historical facts and theoretical material. Making of regime for refugees and of respective branch of international law is connected with the Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 community of the 1920s and 1930s. Causes of institutions\u2019 transformation from the League of Nations High Commissioner for refugees to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for refugees and expansion of their authorities as well as of criteria for refugee status receiving are shown. Data on the present day status of refugee issue are adduced."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u041e\u041d \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u0424.\u041d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d; \u0413.\u042d\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0423\u0412\u041a\u0411 \u041e\u041e\u041d; \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f 1951 \u0433. \u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b 1967 \u0433., \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441.","en":"the League of Nations; UN Office of High Commissioner for refugees; the High Commissioner for Russian displaced persons; F.Nansen; H.Emerson; the USSR; the UN Charter; Convention of 1951 and the Protocol of 1967 relating to displaced persons; the European Union; migration crisis."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":7,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aleshkovskiy Ivan Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor, Faculty of Global Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":720,"author_id":7}},{"id":32,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bocharova Zoya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u042e\u041d\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor of chair of History, Institute for Further Education of Human and Social Sciences Instructors, Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":720,"author_id":32}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":721,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"WWI and Crisis of the Russian Modernism (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u0430 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b\u0448\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b \u0442\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1905\u20131907 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445, \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443.","en":"The split of modernism lied in divergence of opinions in respect of the state appeared within modernism during WWI. Some modernists began to profess the highest value, the Orthodox State, while other modernists maintained (as they had maintained earlier) that the highest value was any individuality that was the beginning of everything and constituted reality. Two forces encountered in one movement but the outcome of this collision was determined not by adversaries\u2019 arguments but by the harsh reality of defeat in the war. The Russian people did not endure hardships and that was the outcome of the internal conflict that tore the modernism down. Neither Orthodox State nor the national identity rose above itself in an attempt to transform the world upon new, just grounds. Destruction of the empire became the destruction of the Russian modernism that had acquired its form and essence during the First Russian revolution of 1905\u20131907. Yet a seed that fell in the earth will, without fail, spring into the new life because the spirit of individuality, the immortal spirit that seeks for the metaphysical beginning of and justification of life in despite of melancholy and pessimism cannot die."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435; \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"defeat in the war; the death of the empire; the crisis of modernism."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":721,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":722,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e 1869 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"\u201cElizavetgrad Affair\u201d of 1869. To the Question of Terrorism and Radicalism in the Russian Revolutionary Movement of the Late 1860s \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 1869 \u0433. \u0432 \u0433. \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0425\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u00ab\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0421.\u0413.\u041d\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"In 1869 in Yelysavethrad, Kherson Governorate several former members of revolutionary groups of 1860s came into the view of the political police, accused by an author of poison-pen letter of preparation for attempt on the Russian emperor\u2019s life. During the investigation they confessed to attempt to set up a store for illegal publications in the city; \u201cterrorist\u201d version of \u201cthe Yelysavethrad affair\u201d changed into \u201cpropaganda\u201d version. Some new materials, not encountered in the literature, suggest that S.G.Nechayev, who was in Yelysavethrad and met with the accused of this affair there, probably wrote the poison-pen letter for the purpose of impelling them to conflict with authorities and radicalize their views."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0421.\u0413.\u041d\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432; \u041c.\u041a.\u042d\u043b\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043d; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"\u201cthe Yelysavethrad affair\u201d; Russian revolutionary movement; revolutionary terrorism; revolutionary radicalism; S.G.Nechayev; M.K.Elpidin; Russian revolutionary emigration."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kirillov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447. XX \u0432\u0432. \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"post-graduate, Department of the history of Russia of the 19th and early 20th century, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":722,"author_id":114}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":723,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439...\u00bb \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"\u201cArtistic Propaganda of Communist Ideas ...\u201d State Policy of Russia in the Field of Art of the First Post-revolutionary Years"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0422\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e-\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article examines the events held by governmental and party bodies in the early years of the Soviet Russia in the field of artistic creativity. First and foremost it concerns the activities of \u041cusic, Theatre and Photo departments of People's commissariat for education. Some specific features are defined as they were caused by the creation of the state of proletarian dictatorship and ongoing Civil war."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0442-\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0440; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a; \u0430\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c.","en":"musical production; concert rally; repertoire; massholiday; campaignfilm."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":723,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":724,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"\u201cStory of Dracula\u201d and Ideas of Virtuous, Good and \u201cEvil\u201d Prince in the Old Russian Booklore"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 XV \u0432. \u2013 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439: \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0412 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d IV. \u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443.","en":"The author considers \u201cStory of Dracula\u201d, one of the most interesting monuments of old Russian literature and social thought of the 15th century. Usually researchers interpret this piece of work as an apology of the strong power and justification of repressions undertaken in the interest of state and the common good. It is assumed that appraisal of the \u201cStory\u201d protagonist, the prince of Walachian (Rumanian) state, hospodar Dracula is ambiguous. Dracula connects traits of a despot and sadistic cruelty with valiance, justice, and statesmanship. As the author argues, the appraisal of the protagonist is totally negative and his methods of rule are presented as not just sinful but as maleficent. Ideologically \u201cStory of Dracula\u201d fits in the old Russian tradition and has nothing common with social-political notions of such representatives of the formidable and cruel power as Ivan Peresvetov and czar Ivan the Fourth. The Story\u2019s originality consists not in its author\u2019s position but in means of its expression: the Story\u2019s author prompts his readers to make an effort and understand why Dracula was a despot who served to the devil."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb; \u00ab\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u00bb \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c XV\u2013XVI \u0432\u0432.; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435; \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435.","en":"\u201cStory of Dracula\u201d, \u201cLegend of Magmet-Sultan\u201d by Ivan Peresvetov; Ivan the Terrible; old Russian literature and political thought of the 15th and 16th centuries; ideas of virtuous and \u201cevil\u201d prince; justice and mercy."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":724,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":725,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439","en":"Moscow Everyday Life (\u043c.\u0431. Daily) Spring of 1952. Impressions of Foreign Guests"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418) \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435: \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (1947\u20131953)\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b 1952 \u0433., \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u00ab\u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043d\u0435\u00bb \u2013 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"The work on scientific and publishing projects \u201cStalin\u2019s economic heritage: Plans and discussions (1947\u20131953)\u201d and \u201cSocial heritage of the late Stalinism\u201d goes on the basis of the Russian State archive of social-political history\u201d. This article deals with analysis of the International Economic Conference held of 1952. These materials demonstrate significance of economic aspect for the Soviet leadership\u2019s choice of national economic strategy. Another aspect of the problem is attractive too. Reports of interpreters who worked with foreign delegation provide a unique opportunity to look into the humdrum of Moscow spring of 1952 through the \u201cglance from without\u201d, i.e. impressions of foreigners who tried to form their own attitude to achievements and omissions of Socialism while relying on the picture of common everyday life."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"late Stalinism; foreign policy; the Soviet humdrum; standard of life; national economy; international conference; publication of a source."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":146,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:25:05.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lazareva Lyubov\u2019 Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d (\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0432 \u0433. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e)","en":"Ph.D., historian, leading specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, assistant Professor, Chair of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines (Domodedovo branch of Russian State University for Humanities)"},"email":"laz_dom@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":725,"author_id":146}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":726,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u201cSiberian Marxists\u201d about the Exam by the Revolution 1905"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430, \u0430 \u0432 1918\u20131931 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0418.\u041f.\u042f\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418) \u0420.\u041c.\u0413\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041f.\u042e.\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c.","en":"This publication introduces a previously unknown manuscript by Irakli Grigor\u2019evich Tsereteli into scientific turnover. Tsereteli was one of the early 20th century Russian Social-Democracy leaders, a notable public and statesman of all-Russian level who was a member of the Socialist International Operative Executive Committee in 1918\u20131931. In that capacity Tsereteli represented the Georgian Social-Democracy in a very dignified way. The manuscript was discovered by Doctor of historical sciences, Professor and the Principal of the Parliamentary archive of Georgia I.P.Yakoboshvili. Yakobashvili and his colleagues from the Russian state archive of social and political history, R.M.Gainullina and P.Yu.Savel\u2019ev prepared the manuscript for publication. For readers\u2019 benefit and convenience I.G.Tsereteli\u2019s manuscript will be published in two successive magazine issues."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418.\u0413.\u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u0412\u043b.\u0421. \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041d.\u0410.\u0420\u043e\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u044c\u043c\u044b; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445; \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438; \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b \u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.","en":"I.G.Tsereteli;Vl.S.Voytinskiy; N.A.Rozhkov; political and literary activity; prison atmosphere; inner world of prisoners; single-heroes; an incentive to self-determination."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":104,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":726,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":104,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":727,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c","en":"Reset with the Sign Reversed"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 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\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b.","en":"The author deals with the situation of exceeding strain that has developed in the world in result of Trump advent and due to escalation of several international conflicts. According to the author, situation is dangerous as it has never been. At the same time it is necessary always to understand that foreign policy is intimately connected with domestic policy. Ideological duality of the Russian power bears a great danger. So far there are forces in the Russian leadership that support hazardous initiatives aimed at extension of juvenile justice, development of trends that pose threat to traditional values. The future of the country depends on efficiency of patriotic forces resistance to these threats. The power has to revise its attitude to economic crimes, corruption, and dalliance with nonsystematic Orange opposition. Half-measures are of no use in these issues."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"escalation of international conflicts; ideological duality of the Russian power; corruption; attack on traditional values."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":727,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":728,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"\u201cBarbarian at the Gates\u201d or \u201cthe Guarantor of the European Security\u201d: Russia in the German Foreign Policy Discourse on the Eve of the Crimean War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432. \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 1848 \u0433. \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The German foreign policy discourse of the first half of the XIX century indicates an exaggerated attention of the German audience to Russia, and inadequate compared to actual impact of the latter on the domestic and foreign policy in the German lands during the revolutionary unrest in 1848 and on the eve of the Crimean War. The main reason for such an inconvenience is the fact that the image of Russia in the German political literature of that period had initially been constructed as a tool to manipulate of public opinion in the political rivalry in Germany. It was demanded not only by conservatives in power, but also by the liberal opposition for self-consolidation and reinforcement of own ideology and self-perception."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u00ab\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u00bb; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"Germany; Russia; political literature; conservatives; liberals; Crimean War; \u201cBarbarians at the Gate\u201d; European security."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":728,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":729,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430? \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438","en":"What is the Fatherland\u2019s Weal? Pondering over Pages of a Recently Published Book"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 XVIII \u0432. \u2013 1991 \u0433.)\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0412.\u0412.\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 2015\u00bb. \u0420\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"In 2015, the publishing house \"Political Encyclopedia\" released collective monograph \"Patriotism and Nationalism as Factors of Russian History (the end of the 18th century \u2013 1991)\" edited by the winner of the State Prize of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.Zhuravlev. Soon the book was awarded the National Prize \"The Best Books and Publishing Houses of the Year \u2013 2015\". Reflection of the author of the article is aimed at the process of formation and evolution of the ideas of Russian patriotism and nationalism, analyzed in the monograph. He tries to trace how the idea of \u200bunraveling a complex coil of problems connected with the history and essence of the concepts \"patriotism\" and \"nationalism\" in Russian history, ideology and public consciousness is realized in the course of the research."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Russia; patriotism; nationalism; conservatism; liberalism; revolutionary; nation; internationalism; Soviet patriotism; interethnic relations."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":263,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Surzhikova Natalia Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u041e\u0423 \u0412\u041f\u041e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior researcher of the Institute of History and Archeology, the Ural branch of RAS"},"email":"Sukhanovani@rambler.ru","pivot":{"article_id":729,"author_id":263}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":730,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0448\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435","en":"In the Wake of Jubilees that Have Faded away. Development of Historical Memory about M.V.Lomonosov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u043c\u044f \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b.","en":"The name of M.V.Lomonosov holds a significant place in Russian symbolic space, plays an important role in forming national identity and self-consciousness. His image was partially formed under the influence of mass-media and official ideology. Not always the ideas promoted by the power and press fell on the fertilized soil. Historical memory is selective and variable. This article is the first attempt to show the transformation of M.V.Lomonosov\u2019s image on the materials of press."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"historical memory; press; M.V.Lomonosov; patriotic education; sensations; collaboration between power, science and mass media."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":730,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":731,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u201cStory of Dracula\u201d and Ideas of Virtuous, Good and \u201cEvil\u201d Prince in the Old Russian Booklore (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 XV \u0432. \u2013 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\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439: \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0412 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb \u0432\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d IV. \u041e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u044c\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0443.","en":"The author considers \u201cStory of Dracula\u201d, one of the most interesting monuments of old Russian literature and social thought of the 15th century. Usually researchers interpret this piece of work as an apology of the strong power and justification of repressions undertaken in the interest of state and the common good. It is assumed that appraisal of the \u201cStory\u201d protagonist, the prince of Walachian (Rumanian) state, hospodar Dracula is ambiguous. Dracula connects traits of a despot and sadistic cruelty with valiance, justice, and statesmanship. As the author argues, the appraisal of the protagonist is totally negative and his methods of rule are presented as not just sinful but as maleficent. Ideologically \u201cStory of Dracula\u201d fits in the old Russian tradition and has nothing common with social-political notions of such representatives of the formidable and cruel power as Ivan Peresvetov and czar Ivan the Fourth. The Story\u2019s originality consists not in its author\u2019s position but in means of its expression: the Story\u2019s author prompts his readers to make an effort and understand why Dracula was a despot who served to the devil."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u00bb; \u00ab\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u00bb \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c XV\u2013XVI \u0432\u0432.; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435; \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435.","en":"\u201cStory of Dracula\u201d, \u201cLegend of Magmet-Sultan\u201d by Ivan Peresvetov; Ivan the Terrible; old Russian literature and political thought of the 15th and 16th centuries; ideas of virtuous and \u201cevil\u201d prince; justice and mercy."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":731,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":732,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 XVIII\u2013XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"Terminology of the Russian Urban Craft in the 18\u201419th Centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e\u00bb, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438: \u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446, \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a), \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e). \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e? \u0420\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u2013 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d, \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a? \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u2013 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"While the word \u2018craft\u2019 can be used today in a neutral way to denote any productive or creative activity, the concept behind the term often bears a negative connotation: this is connected with the evaluations of technological and scientific progress in industrial civilisation sometimes posited by the historiographical tradition. As a rule, \u2018craft\u2019 is attached to adjectives bearing negative associations, such as \u2018routine\u2019, \u2018narrow\u2019, \u2018primitive\u2019, or \u2018illegal\u2019. In this article, we attempt to understand what constitutes the work and products of craftsmen \u2013 can crafts be art? Are craft masters artists? While this may seem rather contradictory, we show that these terms are interchangeable and complementary. A craft can be art and a craftsman an artist: it depends on the interpreters, participants, and the context in which the activities in question occur."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a; \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433.","en":"westernisation; city\u2019s handicraft; city\u2019s craftworker; the Art; modernisation; St. Petersburg."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":732,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":733,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430. \u041a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"Revolutionary Epochs in the Context of Personal interest. To the Centennial of Great October Russian Revolution of 1917"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 (\u0438 \u0432 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445, \u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445) \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u0410\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u044b\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c. \u041e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.","en":"People are capable to remain themselves (in the best as well in the worst manifestations) in any situation. The \u201cinterest rules the world\u201d axiom remains to be hard and fast even if it is applied to revolutionary epochs. The range of such personal, private interest manifestations on the part of representatives of various social strata and political forces of the society should be recognized as all-pervading one. This range embraces a great variety of manifestations, from a requirement of spiritual self-realization which is a far cry from petty or even big selfish or other \u201cearthly\u201d calculation to a conscious set of assumptions aimed at a hope that the revolutionary wave can raise people who joined it to the other, higher level of social stratification, in accordance with \u201cthe last will be the first\u201d principle. Analysis of private interests\u2019 structure, private interests\u2019 content, quality and hierarchy of private interests, their complex intertwining and conflict in a revolutionary period in comparison with periods of evolutionary development allows making more detailed and more correct judgments in respect of extent to which a revolution can be considered as a painful social process which finally brings salutary results and to what extent revolutions can be considered as stages of \u201cmass insanity\u201d of desperate masses as it is fashionable to declare nowadays."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"pivotal epochs; revolution and a person; social-psychological types of revolutionary epochs; private interests in revolution."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":733,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":734,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u044b","en":"\u201cUnknown\u201d conference. Anglo-American diplomacy on the eve of Yalta"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f 1945 \u0433., \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 1945 \u0433. \u0432 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0435.","en":"The article deals with the conference held on Malta at the end of January - early February of 1945. At the conference British and American diplomats and military discussed their plans connected with the end of war and reorganization of the world. During the meeting leaders of the US and Great Britain Roosevelt and Churchill tried to accord the common line they wished to maintain in respect of principal issues of negotiation with Stalin who was the head of the USSR delegation at the \u201cBig Three\u201d Yalta conference in February, 1945."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 1945 \u0433.; \u0420\u0443\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044c.","en":"World War II; Anglo-American diplomacy; Malta conference, 1945; Roosevelt; Churchill."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":156,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lubin Valeriy Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., in history, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":734,"author_id":156}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":735,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u201cSiberian Marxists\u201d about the Test by the Revolution of 1905 (the continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f.","en":"We keep on publication one of those documents of the Great Russian revolution of 1917 that should close up a significant gap in our notions of how the Russian Social-Democrats tried to comprehend not considerable but their own historical experience in the years after the first Russian revolution, how they tried to define and enunciate particularity of Russia\u2019s economic and political development, Russian social groups, their political culture and to explain inevitability of some Russian Social Democratic Labor Party\u2019s programmatic ideas revision and refinement."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445; \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b-\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b.","en":"I.G.Tsereteli; Vl.S.Voytinskiy; N.A.Rozhkov; political and literary activity; prison atmosphere; inner world of prisoners; single-heroes; an incentive to self-determination."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":105,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":735,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":105,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":736,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"To the \u041distory of Development of Political Technologies in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 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\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438, \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article attempts to periodize the history of domestic political technologies. According to the author's hypothesis, the formation of domestic political technologies depended entirely on two historical conditions-the cultural-value specificity of Russia and the development in it of new types and elements of communication. The methodology uses the axiological heritage of Gramsci, which singled out such an instrument of power as hegemony, exercised through the control of cultural discourse and political agenda by intellectuals. The author comes to the conclusion that all types of Russian political technologies should be integrated in a composite state strategy of patriotic education, since this, in turn, not only consolidates the society valuefully, but also determines the level of stability and centralization of the state itself. But it will be unrealistic to fulfill, if, for example, only to hyperbolize pre-revolutionary historical experience and at the same time to abandon the Soviet experience of patriotic consolidation of society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Russia; political technologies; pre-modern; hegemony; modernity; axiology; postmodern, values."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":280,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fedorchenko Sergey Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, assistant Professor of the Department of Political Science and Law of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":736,"author_id":280}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":737,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"The Russian Approach to the Development of the Arctic: History and Geopolitics"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 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\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u041c\u0418. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434.","en":"In article the author analyzes the historical, political, economic and military-strategic aspects of the Russian approach toward the Arctic region, shows interaction of various factors that shape the Russian policy in the Arctic, highlights its goals and motivations, and attempts to answer a question whether Russia's actions in the Arctic region are of offensive or defensive character. The general idea of this article is to emphasize the historical role of the North in the process of formation of the Russian nation and the unique Orthodox civilization. The author evaluates the security motivations of Russia both in the regional and global context, draws attention to the fact that Moscow's efforts to develop an up-to date security infrastructure in the Russian North surpass plans aimed at economic development of the region. This creates a so-called effect of militarization of the Arctic. The author\u2019s idea is to highlight internal and external limitations of the Russian economic policy in the region, for example the regime of economic sanctions imposed against Russia that affected the implementation of joint projects of Russian and Western companies. The author\u2019s research method is based upon the comparative and analytical approach."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430.","en":"Arctic strategy of Russia; the Northern Sea Route; the oil platform \u201cPrirazlomnaya\u201d; the history of the Russian North."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":6,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Aleksandrov Oleg Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e(\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, assistant Professor, Chair for International Relations and Foreign Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations \u2013 University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":737,"author_id":6}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":738,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1730\u20131741 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Organizational Structure of the Senate in 1730\u20131741"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 1730\u20131741 \u0433\u0433. \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 (\u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043a \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c.","en":"The author examines the development of Senate\u2019s structural elements in 1730\u20131741 (\u201cpresence\u201d, the Office, the most important positions, the Moscow division), when the new management reality has come. Actuality is determined that the recent literature are neglecting to specified issues. This problem has been studied in a positivist works of pre-revolutionary researchers specifically. On the basis of legislation and record keeping documentations the historian shows that in this period the Senate\u2019s organizational structure has experienced many transformations, caused by temporary factors of the current administrative needs and the court disposition, but the main elements of the previous Senate organization were preserved."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442; \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u00bb; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440.","en":"the institution of higher authority; Senate; the Cabinet of Ministers; \u201cpresence\u201d; Office; Senate division; the general master of requests; the general-procurator; the heraldmaster."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":278,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Faizov Artem Valer'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":738,"author_id":278}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":739,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb: \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0412.\u041c.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"\u201cThe Best Way to Evade Revolution is to Carry it out\u2026\u201d. Flipping through Pages of Prince V.M.Golitsyn\u2019s Diary"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043d. \u0412.\u041c.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 1904\u20131905 \u0433\u0433., \u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0432 \u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c (\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438). \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 (1906\u20131908), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0426\u041a \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (1912), \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 1905\u20131907 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 1917 \u0433. \u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1900-\u0445 \u2013 1918 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The article offers the first comprehensive analysis of Prince V.M.Golitsyn\u2019s attitudes to the Russian revolution. V.M.Golitsyn was the Mayor of Moscow and an active participant of revolutionary events in 1904\u20131905. Subsequently Golitsyn remained to be a person of influence in the liberal movement. In fact, he took the side of centrist current in this movement and took up position between Constitutional Democrats and Octobrists. As the President of Moscow club of independents in 1906\u20131908 and a member of the Progressist Party in 1912 Golitsyn supported trends to unification of the \u201cpeaceful renewal of Russia\u201d adherents, substantiated necessity of creative efforts undertaken by the \u201cmoderate\u201d opposition and aimed at building of state governed by the rule of law. Golitsyn thought that spheres of education and culture and development of local self-government should be the top priorities. According to Golitsyn, revolution in Russia was the expected and logical result of the autocracy. The revolution developed for a long time and did not confine itself to events of 1905\u20131907 and 1917. Golitsyn\u2019s opinions on the problem are reconstructed on the basis of his diary (which, to a considerable extent, remains to be unpublished) for the period from the early 1900s to1918."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u041c.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.; \u041a\u043b\u0443\u0431 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445; \u00ab\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b\u00bb; \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"V.M.Golitsyn; revolution in; centrism in the Russian liberalism of the early 20th century; Moscow Club of independents; adherents of \u201cpeaceful renewal\u201d; the Progressive Party."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":739,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":740,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441","en":"Brezhnev and the Jewish Iissue"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0433 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b, \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 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\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u043e\u0439, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u044e\u0434\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u044e\u0434\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u041d\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u044d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"Since times of \u201clate Stalin\u201d the Soviet nomenklatura was afflicted with anti-Semitism. In the subsequent period this systemic ailment weakened to a considerable extent and lost its repressive component. Yet it continued to exist finding its manifestations predominantly in form of restrictions imposed on career advancement of Jews. Having become the leader of the USSR Brezhnev had to live with such paradigm though he personally was not a hater of Jews. Moreover, Brezhnev had some sympathy to Jews. Though he did not went to the open conflict with anti-Semitism of the Party apparatus he nevertheless spoke for development of the Jewish culture in the USSR, felt a sympathy and provided the covert protection to so prominent master of the theater satire as Arkady Raikin and to other Jewish representatives of creative intelligentsia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432; \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0425\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f.","en":"Leonid Brezhnev; creative intelligentsia; the Jewish issue; Zionism; the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the SU; nomenklatura; anti-Semitism; dissidents; Arkady Raikin; Gennady Khazanov; the Soviet mythology."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":740,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":741,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 XVIII\u2013XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Terminology of the Russian Urban Craft in the 18\u201419th Centuries (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b XX \u0432., \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435. \u0418\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0448\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 XVIII \u2013 1-\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432. \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e.","en":"The factories of the 20th century, the results of the Industrial Revolution and the megalomaniac arrogance of the past, are now akin to the pyramids of Ancient Egypt \u2013 they have become historical relics. In their place have arisen ecological, flexible, highly technological, and small forms of production: these have a direct genetic link with craft workshops, a fact which has led to a re-evaluation of the history of crafts and new horizons in historical research. Often, however, gigantic industrial factories, masterpieces of technological progress, sometimes obscure craft workshops in their shadows, making it seem as if they are towering over an economic wilderness. Looking at workshops, factories, and manufactories, we attempt here to consider the relationship between these terms in both the proto-industrial era of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries and the period of industrialisation in the second half of the 19th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e; \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"artisan workshop; city\u2019s handicraft; city\u2019s craftworker; cross border; factory; industrialisation; multistructural character of the economy; St. Petersburg; works."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":741,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":742,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"The Death of Dukhonin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u041d.\u041d.\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 (1876\u20131917) \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u044e\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e.","en":"At the tipping point of epochs General N.N.Dukhonin (1876\u20131917), the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, had to perform the most arduous task: he had not only to reinforce the defense of warring Russia but he had at the same time to restrain influence of rebelling elements on the tired army. The rebelling elements promised to solve painful problems if Russia made the immediate peace with Germany and its allies. Having committed himself to the uncompromising struggle against the imminent anarchy Dukhonin kept his guard at the General Headquarters in Mogilev and ignored threats and blandishments originated in Red Petrograd. Relying on the human reason Dukhonin strove to avoid the bloodshed though he was aware that the odd come shortly days of the revolution would be charged with deadly dangers for him personally."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b \u041d.\u041d.\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445; \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439; \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430.","en":"General N.N.Dukhonin; World War I; \u0430narchy in the troops; demands of the Bolsheviks for concluding peace with Germany; death of the general."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":183,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mitrofanov Nikolai Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, associate editor of the Moscow encyclopedia, full member of the Academy of Russian Literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":742,"author_id":183}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":743,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u2026\u00bb: \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0410.\u041d.\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443","en":"\u201cAll My Conscious Life Belongs to the Party and the Motherland\u2026\u201d. A.N.Garry\u2019 Letter to I.V.Stalin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 1939 \u0433. \u043d\u0430 8 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u041d.\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u0412 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435 \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0443 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article deals with the letter written to I.V.Stalin by A.N.Garry, the journalist who in 1938 was sentenced to 8 years of hard labor camp imprisonment. A.N.Garry described reasons of the sentence he had got, his own merits before the USSR and entreated Stalin to give him a chance to return to the literary activities. In autobiography attached to the letter A.Garry described the main events of his life."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041d.\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0411.\u0410.\u0414\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438; \u0413.\u0418.\u041a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb.","en":"A.N.Garry; I.V.Stalin; B.A.Dvinski; G.I.Kotovski; the \u201cIzvestiya\u201d newspaper."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":743,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":743,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":744,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Siberian Marxists on Examination Provided by the Revolution of 1905"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0431\u044e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0426\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0430.","en":"The critique had to become Zereteli\u2019s debut on pages of \u201cThe Russian Treasure\u201d, one of the most popular and influential Russian monthlies of narodnik and, later on, liberal trend. For Zereteli a publication in so prestigious magazine was the desired but earlier unobtainable trial of strength in the path of Russian journalism. However that debut did not happen. As Zereteli put it himself, the great Russian revolution of 1917 opened opportunities for actual transition from words to deeds on the basis of implementation of lessons given by the revolution of 1905 and for unification of all democratic forces in the common struggle for the country\u2019s happiness and prosperity. But that was only an illusion. New discords, political deafness of rivals and opponents, new splits and the fratricidal civil war waited in the future. And the scale and consequences of this civil war were on par with the bloody world war that had changed the world and hardened the human hearts."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0422\u044e\u0440\u044c\u043c\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430; \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u00ab\u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"prison; hard labor in exile; exile; political prisoners; deportees; agents provocateurs and provocations; capital punishment and justice; historical purpose of the revolution of 1905; \u201cliving forces of the nation\u201d."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":106,"authors":[{"id":196,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nenarokov Al'bert Pavlovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0424","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist of Russian Record Office of Social-Political History, the winner of State Premium"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":744,"author_id":196}}],"issue":{"id":106,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":745,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb: \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443","en":"\u00abWe are Working not only for all Muslim World Sake but for Sake of all Humankind\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1917 \u0433. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u2013 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article deals with the Muslim movement in the territory of Eurasia in conditions of the Great Russian revolution of 1917, analysis of this movement\u2019s goals and its leaders who led, through the All-Russian Muslim Council, the numerous Muslim population of the Empire which became the Russian Republic in September, 1917. A particular attention is devoted to the personality of Akhmed Tsalikov, the Chairman of the Council, the theorist and leader of this movement."},"keywords":{"ru":"1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442; \u0410.\u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"1917; revolution; civil war; Russia; Islam; Muslims; Muslim Movement; All-Russian Muslim Council; A.Tsalikov."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":745,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":746,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb (\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u2013\u043c\u0430\u0439 1917 \u0433.)","en":"On Financial Aspect of \u201cThe Pravda\u201d Newspaper Publishing (March\u2013May 1917)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1917 \u0433. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u2013\u043c\u0430\u0439 1917 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u00ab\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u00bb.","en":"The article describes the problem of budgeting the newspaper \u201cPravda\u201d after it\u2019s republish in march 1917. Incoming and expenditure parts of Pravda\u2019s budget in march\u2013may 1917 are analysed. Financial resources of buying by the Bolsheviks their own printing works in publishing house \u201cTrud\u201d are in the article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb; 1917 \u0433.; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"the newspaper \u201cPravda\u201d; 1917; the Bolsheviks; the printings works; budgeting."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozlov Yaroslav Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c","en":"historian-researcher"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":746,"author_id":124}},{"id":128,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Korneev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D.,historian, Head of the Department of Historical Sciences of the Moscow State Linguistic University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":746,"author_id":128}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":747,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"October, 1917, and the Genealogic Culture of the Russian Gentry"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1917 \u0433. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435: \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d. \u0412 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The article analyzes the genealogical culture of the Russian nobility after October 1917. It is noted that the process of its loss occurred simultaneously regardless of the place of residence of the nobles, but the reasons for this were different: sociocide in the USSR and assimilation in emigration. There was a devaluation of kinship as part of family life, a significant part of the information about the origin and kinship ties was lost, the boundaries of the ancestral memory were reduced, terminology was simplified, the role and place of kinship in the system of interpersonal relations between the nobles changed. In the USSR, the noble lineage was concealed in order to avoid repression, and in emigration among the nobility the value of family ties with foreigners increased. In general, the loss of the estate genealogical culture occurred by the beginning of the 1960s."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u043e\u0434; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438.","en":"genealogy; nobility; October revolution; clan; emigration; family; origin; kinship; ancestors."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":194,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naumov Oleg Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Moscow State Regional University, Member of the International Academy of Genealogy in France"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":747,"author_id":194}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":748,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u00bb: \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 1741 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b","en":"\u201cAccording to Rights of the Entire World\u201d. Legitimation of the 1741 Palace Coup and the Problem of Elizabeth Petrovna Accession\u2019s Legality"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 XVIII \u0432. \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 1741 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443. \u0420\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the problem of combination in the Russian political culture of the eighteenth century the aspirations of the ruling elite to the ideal of governs by laws and \u201clawless\u201d Palace coups on the materials of the legitimation of Elizaveta Petrovna's accession to the throne in 1741. Some historians believe that Elizabeth built the legitimacy of his accession on the fact of blood relationship with Peter the Great. As the article shows, first of all Elizaveta Petrovna used the legal arguments, not to the fact that her father was Peter I. Thus, her legitimacy was built on the basis of the new secular legal culture. At the same time, the fact that she was able to portray the coup as a triumph of law, was possible due to insufficient development and weak stability of the elements of the secular legal culture in Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430.","en":"Elizaveta Petrovna; M.V.Lomonosov; palace coups; Russian empire; history of Russian law."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kiselev Mikhail Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, researcher, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":748,"author_id":117}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":749,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u2013\u0412\u044d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"Brezhnev and the Jewish Question: Emigration and Passions around the Jackson-Vanik Amendment"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0432 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041b.\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0449\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.","en":"The Jewish emigration has played an important role in the history of the USSR in the last two decades of its existence. The Jewish emigration became a catalyst and a litmus paper that contributed to and demonstrated the USSR degradation and its forthcoming fall. At the same time it was a bargaining chip in then leaders of the USSR attempts to rectify political, economic, and scientific-technological cooperation with the West and thereby to reinforce the Communist regime. However the contrary happened: having raised a little the \u201ciron curtain\u201d for the Jewish emigration and violated conservative air-tightness of the Soviet empire the Soviet leaders unwittingly accelerated the systemic enthropy process. The responsibility for that falls, to a large extent, on Leonid Brezhnev, a man who was, in his own way, a worthy person though he was vaingloriously fascinated with the visionary \u201creal Socialism\u201d and \u201cPeace program\u201d. Consequently, Brezhnev was unable to prepare the Soviet society to those pivotal trying trials it had to encounter soon."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b.\u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432; \u0420.\u041d\u0438\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0410.\u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430-\u0412\u044d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u041c\u0418\u0414; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"L.Brezhnev; R.Nixon; A.Sakharov; A.Solzhenitsyn; creative intelligentsia; the Jewish issue; Zionism; the Jewish movement in the USSR; the US; Jackson-Vanik amendment; the CPSU Central Committee; Ministry of foreign affairs; nomenklatura; anti-Semitism; dissidents; emigration."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":749,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":750,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u00bb: \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u2013 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"\u201cThe Strung-up Dynamics of the Epoch\u201d: the Dance as a Peculiar Form of Ideological and Physical Education of the First Post-Revolutionary Years"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.","en":"The article touches upon the place of social dance in leisure and everyday life of Soviet working class of 1920s. The proletarian youth stepped dances based on foxtrot, which was the regarded in Europe. Such dances became a symbol of the small bourgeoisie influence hence were criticized and even banned. The Soviet government therefore aimed at creating a new social dance within the framework of proletarian culture of future socialism, which will correspond to the ideological principles of the time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446; \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0442; \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"social dance; foxtrot; tango; proletarian culture; physical education."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":750,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":751,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab... \u0414\u043b\u044f \"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\" \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u044f...\u00bb: \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"\u201cFor \"Great Russia\" Only Four Nails are Needed\u2026\u201d: Female Images of the 1917 Revolution in Domestic Journalistic Satire"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 (\u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u00bb, \u00ab\u041f\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0447\u00bb, \u00ab\u0411\u0438\u0447\u00bb, \u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u0434\u0440.), \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u044b 1917 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1918 \u0433\u0433., \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0434\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442: \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 1917\u20131918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article is based on the analysis of Russian satiric journals (\u201cNovyj Satiricon\u201d, \u201cPugach\u201d, \u201cBich\u201d, \u201cStrekoza\u201d, etc.), of their public position and political esteems of the revolutionary crisis in Russia. The central point of the study \u2013 the feminine images of the triad \u201cRussia \u2013 Revolution \u2013 Liberty\u201d as metaphors of the revolutionary changers. The research attests: Rus-sian political satire of the epoch in its main genres is a very valuable historical source because it demonstrates in a form of the images a way to appropriate by the society the experience of revolutionary changes and so provides a researcher with the instrument to penetrate the struc-tures of everyday life in times of revolutionary crisis of 1917\u20131918."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u00ab\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u00bb; \u00ab\u0411\u0438\u0447\u00bb; \u00ab\u041f\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0447\u00bb; \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u00bb; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442-\u041b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440.","en":"The Revolution of 1917; satirical press; \u201cStrekoza\u201d; \u201cBich\u201d; \u201cPugach\u201d; \u201cNovyj Satirikon\u201d; Russian journalism; imagology; feminine images; the Bolsheviks; Brest-Litovsk peace treaty."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":107,"authors":[{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Filippova Tat'ana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., Senior Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru"},"email":"filipova2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":751,"author_id":285}}],"issue":{"id":107,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":752,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"The Caucasus in the XXth century: lessons and hints of history"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432? \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0439? \u0427\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435: \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438? \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439? \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e.","en":"The author focuses on the profound impact the turbulent XXth century had on the destinies of the Caucasus people. In some cases he also tries to cautiously approach the age-old question \u201cwhat if\u201d when it comes to nowadays developments in the South Caucasus, the former part of the Soviet Union. Whatever the answer, any scholar could feel free to ponder over the future of the Eurasian space in terms of either optimistic or pessimistic scenarios."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u0445; \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043d; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438.","en":"the Caucasus in the World Wars; Western plan to dismember Russia; Iran; Turkey; Cold War; Post-Soviet realities."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":752,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":753,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435\u00bb. \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1920\u201330-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Eurasianism as philosophical-political trend: appraisals given by the Russian emigration of the 1920s \u2013 1930s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1920\u201330-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 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\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u041a \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0410.\u0421.\u0418\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 1932 \u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a.","en":"The article discusses the debate the liberal, socialist and partly conservative circles of the Russian emigration 1920\u201330-ies about the Eurasian philosophical and political ideas. Based on the statements of Eurasianism such well-known figures of emigration as N.A.Berdyaev, L.P.Karsavin, F.A.Stepun, P.M.Bitsilli, P.N.Milyukov, V.V.Rudnev, and others. Analyze the key problems of the polemic: the ideological origins of Eurasianism, the ratio of Russian and European cultures, the historical construction and a political program of the Eurasians, etc. It is shown that wide circles of the emigration had not taken a position Eurasians: the underestimation of European culture, the allegations about her imminent death, the idea of building ideocratic state attempts to justify Bolshevism. To the merits of the Eurasians took trying to find a new ideological synthesis to awaken in the revolution of the Russian national consciousness. The conclusion provides the outcome of the controversy, summed up by A.S.Izgoev in 1932. He showed that the Eurasians tried to find a new base for the Russian national statehood, created the ideological Foundation for future Russian right-wing political groups."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Eurasianism; Russian emigration; public opinion; conservatism; liberalism; so-cialism; nationalism."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":77,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Egorov Andrey Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. Sci. in history, Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of the Humanitarian Institute of Cherepovets State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":753,"author_id":77}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":754,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Russian worker on the eve of the revolution. Formation of the proletariat of Russia in the second half of the 19th \u2013 early 20th centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e 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\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article discusses the features of the process of development of the Russian working class in the second half of XIX \u2013 early XX cent. The conclusion is that the workers of peasant origin remained in close ties with their villages and to the agricultural activities. They were tied to their rural communes and the householders. As a result, more than half of the industry was located outside towns, and the peasants leaving on earnings became the dominant type of workers. In the minds of the workers the traditional rural commune values were not superseded by the bourgeois ones and were not lost, but were transformed within the framework of new communities \u2013 labor collectives, taking a pronounced anti-bourgeois orientation. In the early twentieth century, with a decrease in the growth rate of the total number of the factory proletariat, there declined in the manufacturing industry the possibility of receiving labor force from villages and other regions, due to the fact that vacant jobs were increasingly occupied by those who came from the working-class families. This conduced to strengthening the socio-economic enclaveness of the working class, the gradual decay of the process of proletarianisation, as well as to the development of pauperisation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439; \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0439; \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f; \u043e\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0434.","en":"worker; peasant; ties to the land; village; departure on earnings."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":47,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volkov Vyacheslav Viktorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 (\u0416\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u0412.\u0425\u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph. D. in philosophy, Associate Professor, senior lecturer of the Department of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines of the Military Institute (Railway Troops and Military Communications), the Military Academy of Material and Technical Support named after A.V.Khrulev"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":754,"author_id":47}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":755,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0438\u00bb: \u0438\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"\"Proletarii\" and \" bourgeois\": foreign borrowings in political vocabulary in peasants' \"letters to power\" in the 1920s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0437\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The article examines the process of changing the semantic field of the units of borrowed political vocabulary in peasant environment in the 1920s. The pair \"bourgeoisie\" and \"proletariat\" sets the example of transforming the ideological component of political concepts under the influence of extralinguistic factors. Peasants\u2019 \"letters to power\" are of particular interest for studying the flexibility of the semantics of political vocabulary in revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia, since the peasants were the most illiterate and politically unaware group of the population. The way the peasants used the new borrowed political vocabulary is viewed as the basic model of how the common people acquired the essentials of the Soviet \"newspeak\"."},"keywords":{"ru":"Lingua Sovetica; \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442; \u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044f.","en":"Lingua Sovetica; \"letters to power\"; political vocabulary; foreign borrowings; the proletariat; the bourgeoisie."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":243,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Savina Tat\u2019iana Vyacheslavovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph. D. in philology, Associate Professor of the Department of International Relations and Regional Studies, Novosibirsk State Technical University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":755,"author_id":243}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":756,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:56.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443","en":"\"Letters to pover\" as a modus of religious dissidence in the Brezhnev era"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d-\u0431\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0437\u0430 1964\u20131982 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"The article examines the phenomenon of communication between the religious dissident movement of Russian Protestants led by the Evangelical Christian-Baptist Churches Council and power in the Brezhnev era. \"Letters to power\" of believers and documents of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for 1964-1982 reflect the formation of a new model of interaction between the Soviet authorities and Protestant organizations. Protestants reacted sharply to any restrictions of religious freedoms addressing collective written appeals to both the Soviet authorities and international organizations. As a result, \"letters to power\" have turned into an effective tool for public protection of the rights of believers. The authorities in turn closely monitored appeals of believers and reacted to them in order to correct state religious policy in a certain way."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u00ab\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0439; \u041a\u0413\u0411, \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430.","en":"Protestantism; religious dissidents; \"letters to power\"; Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults; KGB; Brezhnev era."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":72,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440","en":"Donninghaus Victor"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0434-\u041e\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435), \u041b\u044e\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci. in history, Professor, Deputy Director of the Nord-Ost Institute (Institut f\u00fcr Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa e. V.), Luneburg, German"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":756,"author_id":72}},{"id":242,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savin Andrey Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, Senior Researcher, Institute of History, Siberian Branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":756,"author_id":242}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":757,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430 \u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0446\u0435-\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u00bb","en":"Capital as representation of the empire and the myth \u201cabout the self-reformer\u201d\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 30\u201340-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432. \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439.","en":"Analyzing German literature of the thirties\u2013forties of the 19th century, the author examines the process of formation of \"Petersburg\" narrative in the context of conservative discourse on Russia as an ambivalent construct based on personal impressions of eyewitnesses, on the one hand, and on political myths and ideologies on the other."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u043c\u0438\u0444; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b.","en":"Russia; Germany; St. Petersburg; emperor; myth; liberals; conservators."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":757,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":758,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0432\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0435\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432","en":"Life in the mausoleums of myths"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0412\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0433\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043b\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d.","en":"The text consists of two parts that represent a certain unity of fragments of mythological character and points of attraction of the interested public. Such interest is understandable, as through the world history there appeared a fascinating variety of plots and guesses bourn out of facts and tall tales about the Tower of Babel and the biblical Noah's Ark. Since the number of interpretations related to cultural artifacts is growing, the author has set himself the task of recalling the importance of the research results in this area, and paying tribute to the experts who helped clarify the real course of the events of the past, contributed in archeological research and decoding of ancient scripts."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043d; \u0412\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f; \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0439; \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0435\u0433\u0430; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e.","en":"Babylon; The Tower of Babel; Ararat mountains; Robert \u041aoldewey; expedition to find the tracks of Noah's ark; Greater and Little Ararat, NATO aerial Photography."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":108,"authors":[{"id":183,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mitrofanov Nikolai Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, associate editor of the Moscow encyclopedia, full member of the Academy of Russian Literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":758,"author_id":183}}],"issue":{"id":108,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2017,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":759,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420\u00bb. \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 (1921 \u0433\u043e\u0434)","en":"\u201cTo Constitute the Autonomous Crimean Socialist Republic as a Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\u201d. J.V.Stalin and Creation of the Crimean Autonomy (1921)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438.","en":"The article highlights the process of the Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic formation, the key role in which was played by the People's Commissar for National Affairs of the RSFSR Government I.V.Stalin. The ten months search for optimal model of the national and state status of the Crimea in 1921 resulted in the choice of a variant that can be defined as territorial autonomy taking into account the historical tradition with elements of national coloring."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs; Crimea; RSFSR; USSR; Territorial Soviet Republic; Autonomous Soviet Republic; Autonomous Region."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":255,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Soldatenko Valeriy Fedorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u0424.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u041d\u0410\u041d\u0423), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Scholar of the I.F.Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnonational Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":759,"author_id":255}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":760,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443","en":"Political Sentiments in the Russian Society in the Early 20th Century (According to Letters Addressed to John of Kronshtadt)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 (1829\u20131908 \u0433\u0433.), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043c, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.","en":"The article considers political moods in Russian society in the early twentieth century based on the study of letters to famous priest Ioann of Kronstadt (Ioann Kronstadtskii; 1829\u20131908), stored in the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. Since the authors of the letters belonged to various estates and political camps, the letters reflect a wide spectrum of social views. The Ioann's confrontation with Lev Tolstoi was also the subject of significant correspondence, anti-Tolstoi sentiment of the letters authors is actually indicate the concern about the overall social situation in Russia. The article concludes that the documents give a most clear idea of the sentiments of the conservative part of Russian society whose representatives believed it was important to follow the traditions and to preserve the Orthodox Church's role in society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Ioann Kronstadtskii; political reforms; Orthodox Church; political consciousness; tradition; conservatism."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kirillova Elena Anatol'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c","en":"Ph.D. in history, independent researcher, writer"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":760,"author_id":115}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":761,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (1922\u20131935 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"Example Taken from the \u201cOld Guard\u2019s\u201d Life: the Old Bolsheviks Society as an Experience of Revolutionaries\u2019 Adaptation (1922\u20131935)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1922 \u0433., \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435). \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 1920 \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1935 \u0433.","en":"The article analyzed the main problems of formation and functioning of the Society of old Bolsheviks. This organization united almost the entire political elite of post-revolutionary Soviet Russia. The article reveals the reasons for the establishment of the corporation in 1922, analyze its structure, social composition, as well as key activities (cultural, educational, publishing and social). The publication makes special emphasis on the role of the organization and its members in the political processes of the 1920s \u2013 the first half of the 1930-ies, a hypothesis was propos about the causes of the Society's abolition in 1935."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431); \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d.","en":"the society of old Bolsheviks; the Central Committee of the RCP(b); the political elite; Stalin."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":219,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pivovarov Nikita Yurievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in history \u0441hief researcher of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":761,"author_id":219}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":762,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438? \u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u00bb","en":"A Slight Digression from the Rules or a Challenge to the Stalinist System? More on Some Aspects of the \u201cLeningrad Affair\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 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\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 1948 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0423\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0446\u044b\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 1937 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb.","en":"This article discusses some of the charges against the main persons involved in the so-called \u201cLeningrad affair\u201d \u2013 one of the most important political affairs of the \"late Stalin period\". These \u201cLeningraders\u201d were planning to establish a leading party organ for the RSFSR. Regardless of whether the \u201cLeningraders\u201d were aware of this or not, this would entail significant shifts in the supreme leadership of the USSR, the redistribution of powers in the highest organs of power, and the appearance there of one of the most influential figures. At the Leningrad Party Conference in 1948, the results of the secret ballot were falsified. This was not only a consequence of the propensity to violate the rule of law and the self-aggrandizement of the Leningrad bosses, but also a threat to the Stalinist system of power. It consisted in the fact that the \u201cLeningraders\u201d demonstrated the way to nullify the secret ballot in the party organizations, which was introduced by Stalin in 1937 as one of the main elements of \u201cinner-party democracy\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb; \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"\u00abLeningrad affair\u00bb; party and state system of the power; \u00ablate stalinism\u00bb period; administrative practices."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":264,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sushkov Andrey Valer\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u041e \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D, Senior Researcher of the History department, Institute of history and archaeology of the Ural branch of RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":762,"author_id":264}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":763,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0432\u00bb: \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430\u00bb","en":"The Legend of Calling of the Varangians: in Pursuit of the \u201cHistorical Core\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 (\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"This article examines the famous annalistic legend of calling of the Varangian princes. The author challenges the conclusion of some researchers that Chronicles the tale is based on a legal act (treaty). Arguments are given in favor of the provision on the exclusively folklore origin of the legend."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0438; \u0420\u044e\u0440\u0438\u043a; \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430; \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442; \u0440\u044f\u0434 (\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440).","en":"Rus\u2019; Varangians; Rjurik; Varangian legend; Povest\u2019 Vremennych Let; rjad (treaty)."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Korolev Alexander Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c","en":"Ph.D. in history, Associate Professor, independent researcher"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":763,"author_id":129}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":764,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0432\u00bb: \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044b","en":"\u201cThe Legend of Calling of the Varangians\u201d: Facts, Assumptions, Speculations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0415.\u0410.\u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0412.\u042f.\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0420\u044e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0433\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442. \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0420\u044e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.","en":"The author considers various interpretations of the Chronicle\u2019s legend of calling of the Varangians, in particular, the concept suggested by E.A.Mel\u2019nikova and V.Ya.Petrukhin who argue the legend retained information on a treaty Rurik concluded with peoples who summoned him. The author also analyzes critics of the \u201ccontractual\u201d hypothesis by various researchers. It is demonstrated that this hypothesis relies on a number of cogent arguments but has some vulnerabilities. Due to the lack of necessary evidence it is difficult either to recognize the treaty indisputable or reject the very existence of the treaty."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0432; \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c; \u0441\u0430\u0433\u0430; \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440; \u0420\u044e\u0440\u0438\u043a; \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 (\u00ab\u0440\u044f\u0434\u00bb).","en":"the legend of calling of the Varangians; the chronicle; saga; folklore; Rurik; treaty."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":764,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":765,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"he Soviet Journalism\u2019s First Steps"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 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\u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u2013 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c.","en":"There were many people who had no time to determine their side (because the process of division had just begun) in the first professional organization of journalists that was created in 1918 immediately upon the revolution. The organization was the Noah\u2019s ark of the Soviet culture. The author considers the disputes that began among various representatives of the Soviet culture and revealed impossibility of their unity and solidarity. The Soviet journalists\u2019 Union was doomed because the society in its post-revolutionary condition turned out to be absolutely fragmented. The Noah\u2019s ark of the Soviet culture in the ocean of revolution found \u201cthe land\u201d where it was decided to stop, to step out and gain the expanse under feet: for proletarian writers and journalists the expanse became the proletarian domain, for S.Yesenin and his comrades it turned out to be the imagistic land, for representatives of the Left front it became the Left front domain and for those who thought the culture as separated from the proletarian dictatorship still considered the culture as the modernist culture. So conditions for the harshest competition of new culture\u2019s directions fighting with each other were gradually created. Each of these directions held to become the principal, mainstream and the only direction in culture and society."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430.","en":"The Soviet Journalists\u2019 Union; the Proletarian Culture; Sergei Yesenin; modernism; dictatorship of the proletariat."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":109,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":765,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":766,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435","en":"Russian Transport and Logistic Initiatives in the South Caucasus"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 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\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u041b\u0426, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435.","en":"The main problems of the renewal of the railway communication between Armenia and Turkey are considered. The role of Russia as the initiator of the renewal of communication between the countries in 2008-2009 was revealed. In this regard, the peculiarities of the development of the project of the creation of the international transportation and logistics center (ILC) \"Akhuryan\" on the Armenian-Turkish border are analyzed. Based on the study of archival materials, the historical prerequisites of the project are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of the functioning of the Russian railways in Armenia due to the limited integration opportunities. The main technical, economic and geopolitical problems of the ILC project are identified."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430; \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Armenia; Turkey; railway; logistics center; Russian railways; integration."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":67,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0442\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0433\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Davtian Vahe Samvelovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0410\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor at Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":766,"author_id":67}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":767,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435","en":"FRG\u2019s Policy on Water Resources Management in the Central Asian Region"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 2007\u20132013 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0424\u0420\u0413, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u00ab\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u00bb \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.","en":"The article examines Germany\u2019s water policy in the Central Asian region. The reasons for Germany's special interest in this region are highlighted, as well as the peculiarities of the German approach to the problem of improving the efficiency of water resources management. Given the important geostrategic position of Central Asia modern Germany actively promoted the development and deepening of the \u00abenhanced political dialogue\u00bb with the countries of the region, initiated the adoption of the Strategy for Central Asia for the period 2007\u20132013. Within the framework of that Strategy Germany launched Water Initiative for the region. The implementation of the Water Initiative demonstrates Germany\u2019s serious long-term intentions in the Central Asian direction, specifically in the water sector, as well as Germany\u2019s desire to make full use of the EU\u2019s resources and \u00abbrand\u00bb in order to strengthen its own positions in the region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0421 \u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430.","en":"Germany\u2019s policy; Central Asia; water resources; EU\u2019s Strategy for Central Asia; German water initiative."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":328,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Boyarkina Oksana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D. in political sciences, leading expert of the Center for Expert-Analitical and Information Technologiest of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":767,"author_id":328}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":768,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 1918 \u0438 1941\u20131944 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Crimea in the German \"Eastern policy\": the Main Changes in the Context of the Occupations of 1918 and 1941\u20131944"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1918 \u0438 1941\u20131944 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 1918 \u0433., \u0432 1941\u20131944 \u0433. \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.","en":"The article analyzes the changes in the German \"Eastern policy\" that occurred between the two world wars. These changes are traced by the example of two occupation of the Crimean peninsula in 1918 and 1941\u20131944. Based on a wide range of sources and literature identified the aspects, the study of which contributes to the identification of the main trends in changes in the German \"Eastern policy\". The goals and tasks of the German military and political leadership regarding the Crimea during both occupation, the administrative forms of the management of the occupied territories, the attitude of the population to the occupiers and the occupiers to the population. On the example of such demonstrations of this attitude as collaborationism, Resistance Movement, terror, the national factor, the conclusion that the German \"Eastern policy\" remained practically unchanged throughout the first half of the XX century. However varied its methods, which was due to Nazi ideology, and also the fact that in contrast to 1918 and in 1941\u20131944 of the Crimean population represented a very different community \u2013 the Soviet people."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb, 1-\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a.","en":"Crimea, occupation, German \u00abEastern policy\u00bb, 1st Regional government, Collaboration, Soviet man."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":329,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Romanko Oleg Valentinovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412.\u0418.\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"D.Sci.historian, Professor, Department of Russian History, V.I.Vernadsky Crimean Federal University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":768,"author_id":329}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":769,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u00bb","en":"\u041en Some Aspects of the \"Leningrad Affair\""},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 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\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f (\u0431) \u043f\u043e \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0412\u041a\u041f (\u0431) \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 1948 \u0433. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"In an article in the previous issue of this journal, A.V.Sushkov observes that a full study of the causes of the \"Leningrad Affair\" does not exist. He focuses on two accusations that were leveled against the Leningrad leaders: their attempts to create a Russian communist party or a RSFSR bureau within the all-union party's Central Committee, and their falsification of the results of elections to the city and provincial committees in December 1948 at a conference of the Lenin-grad party organization. This article examines these little-studied aspects of the \"Leningrad Affair\" and demonstrates that they did not cause the removal of the Leningrad leaders so much as they provided a justification to do so."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u00bb; \u0420\u041a\u041f (\u0431); \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb; \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"\"The Leningrad affair\"; RCP(b); party and state systems of power; \"late Stalinism\"; administrative practices."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":330,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0411\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0440","en":"Brandenberger Devid"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0420\u0438\u0447\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 (\u0433. \u0420\u0438\u0447\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0434, \u0421\u0428\u0410)","en":"D.Sci., historian (Harvard), Professor, University of Richmond (Richmond, USA)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":769,"author_id":330}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":770,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f)","en":"Barbarian World Through Civilized Eyes. (On the Question of Cross-Cultural Influences)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439), \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb.","en":"As it might be judged by the title, the article deals with archaic and rather hazy subject, i.e. how the ancient Greek and Roman writers perceived barbarian world around them. But this is not the only thing the article is about. The author makes an attempt to find the roots of what might be named a paradox. The question is: why the people of the civilized Empires, with their highly arrogant and fastidious attitude towards the surrounding \"savages\", could not resist the temptation to deliriously imitate their ways and mores, turning this primitive stuff into a part of every-day life?"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0433\u0443\u043d\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043a\u0438\u0444\u044b, \u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"Greek and Latin civilizations; ancient historians; cultural contact-zones; North Caucasus; huns, scythians, alans."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":770,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":771,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 (\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0410.\u041b.\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439\u00bb)","en":"The Current Historiography: History as Self-Consciousness. On A.L.Yurganov's Book \"The Cultural History of Russia. The 20th Century\""},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a-\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e-\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0410.\u041b.\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 (\u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442)1 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438.","en":"A historian-specialist in the Middle Ages addresses the 20th century subjects. Initially as a researcher of historiography, of the world that surrounded historians of the Stalin\u2019s period, and later on as a researcher of culture, ideology, literary criticism, and artistic manifestoes. That is unusual path and this path characterizes scientific exploration search of A.L.Yurganov, expert in Russian Medieval culture and at the same time a researcher of culture, humdrum and everyday background of the past age. Now the author of the new book (collection of articles written in various years) is preoccupied with the general sense meaning of the intellectual history that, as a peculiar world, stems from the everyday life world. This world was common for people who occupied one side and for those who held totally opposite positions. The reviewers muse over the method employed by the historian in the new book and over the peculiar point of the 20th century cultural history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041b\u0415\u0424; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442; \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"historiography; history of culture; everyday life world; objectivism; positivism, self-consciousness; personality; Modernism; the proletarian art and state; the Left Front of Arts; Proletkult, imaginism; fellow travelers; Stalinism."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":771,"author_id":109}},{"id":266,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Taratorkin Philip Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant professor, \u0421hair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Director of the Humanities Archive, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":771,"author_id":266}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":772,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0440\u0438\u0445 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441: \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e","en":"Karl Heinrich Marx: From Philosophy and Ideology to Political Economy and Natural Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 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\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a 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\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432., \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"With publication of Marx's manuscripts and excerpts including his extracts from numerous books on natural science and mathematics as a part of MEGA (Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe) a new stage begins in studies of Marx's philosophy, political economy and methodology. The sources of Marx's philosophical method can\u2019t be focused on German classical philosophy only and his method of research can't be reduced to materialistic dialectics alone. Marx was in mainstream of scientific life of his epoch in whole. His research approach was influenced not only by philosophy, but also by methodology of classical political economy and natural science as well. Admitting the theorization methods of the XIX century science Marx reasoned consonant with the naturalists of that era. That fact predetermined the destiny of alienation concept in the Capital, which became irrelevant as key element of Capital\u2019s structure."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441, \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u00bb, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0442, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c.","en":"K.Marx, \"Capital\", natural science, philosophy, methodology, alienation, excerpt, manuscript."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":331,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Antonova Irina Konstantinovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"Ph. D, philosopher, head specialist, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":772,"author_id":331}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":773,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432: \u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435\u00bb","en":"Liberal Centrist Vladimir Kuzmin-Karavayev: \"The State Should Go Before Its Citizens, Leading Them Towards Law, Truth and Freedom\""},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u00bb \u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1859\u20131927), \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 I \u0438 II \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 1917 \u0433., \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b \u043a \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438), \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u00ab\u043d\u0438\u0448\u0443\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c (1906\u20131907), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0426\u041a \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (1912). \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article presents a \"portrait against the background of epoch\": the profile of V.D.Kuz'min-Karavaev (1859\u20131927), military justice officer, the active participant of the Zemstvo movement, member of the 1st and the 2nd State Duma, participant of events that took place in 1917, and the active personality of the Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 community abroad. By his political opinions he be-longed to the centrist current of the Russian liberalism (conditionally speaking, he occupied position between the Constitutional-Democrats and the Octyabrists and a peculiar position in the Russian multiparty system of the early 20th century. In 1906\u20131907 Kuz'min-Karavaev was one of the Democratic Reforms party, a member of the Progressive Party Central Committee in 1912. Kuz'min-Karavaev's position on the most important issues of the Russian life and perception of his ideas by coevals are reconstructed and characterized on the basis of various sources."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432; \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f 1900 \u0433.); \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.; I \u0438 II \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433.; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435.","en":"V.D.Kuz'min-Karavaev; school and politics (discussion held in 1900); centrism in the Russian liberalism of the early 20th century; the 1st and the 2nd State Duma; Progressism and the problem of nationalism; the Great October revolution of 1917; the Russian community abroad."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":773,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":774,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438...\u00bb: \u0414.\u0411.\u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430. 1931 \u0433\u043e\u0434","en":"\"It Would Make Sense to Publish These Letters Quickly in Light of Theirenormous Value...\". D.B.Ryazanov and the Publication of Marx. 1931"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0414.\u0411.\u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 1931 \u0433. \u2013 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u00bb \u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f (\u0431) \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438 1881 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0414.\u0411.\u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 11 \u0438 12 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 1931 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u042d.\u041b.\u0413\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0412.\u0412.\u0410\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 29 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0438 2 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1931 \u0433. \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430.","en":"This introduction and document publication reveals an unknown episode in the biography of D.B.Riazanov after his arrest in February 1931\u2014his letters to the journal \"Bolshevik\" and the Central Committee Politburo regarding the publication of a letter of Marx to his daughter in 1881. The publication of Riazanov's two letters from 11 and 12 April 1931 and E.L.Gurevich's letter shed light on the history of the formation of the archival collections of the Marx Engels Institute, and in particular the history of the text of Marx's letter. The letters of V.V.Adoratskii published here from 29 March and 2 June 1931 uncover the political meaning of the Marx letters that Riazanov had \"hidden\", as well as the motives behind the removal of Riazanov from the post of Marx Engels Institute rector."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430, \u0414.\u0411.\u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0412.\u0412.\u0410\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 \u041a.\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0430.","en":"Marx Engels Institute, D.B.Riazanov, V.V.Adoratskii, stalinization of the historical sciences, the K.Marx archival collection, Marxist studies, publication of Marx."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":110,"authors":[{"id":332,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zelenov Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"mvzelenov@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":774,"author_id":332}}],"issue":{"id":110,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":775,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0421 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041c)","en":"Ideological Schisms and Presential Election, 2018. On Results of Studies Made by the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Sociology and the All-Russian Center for Public Opinion Studies"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 2018 \u0433. \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0424 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 2012\u201318 \u0433\u0433. 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\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the presidential elections held in March 2018 through the prism of the main value divisions of the society, which were actively manifested in the period 2012\u201318.based on the monitoring data of the Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and VTSIOM research, a scale of conservatism-liberalism is built, several groups are distinguished. The author shows greater stability (inertia) of the main ideological and value indicators over the past 20 years, and concludes that the formation of the current semi-mobilization political regime with a conservative value system is based not so much on fundamental changes in the value system, but on the prevailing political situation. This regime has already been and will continue to be subjected to political erosion, making room for the emergence of new political and social actors in the country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.","en":"presidential elections; values; stability; inertia; conservatism; liberalism; political systems."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":333,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Byzov Leonty Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d)\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru","en":"Ph.D. in Economics, leading researcher at the Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Federal research sociological center\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":775,"author_id":333}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":776,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"All-Caucasian Statehood in the Revolution and Civil War Years: Ideas, Projects, and Attempts of Their Realisation"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1917\u20131921 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b, \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a; \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e-\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article devotes to the questions of formation of the Caucasian statehood during the Russian revolution and Civil war of 1917\u20131921. Desintegration of the Russian Empire has led to aggravation of a political and social and economic situation in the North Caucasus, at the same time, the various political forces moved forward the projects of association of all people of the Caucasus and creation of uniform state education. The author analyzes various models of statehood which tried to introduce both local, and all-Russian political forces in the North Caucasus and the reasons of a failure of similar attempts; explores the place and a role of national movements of the people of the Caucasus in the context of the national and state construction in post-revolutionary Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430; \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"North Caucasus; Russian revolution of 1917; Civil war; national and state construction; Union of the integrated mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan; Mountain Republic; North Caucasian Soviet republic; Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":776,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":777,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420?","en":"For What and What Physical Education Does the USSR Proletariat Need?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430.","en":"The spring of 1918 in the Soviet Russia saw a universal military preparation of citizens, one of the main aims of which was the organization of physical education of workers and peasants. In order to achieve this aim, the theory of the Soviet system of physical education was elaborated and new administrative and controlling bodies were established to control the development of physical education and sport in the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"physical education of the proletariat, military preparation, administrative bodies, education, movement, gymnastics."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":777,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":778,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"On Some Tendencies of the World War I, Revolution and Bolshevism Comprehension by Contemporaries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u2013 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a 1914 \u0433.; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442; \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.","en":"Comprehension of the tipping point in history of Russia and the world which the contemporaries of events began with the WWI and had its peculiarity. Identification of this peculiarity in the light of discussions held nowadays allows appraising conclusions that were made by contemporaries of events and formed the basic ground of subsequent studies. Premonitions of the creative intelligentsia representatives are included in the range. The issues that originally were raised by the contemporaries but remain to be actual for the science include the issue of the level of Russia\u2019 modernization, the issue of the place and significance of eschatology in the prewar and war years spiritual mood, the issue of the revolution and world war correlation and the issue of Bolshevism phenomenon in its relation to the war and some other questions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430.","en":"historical memory; patriotism; modernization; catastrophism of mentality; anti-bourgeoisness; bolshevism; culture."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":778,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":779,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 1920-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 1940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432)","en":"\"Wrecking Activity\" on Facilities of the USSR Defense Industry (the Late 1920s \u2013 the Earlier 1940)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 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\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u2013 \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article continues the tradition of studying political control, technology and mechanisms of power, administrative methods and strategies used by the Stalinist regime in the 1920s \u2013 1940s. The author focused on a certain aspect \u2013 \"right opportunism\", which is regarded as a state-political crime and a universal ideology that allowed to carry out information-cognitive \"diversion\", segregation of the society into \"one's own\" and \"others\". The genesis, the essence of this phenomenon in political discourse and historiography, as well as the activity of specialized structures to combat one of the manifestations of \"right opportunism\" \u2013 \"wrecking\" on the objects of the military industry. According to the results of the research, it is concluded that the \"anti-damaging\" campaign and the control-repressive measures applied in its methods can be viewed as a political-technological, operational and ideological-methodological foundation of the Stalinist dictatorship and the system of governance of the Soviet state."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb, \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"political control, state security, \"right opportunism\", \"sabotage\", the military industry, stalinist dictatorship, repression."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":335,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yudin Kirill Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor of Russian History department Ivanovo State University"},"email":"kirill-yudin.hist@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":779,"author_id":335}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":780,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u00bb \u041d.\u0421.\u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"\"The Left-Hander\" by N.S.Leskov and the Russian National Mythology"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041d.\u0421.\u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u043e\u0439.","en":"The article deals with N.S.Leskov\u2019s \"The left-hander\" short story. It is demonstrated that the Leskov\u2019 story has in many respects the ambivalent semantics and that the author\u2019s appraisal of the protagonist and Russia can be recognized neither as unconditionally positive nor as absolutely negative one. Peculiarity of Leskov\u2019s perception of the Russians and the British adversarial relationship motive and Russia-England opposition is explained by Leskov\u2019s polemics with the Russian national mythology. It is argued that the official theory of national character and Slavophilism served as ideological underlying messages and Leskov\u2019s attitude to these messages were colored with irony. \"The left-hander\" was written as a warning against national complacency and arrogance that may find fertile soil in such ideological constructions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d.\u0421.\u041b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u00ab\u041b\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0430\u00bb, \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0418.\u0421.\u0410\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"N.S.Leskov; \"The left-hander\"; ambivalence; irony; the Russian national mythology; official theory of national character; Slavophilism; I.S.Aksakov."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":780,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":781,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441","en":"Unexpected Allen Dulles"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c (\u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a) \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043a 1944\u20131946 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1944\u20131946 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0438 \u0441 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0426\u0420\u0423 \u0432 1950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The publication presents new documentary evidence from the papers of the Council on Foreign Relations and Allen Dulles\u2019s personal papers at Princeton University which pictures Dulles in 1944\u20131946 as a sober and pragmatic foreign policy expert quite different from the popular image of a rabid Cold Warrior bent on destruction of the Soviet Union from the end of World War II onwards. In fact Allen Dulles of that time was still in favor of finding some modus vivendi with the USSR based on mutual recognition of spheres of influence. He distanced himself from the Cold War hawks and proposed some practical ways of post-war settlement. These documents demonstrate that Dulles\u2019s views had undergone some evolution before he became one of the main organizers of covert war against the Soviet Union as a Director of Central Intelligence Agency in 1950-s."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441, \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431, \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"Allen Dulles, Office of Strategic Services, World War II, Cold War, Council on Foreign Relations, post-war settlement."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":217,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Pechatnov Vladimir Olegovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u0424","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Head of Chair of European and American Policy of Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":781,"author_id":217}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":782,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0428.-\u0418.\u0428\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"Revolutionary, Politician, State Activity of Sh.-I.Shagiahmethov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0428.-\u0418.\u0428\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e 1917 \u0433. \u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to Sh.I.Shagiakhmetov, one of the first Social Democrats in the Russian Empire, representative of the Tatar nobility, Muslim intelligentsia. The attempt was made to analyze his biography and socio-political activity before 1917 and in the conditions of the Great Russian Revolution of 1917. Particular attention is paid to his political journalism, his contribution to the Muslim movement, his role in the formation of the self-determination of the Turkestan population."},"keywords":{"ru":"1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0428.-\u0418.\u0428\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"1917; revolution; Civil War; Russia; Turkistan; Islam; Muslims; the Muslim\nmovement; Sh.-I.Shagiakhmetov."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":782,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":783,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"Practical Implementation of the Soviet System of Physical Education in 1920-s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u00bb \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0412\u0421\u0424\u041a, \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c.","en":"In the USSR there were precise official ideological attitudes to the implementation of physical recovery of the people in to the Soviet everyday life. However, dissemination of the physical education was not at the best level. Despite the activity of VSFK, Glavpolitprosvet, Proletkult, proletphyskults, trade unions, Komsomol and other organizations, the spreading of PE in the USSR in 1920-s did not happen efficiently."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b; \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430.","en":"resolution; PE; labour schools; working class; peasantry; commission."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":783,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":784,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"30 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0413\u0438\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0437\u0435. \u041e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438","en":"30 Years in the State Institute for the Higher Education Institutions Designing"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0438 \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0435 \u00ab\u0413\u0438\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0437\u00bb, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 30 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438.","en":"The abridged version of a chapter taken from recollection of Natalia Menchinskaya, an architect and a writer relates peculiarities of atmosphere and creative life in a major architecture and designing institution, \u201cGiprovouz\u201d where the author worked for 30 years. Like major part of similar institutions, \u201cGiprovouz\u201d ceased to exist upon the perestroika."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u0410\u0420\u0425\u0418 (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442); \u0413\u0418\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0412\u0423\u0417 (\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432); \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430.","en":"MARKHI (Moscow institute of architecture, \u201cGiprovouz\u201d (the State Institute for the higher education institutions designing); privatization; vouchers; restructuring (perestroika)."},"column_id":4,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":337,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f","en":"Natal'a Menchinskaya"},"desc":{"ru":"menchin@yandex.ru","en":"menchin@yandex.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":784,"author_id":337}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":785,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043a-\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a: \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e","en":"The Secretary General-Head of a Desk: Traits of Constantine Chernenko\u2019s Biography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0436: \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"Very short leadership of the General Secretary of the CPSU Konstantin Chernenko, which continued a little more than a year and crowned the stagnant-gerontocratic period of the USSR, was filled with historical symbolism. Leadership of Chernenko was indicated a very clear message: the Soviet socio-political system built by Stalin for a strong authoritarian leader, is not able to function normally and it begins to degrade with the weakening of the Supreme power in the country. Unfortunately, the ruling elite was unable to adequately respond to this and other challenges, it failed to implement the correct reform of the state and establish a constructive dialogue with society. This fatal failure was most clearly manifested in the years of Gorbachev's perestroika, which caused predetermined catastrophic finale of the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434 \u0411\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432; \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u041c\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421; \u041c\u0418\u0414; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b.","en":"Konstantin Chernenko; Leonid Brezhnev; Yurii Andropov; the USSR; Moldavia; the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; nomenklatura; Jewish question; antisemitism; dissidents."},"column_id":5,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":785,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":786,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 XVII \u0432. (\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430)","en":"At the Boundary of Epochs: Literary Archaic in the 18th Century Booklore (Three Examples)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435-\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0445\u043b\u044b\u043d\u0443\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0416\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u042e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb, \u00ab\u041b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u00bb \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the old Russian literary culture taken as the aggregate of techniques and speech-and-behavioral tactics that had been developed in the early days of the East Slavic art of writing. The 17th century as transitory period in the Russian culture history was distinguished with the unprecedented innovativeness. The South Slavic influence was replaced with the West Slavic influence and a stream of new translations including translations of secular fictional texts gushed in the Russian literature. Conventional symbolic and pragmatic ways of the reality cognition was replaced with scholastic rationalism. Yet traditions remained to be respected and significant. The long-established archaic still asserted itself. The connection with conservative literary custom was wide-spread and universal. This thesis is proved by examples of three famous monuments of the transitory period literature: \u201cThe Life of Yulianina Lazarevskaya\u201d, \u201cThe Latukhinskaya genealogic book\u201d by Tikhon Makar\u2019evski and the epistolary heritage of Patriarch Nikon."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435, XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435-\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0433\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"the literary custom of the Old Russia; the Middle Ages; the 17th century; the transitory period; the booklore; rhetoric; conventional patterns; topoi; seminal patterns; hagiography; chronicle writing; speech-and-behavioral tactics; epistolography; suggestion."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":786,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":787,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"On Some Tendencies of the World War I, Revolution and Bolshevism Comprehension by Contemporaries (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 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\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.","en":"With reference to considerations on peculiarities of contemporaries interpretation of the Russian history tipping point connected with the World War I the author draws the attention to perception of patriotism problem prior to 1917 and afterwards, to various interpretations of Bolshevism as a political phenomenon. Characterization of schism deepening among the culture celebrities includes analysis of A.Blok and other so called \u201cintellectuals-turncoats\u201d social and political positions. The author puts the question whether it is possible to understand \u201cacceptance\u201d of October as the complete approval of Bolshevist ideology. Furthermore, the author substantiates the conclusion that the power of observation and insight of writers immersed in the life of new Russia allowed them in some instances to define the vector of the Soviet state and society development with a greater accuracy than that was done by ?migr?-changers of landmarks and Eurasians."},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":1,"authors":[{"id":237,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Rumyantseva Marina Fyodorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Chief of Chair, The History and Archives Institute of Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":787,"author_id":237}}],"issue":null},{"id":788,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b)","en":"Public Movement in Russia (Methodological and Historiographic Problems)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article is devoted to the formation of the social movement in Russia, its modes and practices. In the article the social movement was defined firstly in the historiography. The authors distinguished the phases of the social movement and characterized them. They paid attention to the contemporary historiography situation and projected the perspectives of the further researches."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438.","en":"social movement; society; government politics; political parties."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":338,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shelohaev Valentin Valentinovitch"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0432.\u00bb \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, a chief of the center \u00abRussian history in the XIX \u2013 in the beginning of XX centuries\u00bb of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"iom07@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":788,"author_id":338}},{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":788,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":789,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438... \u0418\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438?","en":"Modernist Novels of the Early 20 th Century: About Love... or About Violence?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (1874\u20131952), \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e. \u0418\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432, \u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430.","en":"Love novels by Mark Krinitski (1874\u20131952), a bright representative of the Russian Modernism, in the Soviet times were designated as dime fiction that were deprived of any sense but entertainment. The post-Soviet literary historians inherited such characterizations uncritically. Meanwhile these books had no trashy content from the start. For Krinitski narrated not only about love, not about conjugal fidelity or infidelity, not about preservation of family and household pillars but about lack of individual freedom in man-female relationships, about love in which the patrimonial elements that stifle the love. These novels put philosophical issues of the ultimate freedom and therefore all love stories in one or another way relate not only the high feelings but the violence over these feelings. The strong man cult was a peculiar Modernist cult. However, this speculative cult was just a project of the family and society transformation and their conversion to new societal grounds. The strong man cult made a call for the man who had become the initiator of love liberation from the oppression of custom and patrimonial mode of life."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438; \u0412.\u0421.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u041d.\u0410.\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432; \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"Modernism; the Russian Renaissance; philosophy of love; V.S.Soloviev; N.A.Berdyaev; Mark Krinitski."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":789,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":790,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Russia as the New Center of Geopolitical and Economic Integration"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0432 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 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\u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043a \u0415\u0421 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.","en":"The desintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 demonstrated the instability of an ideological state system. Globalization of economic development outsourced some western industries to China, India and other countries with cheap labor. The transformation of Russian economy from socialist to capitalist system by \"shock therapy\" resulted in sharp decline of living standards. In 1998 Eugeny Primakov did return Russian policy to patriotic values. The sharp rise of oil and gas prices since 2001 did help to restore the growth of Russian economy. The attempt of Ukraine to join EU and to restrict the use of Russian language failed and resulted in loss of Crimea and Donbass. Belarus and Kazakhstan integrated their economies with Russia by creating the Eurasian Economic Union."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u0415\u0410\u042d\u0421; \u0415\u0421.","en":"desintegration of USSR; globalization; Eugeny Primakov; war in Georgia; Crimea; Belarus; Kazakhstan; EAEU; EU."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":790,"author_id":174}},{"id":336,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Roy Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru","en":"Ph.D., pedagogical sciences, historian, writer\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":790,"author_id":336}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":791,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430? \u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430","en":"Will Europe Withstand Pressure? 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\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The last four years very different shocks fall on the integrated part of Europe persistently. Accidents in Europe\u2019s relations with the USA have been added to these troubles recently. Combination of Brexit, migrant invasion, change of style America demonstrates in its communication with its allies as well as the prospects of the Ukrainian statehood implosion increasingly disturb the EU stability. Bewilderment of framework of a part of European countries\u2019 overstressed association presents an unpredictable menace to security of the whole continent. The hollowing-out of relations and ties with Russia undertaken by the EU under joint American\u2013German pressure enhances the progressing general crisis of the EU. Possibility to ensure a positive outcome of the present crises series in Europe depends on how soon the European politics will realize the vital necessity to restore reasonable basics of Europe-Russia interrelationship."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u0424\u0420\u0413; \u0438\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0431\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0437\u0438\u0442; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439; \u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u2013\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434.","en":"the European Union; the Federal Republic of Germany; migration crisis;, Brexit;, relations with Russia; Merkel; the grand coalition; prospects of the East\u2013West interrelations."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":161,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":791,"author_id":161}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":792,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c, \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442... \u0412\u0430\u0448 \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u042d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"\u00abIn my mind, a lot will now depend on your actions... Yours, Plekhanov\u00bb. Cases of Georgy Pyatakov\u2019s and Georgy Plekhanov\u2019s Political Positions' Consilience"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0413.\u0412.\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0413.\u041b.\u041f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u2013 \u0432 1912 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1917 \u0433. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.","en":"The article traces the views and positions of two figures of Russian social democracy G.V.Plekhanov and G.L.Pyatakov, who proved to be close enough in two very important situations \u2013 in 1912, when the crisis in the proletarian party reached its utmost importance and at the time of the choice of the strategy of the revolutionary movement in the spring of 1917. The reconstructed episodes show the complexity of social processes, the ambiguous choice of vectors for historical progress."},"keywords":{"ru":"VI (\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f) \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f; \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438-\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b; \u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u044b; \u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430; \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; VII (\u0410\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f) \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f(\u0431).","en":"VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP; Kiev organization; Menshevik Party members; April theses; Kiev platform; opposition; VII (April) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP(b)."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":255,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Soldatenko Valeriy Fedorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u0424.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u041d\u0410\u041d\u0423), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Scholar of the I.F.Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnonational Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":792,"author_id":255}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":793,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f: \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Rational History and Emotional History: Ways to Integration"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u2013 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u00ab\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 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\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.","en":"Many people still believe that the history as the science has begun to change accents in its approach to analysis of the past exclusively due to heroic, self-sacrifice conduct of the Annals school representatives of the French historiography or due to efforts of only foreign historians and has started to become, in the first place, a sphere of human beings study and only later the study of society. Meanwhile the process of the history animation included efforts of many generations of foreign and Russian historians, philosophers and representatives of many other branches of social sciences. However, the paradox is that until recently we have known about foreign scientists more than about our countrymen. Today, with good reasons we may maintain that the picture of the Russian science achievements in respect of anthropological, social psychological approach to analysis of the historical past is dramatic and impressive. The task of this article is to disclose some important aspects of this historiographic process."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e; \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430; \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u00bb, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"anthropological, socio-psychological approaches to analysis to the past; the spiritual assignment of a human person; \u201cthe Russian spirit\u201d; the Russian character; insights in knowledge."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":793,"author_id":83}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":794,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Refuge from Fears and Projection of Hopes. Image of Russia as an element of the conservative \u00abstyle of thinking\u00bb in Germany in the second quarter of the XIX century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432. \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435.","en":"Based on analysis of German conservative literature about Russia, as part of the political discussions in Germany in the second quarter of the 19th century, the paper discusses these polemic works as an example of a conservative \"thinking style\" that shaped the worldview of its bearers and attitudes towards Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Image of Russia; Germany; political literature; conservative \u00abstyle of thinking\u00bb; liberal Russophobia; stereotypes; revolution"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":794,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":795,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I","en":"\u00abTo Find Out More about Their State of Things\u00bb. England through Peter the Great`s Eyes"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0432 1698 \u0433. \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u00bb. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u043a \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432. \u0426\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"It is easy to understand why historians got used to put Peter the Great`s visit to England in 1698 into a wider context of the topic \u00abRussia and Europe\u00bb. Following in their steps the author of the article adds some subtler details to the discourse. The point is that for all Peter`s affection for Holland it was England that he singled out among other Western countries. The tsar was far from indiscriminate perception of local ways and mores but he found there a lot of things extremely useful for his motherland. As to the English political elite of the time, it looked at him with a mixture of arrogance, curiosity, and admiration. Some of the country`s higher officials did not hesitate to predict that their \u00abstrange guest\u00bb would leave an incredible trace in world history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 1697\u20131698 \u0433\u0433.; \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044e; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f.","en":"Russia and Europe; Great Russian Embassy of 1697\u20131698; Peter the Great`s visit to England; \u00abRussian tsar through English eyes\u00bb vs \u00abEngland through Peter`s eyes\u00bb."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":795,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":796,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b","en":"On the Historic Framework of the Russian-Serbian Friendship"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 2018 \u0433. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 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\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c.","en":"In February 2018 Russia and Serbia celebrate 180th anniversary of establishment of official diplomatic relations. Glorious common past helps our countries to look with confidence into the future. The historical facts being separately mentioned in the current review are just symbolic examples of our tough friendship whose ground are not only common Slavic roots but a profound understanding of the interests. The publication of this work seems to be up to date in conditions of a new round of allegations against Moscow and the frequent criticism towards Belgrade."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u044f; 180-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 2018 \u0433.; \u0415\u0421; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438; \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434.","en":"Russia; Serbia; 180 th anniversary of official diplomatic relations; February 2018; EU; the Slavic roots; criticism; Moscow; Belgrade."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":340,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0436\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b","en":"Kirzha Kirill"},"desc":{"ru":"kirkv89@yandex.ru","en":"kirkv89@yandex.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":796,"author_id":340}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":797,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0449\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u00bb. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435 1917\u20131918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Prince Oleg's Shield in the Revolutionary \u00abInterior\u00bb. Image of the Orient in Russian Journal Satire of 1917\u20131918"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 1917\u20131918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 (\u00ab\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u00bb) \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\/\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435) \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043d \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439.","en":"On the basis of analysis of the Russian satirical journals complex of 1917\u20131918 the article deals with the research of the formation and change of the images of the Orient in Russian public opinion and press in the period of Great Revolution and the beginning of the Civil War. The author proves the ambivalent attitude of Russian satirical journalists to the image of Turkey (hatred\/empathy) as a satirical object. The context of such an attitude is common military, political and geopolitical situation of the epoch \u2013 the crash of old imperial regimes as a result of the Great War and revolutions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c; \u00ab\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u00bb; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435; \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442.","en":"revolution of the 1917; Civil War in Russia; satirical press; \u00abNovy Satiricon\u00bb public opinion; images of the Orient; Turkey in the First World War; Caucasian front."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":113,"authors":[{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Filippova Tat'ana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., Senior Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru"},"email":"filipova2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":797,"author_id":285}}],"issue":{"id":113,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":798,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043c\u00bb? \u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00abhomo soveticus\u00bb \u0432 \u00abhomo economicus\u00bb \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb","en":"\u00abWe Do Not Know the Society We Live in\u00bb? Evolution of \u00abHomo Soveticus\u00bb into \u00abHomo Economicus\u00bb from the Eyes of the Perestroika Leaders"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb 1985\u20131991 \u0433\u0433. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u00bb. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article analyzes the views of senior management of the USSR about the role of the \u00abhuman factor\u00bb in the context of Gorbachev's \u00abperestroika\u00bb of 1985\u20131991. As the Soviet people perceived leaders of the country, as they represented his attitude to the reforms, the evolution of his consciousness and behavior \u2013 these issues raised in the article, has not yet received understanding in historical science. But without answers it is impossible to give an objective assessment of the policy of \u00abperestroika\u00bb. In the article, based on the analysis of primary sources based on the methodology of content analysis, the study of the repetition of speech practices revealed the importance of \u00abhuman factor\u00bb in the implementation of the Soviet leadership policy of \u00abperestroika\u00bb. The study of the ideas of the Soviet leaders about the Soviet man allows deeper understanding of the role of the \u00abhuman factor\u00bb in the Russian reforms as a whole."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a; \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u00bb; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430; \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432; \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434.","en":"Soviet man; \u00abperestroika\u00bb; reform; Gorbachev; human factor; people."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Maslov Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Modern History, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":798,"author_id":171}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":799,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441","en":"\u00abThe Last Hope of Europe\u00bb. Russia in German Journalism of the First Quarter of the XIX Century: Literary-Philosophical Discourse"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432. \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b\u00bb \u043a \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb, \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b.","en":"In the first quarter of the 19th century for the first time for all history of interaction between Russia and Europe, Russia\u2019s positive perception began to acquire a mass character in Germany regardless of political preferences of most of Germans. On the basis of the analysis of German artistic and philosophical writings on Russia, an attempt is made to trace how during a period of the sharpest political crisis the process of transformation of the image of Russia in German public opinion from the \u00abRussian threat\u00bb complex to the \u00ablast hope of Europe\u00bb began, laying down trends that were still relevant in subsequent years."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441; \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"Image of Russia; Germany; French censorship; literary and philosophical discourse; future of Europe; national liberation movement."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":799,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":800,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u00abTo Find Out More about Their State of Things\u00bb. England through Peter the Great`s Eyes"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I. \u0412\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0421 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0445\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c: \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044c-\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author of the article continues to investigate the reaction of English political celebrities and public to Peter the Great`s visit to their country. The numerous references to either well-known or little-known facts are accompanied by the implied idea that from a three-century distance these facts might be seen in a different light than that common for many contemporaries and historians. There is, however, a basis for compromise between struggling views of both admirers and detractors of Russian emperor. All of them agree that no matter how cruel or merciful Peter was he deservedly gained his place among the greatest heroes of the world history."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e 1697\u20131698 \u0433\u0433.; \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044e; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f.","en":"Image of Russia; Germany; French censorship; literary and philosophical discourse; future of Europe; national liberation movement."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":800,"author_id":71}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":801,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446","en":"Russian Abroad as a Model of the State Outside the Borders"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u00bb.","en":"This article presents a factual analysis of Russian life abroad. It aids to investigate it as a form of a civil society \u2013 state with no borders."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041b\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c.","en":"Russia Abroad; council of ambassadors; League of Nations; emigration; assistance to refugees."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":182,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mironova Elena Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior researcher of Institute of World History RAS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":801,"author_id":182}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":802,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II (1860\u20131870-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.): \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438","en":"Power and Cossacking in the Epoch \u00abGreat Reform\u00bb Alexandra II (1860\u20131870s). Historiographic Notes"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II (1860\u20131870-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.). \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1860\u20131870-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"This paper is devoted to considering the historiography of interaction between the government and the Cossack during the period of \u00abThe Great Reforms\u00bb (1860\u20131870) in the reign of Alexander II. The author chooses the point of view which makes it possible to scrutinize the actions of the central authority more closely during analyses of the research literature. However, the chosen approach doesn\u2019t imply overemphasizing the government\u2019s attitude and its influence on the Cossack policy. Despite the exposed restrictive framework, the essential reserve in a historiography reflecting various aspects of interaction of the power and the Cossacks in the 1860-1870th years was found. In article the content of the most important works on stories of the Cossacks of the pre-revolutionary period reveals."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430; \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b\u00bb; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 II; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"historiography; Cossack troops; \u00abGreat reforms\u00bb; Alexander II; government policy; Ministry of Defense."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":343,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volvenko Aleksei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0410.\u041f.\u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b) \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 (\u0420\u0418\u041d\u0425)\u00bb\\r\\navolvenko@mail.ru","en":"Associate Professor, Dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Taganrog Institute named after AP Chekhov (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education \u201cRostov State Economic University (RINH)\u201d\\r\\navolvenko@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":802,"author_id":343}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":803,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u044b!\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0410.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.","en":"\u00abWe Must Break All World Records!\u00bb The Role of the Komsomol and his General Secretary A.V.Kosarev in the Organizing and Development of Soviet Sport System in the 1930s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043cco\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0410.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c.","en":"The main objective of this article is to show the role of the communist youth league (Komsomol), and, primarily of his general secretary Alexander Kosarev, in the organizing and development of the Soviet sport system in the 1930s. Special emphasis will be put on the question of motives lying behind the activities of the Komsomol leadership in the spheres of physical culture and sports, on his conflicts with other organizations, involved in these affairs, and on the hopes, the Komsomol leaders associated with their engagement in it."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b; \u0410.\u0412.\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432; \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; 1930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u044b.","en":"Komsomol; Alexander Kosarev; physical culture; sports governing bodies; voluntary sports society; Soviet Union; 1930s; trade unions."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":342,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0439\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440","en":"Kaiser Peter"},"desc":{"ru":"peter.kaiser@geschichte.uni-freiburg.de","en":"peter.kaiser@geschichte.uni-freiburg.de"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":803,"author_id":342}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":804,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438-\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"Russian Immigrant Historians and the Second World War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043a\u043e \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435? \u041f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446-\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432? \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"This article examines the attitude of Russian emigrant historians in the United States to the Second world war and the participation of the USSR in it. This war left no one indifferent neither in Europe nor on other continents. How did they react to her Russian caught in this time far beyond his country and long ago left her? Whether they tried to help the USSR, whether participated in any actions or rejoiced that there was an opportunity at last to overthrow Bolsheviks? The author tries to give answers to these questions in this article."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435, \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"Russian abroad, World War II."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":341,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zacharov Oleg Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044f \u041d\u0418\u0423 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb\\r\\nZakharovOleg555@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., historian, lecturer at the National Research University Higher School of Economics\\r\\nZakharovOleg555@yandex.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":804,"author_id":341}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":805,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435","en":"Intellectuals and the Great Russian Revolution. Reflections on the New Book"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u042e.\u0412.\u0410\u043a\u0441\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041d.\u0415.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445) \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432\u044b \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443: \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443, \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c.","en":"The article analyzes a new monograph of Professor Y.V.Aksyutin and associate Professor N.Ye.Gerdt, which is devoted to the attitude of intellectuals to the great Russian revolution. The study is based on sources of personal origin (letters, diaries, memoirs) and periodicals. Reviews of the events are arranged in chronological order, which allowed to show how the attitude of the intelligentsia to what is happening: the overthrow of the monarchy, the Provisional government, the situation on the front, the land question, the October revolution, etc. Described in Detail the daily life of the intelligentsia. The authors concluded that the intelligentsia was the first to resist the Bolsheviks."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430; \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430.","en":"the Great Russian revolution; the intelligentsia; diaries; letters; the Provisional government; the land question; the First world war."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":114,"authors":[{"id":194,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naumov Oleg Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Moscow State Regional University, Member of the International Academy of Genealogy in France"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":805,"author_id":194}}],"issue":{"id":114,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":806,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 25 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Dynamics of Ideological and Political Preferences for 25 Years. Three Stages of Transformation of Social Consciousness (a continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0421 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445\u00bb, \u0434\u043e \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u0412.\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439.","en":"The article, based on the results of research of is RAS and VTSIOM, shows the evolution of ideological and political preferences of Russians over the past quarter century. The transition from the Soviet type of mass consciousness to the Western one to the moderate-state one to the \"zero\" is traced. The author reveals the prospects of further dynamics on the basis of the vector of mass public demand. This section of the article deals with the events and processes that developed from the beginning of the \"zero\" years, to the beginning of the \"tenth\", to the \"third term\" of V.Putin and the conflict with Ukraine."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"values; mass consciousness; public inquiry; conservatism; liberalism; Westernism; changes; social justice."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":333,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Byzov Leonty Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d)\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru","en":"Ph.D. in Economics, leading researcher at the Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Federal research sociological center\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":806,"author_id":333}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":807,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Paradoxes of modernization. The Idea of Legality in the Political Culture of Post-Reform Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The author argues that authorities couldn\u2019t rely on social forces, so strong statist tendencies\ncontinued in post-reform Russia and bureaucracy remained the engine of the reform process.\nThere were many lawyers among statesman in the higher levels of administration, and this\ncontributed to manifestation of legal consciousness in the legislative sphere, increased attention\nto issues of law and order. Sometimes this happened at the expense of narrowing of other functions of the state. In particular, social security issues were often neglected when they contravened the principle of legality. The return of attention to them by the bureaucracy occurs only\nunder the threat of social upheaval."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442.","en":"legality; social functions; reforms; bureaucracy; State Council."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Chernikova Natal'a Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research fellow of the Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"ncher@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":807,"author_id":344}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":808,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 1917\u20131919 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Features of the Formation of the Ukrainian-Russian Border in 1917\u20131919"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 1917\u20131919-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 1919 \u0433. \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The article covers the issues of the initial stage of the formation of the Russian-Ukrainian border in the 1917\u20131919s. It is based on the study of the archive documents, contemporary publications of leading experts. The prevailing in the border areas with mixed population structure complicated the borders along ethnic lines. The territorial dispute was suspended in 1919 with Ukraine signing the Treaty on Borders with the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic, where the parties confirmed the expediency of the pre-revolutionary provincial administrative-territorial differentiation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430; \u0413\u0435\u0442\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430.","en":"Ukrainian Central Rada; Hetmanate; Ukrainian SSR; The RSFSR; Great Don Army; Ukrainian-Russian border."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":808,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":809,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"Radical Inductivism of Istprofs in the Context of the Early Soviet Historiography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b), \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430: 1) \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 2) \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0435.","en":"This article analyzes theoretical and methodological approaches of the Commissions on the History of Professional Movement in Russia (Istprofs) which functioned within the structure of the Soviet trade unions in the 1920s. The guiding idea of Istprofs\u2019 work was radical inductivism, i.e. the notion that research process must be strictly divided into two stages: 1) accumulation of factual material and 2) analysis of that material and finding of the patterns of historical development. Even though they never openly challenged Party, Istprofs\u2019 research project was an alternative to the Bolsheviks\u2019 dogmatic reading of the Marxist epistemology."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"Istprof; trade unions; historiography; theory and methodology of history."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":52,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Gil\u2019mintinov Roman Radievich"},"desc":{"ru":"c\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0421\u041f\u0431.","en":"Student of History Department, European University, St.Petersburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":809,"author_id":52}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":810,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 (1918\u20131923 \u0433\u0433.): \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"Christians Rakovsky in the Revolutionary Events in Ukraine (1918\u20131923): the Search for Modern Scientific Accents"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0425.\u0413.\u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"The article attempts to briefly characterize and objectively assess the role of the prominent figure in the international revolutionary movement, H.G.Rakovsky, in the development of social processes in Ukraine during the Civil War and the time of the head of the Soviet government of the republic on the basis of an analysis of historical facts and documents. In the last decades, this page of his life receives controversial lighting."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u041a\u041f(\u0431)\u0423; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Ukraine; revolution; Civil War; USSR; Council of People's Commissars; KP (b) U; national question; Ukrainian communism; USSR; federation."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":255,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Soldatenko Valeriy Fedorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u0424.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u041d\u0410\u041d\u0423), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Scholar of the I.F.Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnonational Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":810,"author_id":255}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":811,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb: \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b","en":"Characters of Igor and Konchak in \u201cThe Lay of Igor\u2019s Campaign\u201d. The Text Structure and Facts of History"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0432 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u00bb \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0437\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0438, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0445\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434-\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0448\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0438: \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u044e, \u043e\u043d \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\n\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0430 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u044b\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0443\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0447\u044c. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"The author considers one of differences between \u201cThe Lay of Igor\u2019s Campaign\u201d and the Kievan\nannalistic story; \u201cthe Lay\u201d presents Khan Konchak as Igor\u2019s main opponent while the Chronicle\npresents Khan Gzak in the same role (and obviously in reality it was Khan Gzak) was Igor\u2019s\nopponent and this fact is recorded in the Chronicle). The author demonstrates that the substitution is connected with the \u201cLay\u201ds author strove to transform Igor\u2019s failure into symbolic victory. If in the part of \u201cThe Lay\u201dthat is devoted to events preceeding Igor\u2019s defeat and captivity the code of the herois code is used, then in the subsequent part that relates event upon that the code of fairy tale is used, as if Igor was killed in the battle and if he resurrected from the deads\u2019 domain thus putting Konchack who captured Igor to shame while Vladimir, son to Igor, walks Konchack\u2019 daughter from her father. In contrast to the annalistic story that recorded historical\nfacts \u201cThe Lay of Igor\u2019s Campaign\u201d redefines the facts pursuant to principles of mythopoetics.\nIrrespective of the fact whether \u201cThe Lay of Igor\u2019s Campaign\u201d originally was a monument of oral literature or it was created in the written form, it is the author\u2019s text, and the author has given the new meaning to the folklore traditions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb; \u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442; \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440; \u043a\u043e\u0434; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0441; \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0448\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430; \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"\u201cThe Lay of Igor\u2019s Campaign\u201d; the Kievan annalistic story; historical fact; genre; code; heroic epic; fairy tale; mythopoetic."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":811,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":812,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u2026\u00bb: \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u041c.-\u042d.\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431)","en":"\u201c... Illusory independent Azerbaijan\u2026\u201d: Information M.-E.Rasulzade for the Central Committee of the RCP(b)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 1918\u20131920 \u0433\u0433., \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c.-\u042d.\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u00bb (\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb), \u0441 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431).","en":"The article is devoted to the reasons for the fall of the Republic of Azerbaijan, which existed in 1918\u20131920, to the analysis of the goals of its leaders, to the relations between Baku and Moscow, and to diplomatic contacts. Special attention is paid to the informal contacts of one of the leaders of this parliamentary republic, M.-E.Rasulzade, a socialist, theorist and leader of the ruling party \u201cMusavat\u201d (\u201cEquality\u201d) in this republic, with the Politburo of the\nCentral Committee of the RCP(b)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041c.-\u042d.\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435; \u0410.\u041c.\u0422\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0432; \u041d.\u041d.\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0413.\u0412.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e; \u0410.\u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431); \u00ab\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u00bb.","en":"Azerbaijan Republic; M.-E.Rasulzade; A.M.Topchibashev; N.N.Narimanov; I.V.Stalin; G.V.Chicherin; A.Bodrero; A.Tsalikov; diplomacy; national policy; RCP(b); \u201cMusavat\u201d."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":812,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":813,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 1831 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443","en":"Petersburg Doctors Through the Eyes of Patients During a Cholera Epidemic in 1831"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 1831 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0445\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0425\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 22\u201323 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432: \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u044f\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"In 1831, the first cholera epidemic broke out in St. Petersburg, which was remembered by Cholera rebellion on Sennaya Square from June 22\u201323. The closest to the townspeople at this time were doctors, who acted as representatives of the authorities. After the townspeople staged a hunt for doctors accused of killing patients, measures were taken to form a positive image of a doctor. To overcome the negative image was used a wide range of measures: from publications in newspapers to sermons in churches. This was an important step at this stage in the formation of the Russian medical corporation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437; \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433; 1831.","en":"doctors; corporation; community; image; cholera; St. Petersburg; 1831."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":115,"authors":[{"id":346,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Barabanova Ksenia Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb (\u0410\u041d\u041e \u0412\u041f\u041e \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb)","en":"Ph.D., senior lecturer, history department, autonomous non-profit private organization of higher professional education \"Petersburg Institute of Judaica\" (ANO VPO \"Petersburg Institute of Judaica\")"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":813,"author_id":346}}],"issue":{"id":115,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":814,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 25 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"The Dynamics of Ideological and Political Preferences for 25 Years. Three Stages of Transformation of Social Consciousness"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0421 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"The article, based on the results of research of is RAS and VTSIOM, shows the evolution of ideological and political preferences of Russians over the past quarter century. The transition from the Soviet type of mass consciousness to the Western one to the moderate-state one to the \"zero\" is traced. The author reveals the prospects of further dynamics on the basis of the vector of mass public demand."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"values; mass consciousness; public inquiry; conservatism; liberalism; Westernism, changes; social justice."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":333,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Byzov Leonty Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d)\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru","en":"Ph.D. in Economics, leading researcher at the Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Federal research sociological center\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":814,"author_id":333}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":815,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"C\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b","en":"The Northern Sea Route in Russia's Arctic Policy: Historical Experience, Modernity and Prospects"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0439, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the past, present day and future of the Northern Sea Route development and its role in the Arctic policy of Russia. The author discovers the most significant landmarks in the exploration of this maritime artery, analyses the dynamics of its development in Post-Soviet period and, in particular, international shipping and transit via the Northern Sea Route, characterizes the contemporary situation, processes, problems, challenges and risks. The paper evaluates the perspectives of the Northern Sea Route development, its significance for the further exploration of the Russian Arctic, national and international shipping, its place in the Arctic policy of Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c; \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b; \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430.","en":"the Northern Sea Route; the Arctic; exploration; development; historical experience; present day; perspectives; the Arctic policy."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":347,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Goldin Vladislav Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\\r\\n\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0410\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Dpt. of Regional Studies, International Relations and Political Science of the Northern\\r\\n(Arctic) Federal University named after M.V.Lomonosov"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":815,"author_id":347}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":816,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II (1860\u20131870-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.): \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Power and Cossacks in the Epoch of \u201cGreat Reform\u201d of Alexandr II (1860\u20131870s): Historiographic Notes (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II (1860\u20131870-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.). \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0432 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u0434\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 1870-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 II \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"In article the critical analysis of a historiography of relationship of the power and the Cossacks during an era of \u201cGreat reforms\u201d of Alexander II (the 1860\u20131870th) is continued. The research covers works of the Soviet historians, historians emigrants and also representatives of a modern Russian and foreign historiography. Actions of the central power for development and advance of a government policy which evolves from introduction of bases of \u201ccivic consciousness\u201d on the Cossack lands in the 1860th, before return to domination of the militaristic principles in way of the Cossack life in the 1870th years understand the considered works. In article possible new\nperspective subjects in studying of the Cossack history not only an era of \u201cGreat reforms\u201d, but also all the II half of the 19th century are specified."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430; \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b\u00bb; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 II; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.","en":"historiography; Cossack troops; \u201cGreat reforms\u201d; Alexander II; government policy; Ministry of Defense."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":343,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volvenko Aleksei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0410.\u041f.\u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b) \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 (\u0420\u0418\u041d\u0425)\u00bb\\r\\navolvenko@mail.ru","en":"Associate Professor, Dean of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Taganrog Institute named after AP Chekhov (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education \u201cRostov State Economic University (RINH)\u201d\\r\\navolvenko@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":816,"author_id":343}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":817,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435","en":"Religious and Philosophical Conception of Good and Evil in the Russian Modernism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0410\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb: \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435. \u0417\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0435, \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u2013 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"The author examines the basic premise of the modernism\u2019s religious and philosophical conception. This conception was formed as the personalistic ideology that maintained personal rights in the metaphysical sense. Good and evil are not alienated from a person; they are derived from a person that looks for his\/her place in theomachy. Modernists considered the absolute freedom as the highest, supreme manifestation of a new religion. However, this absolute freedom of a person inevitably brought about dualism which created the situation of a permanent choice between two celestial images, the good and the evil, because the \u201cmidst\u201d was considered to be the genuine evil; the \u201cmidst\u201d did not represented or manifested the pure quality neither of the good nor the evil. The evil rests in the collective principle, in the mob, and it is precisely the principle that\noppresses a human creature and makes him\/her restricted and not free. The \u201cnew religion\u201d dramatic effect consisted in the fact that while modernists sought for the One Whole, for the God they put the absolute freedom of a person above all else. But this freedom did not allow substantiating the religious monism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043a; \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"modernism; fin de si\u0117cle (the Silver Age); theomachy; religious philosophy; Positivism; Marxism."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":817,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":818,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441","en":"Between \u201cGreat Fear\u201d and \u201cGreat Hope\u201d. Russia in the Perception of the German Elite Before and During the Patriotic War of 1812: National-Patriotic Discourse"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d, \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0445.","en":"On the basis of the analysis of private and journalistic written sources of character, an attempt is made to trace the transformation of the image of Russia in the national-patriotic discourse of Germany during the anti-Napoleonic wars, based on the changes in the attitude to the Russian empire among the most prominent representatives of Prussia\u2019s military, political and intellectual elite who had a great influence on formation of public opinion in the German lands."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041f\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1812 \u0433.","en":"Russia; Germany; Prussia; anti-French coalitions; Alexander I; Napoleon; national liberation movement; Patriotic war of 1812."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":818,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":819,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430. \u00ab\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 1917\u20131922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"Culture, Revolution, War. The \u201cCultural Dimension\u201d of the Crisis of 1917\u20131922 in Modern Russian Historiography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1917\u20131922 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00bb \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430; \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.","en":"This work deals with contemporary historiographic rethinking (both in Russia and abroad) of the cultural context of war-revolutionary crises in Russia, 1917\u20131922. This problematic field helps to shape the answer to the main question of the topic: why did the \u201cred project\u201d turned out to be more successful, than the \u201cwhite\u201d one, and what was the role of cultural factors, demands and collisions in this process. The crush of traditional values system; formation of Bolshevik\u2019s new sacrality; reality and utopia of democratic alternative in Russian revolution; the causes of weakness of the liberal politics; conspirology and mythology of Bolshevik\u2019s upheaval; the discussion on the cultural essence of Bolshevism; mutual responsibility of society towards culture and culture towards society in the turning moment of Russian history \u2013 these are the main topics of the world\u2019s historical science of this problematic sphere."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1917\u2013\n1922 \u0433\u0433.; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1917\u20131922 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Revolution in Russia; 1917, the Civil War in Russia, 1917\u20131922; modern historiography of the revolution and the Civil War in Russia; Bolshevism as a political-cultural phenomenon, Russian liberalism; conspirology and mythology of Bolshevik\u2019s revolution Russian culture in 1917\u20131922."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Filippova Tat'ana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., Senior Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru"},"email":"filipova2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":819,"author_id":285}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":820,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u044e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u044b: \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"Much Better Revolutionists than Jewellers: to the Question about the Beginning of Irish-Soviet Diplomatic Relations"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb. \u0414\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442, \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0423\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u0418\u043c\u043e\u043d \u0434\u0435 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a \u041c\u0430\u043a\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u041c\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043b \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0437, \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0443\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d.","en":"This article is devoted to the first contacts between the representatives of the Soviet Russia and the Irish Republic. As a result of these contacts there were two loans, which were given to the Soviet representatives in New York in 1920. The so-called \u201cRussian Crown Jewels\u201d secured one of the loans. The jewels were stored secretly in Ireland for about 30 years and even had been involved in some events of the Irish politics. In the author\u2019s opinion, the events connected with the receipt, transportation, storage and return of those items to the USSR illustrate changes in the Irish-Soviet diplomatic relations. The author mentioned such political figures as Harry Boland, Eamon de Valera, Patrick McCartan, Michael Collins, Ludwig Martens, Santeri Nuorteva, Georgi Zaroubin."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0413\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434; \u0418\u043c\u043e\u043d \u0434\u0435 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a \u041c\u0430\u043a\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441; \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0443\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430; \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d.","en":"Russian Crown jewels; Irish-Soviet Diplomatic Relations; Harry Bolland; Eamon de Valera; Patrick McCartan; Ludwig Martens; Santeri Nuorteva; Georgi Zaroubin."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":116,"authors":[{"id":348,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430","en":"Bykova Anna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0443\u043d\u0437\u0430, \u0418\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f\\r\\nabykovaireland@gmail.com","en":"PhD, Greystones Archaeological and Historical Society, Ireland\\r\\nabykovaireland@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":820,"author_id":348}}],"issue":{"id":116,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":821,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 25 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0422\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"The Dynamics of Ideological and Political Preferences for 25 Years. Three Stages of Transformation of Social Consciousness (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0421 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u00ab\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.","en":"The article, based on the results of research of is RAS and VTSIOM, shows the evolution of ideological and political preferences of Russians over the past quarter century. The transition from the Soviet type of mass consciousness to the Western one to the moderate-state one to the \"zero\" is traced. The author reveals the prospects of further dynamics on the basis of the vector of mass public demand."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"values; mass consciousness; public inquiry; conservatism; liberalism; Westernism; changes; social justice."},"column_id":1,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":333,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Byzov Leonty Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 (\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d)\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru","en":"Ph.D. in Economics, leading researcher at the Institute of sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences of the Federal research sociological center\\r\\nLeontiy13@mail.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":821,"author_id":333}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":822,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 1905 \u0433. \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Power Against Revolution: Projects Power Overcoming the 1905 Revolutionary Crisis in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1905 \u0433. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1905 \u0433., \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440.","en":"The article analyzes the projects of power suppression of the revolutionary movement in Russia, elaborated by representatives of the top bureaucracy in 1905. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the attitude of officials to repression as a means of overcoming the revolutionary crisis, as well as the main factors of this transformation. On the grounds of the research, it was concluded that the use of force to combat the revolution became the main instrument of authority only in November 1905, while previously the repressive policy was predominantly declarative."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434; \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0421.\u042e.\u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435; \u041f.\u041d.\u0414\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e.","en":"The First Russian Revolution; 1905; top bureaucracy; repression; S.Y.Witte; P.N.Durnovo."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":349,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Novoselsky Sergei Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\nnovoselsky.rggu@gmail.com","en":"Lecturer, Department of History and Theory of Historical Science, Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\nnovoselsky.rggu@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":822,"author_id":349}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":823,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"Typology of Unity: the Literary Community of the Late XIX \u2013 Early XX Centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 1920-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\n\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e.","en":"This article is about literary communities and groups of the late XIX \u2013 early XX centuries. The authors analyze the conditions of their existence in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, relations with the authorities, peculiarities of the organization of Soviet literary life. It is concluded that the literary struggle of the 1920s \u2013 early 1930s was due to the desire of writers to find and offer their own \"Unique Trade Offer\", to achieve hegemony in literature, to get the right to decide how to express the Bolshevik\u2019s ideology."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0444\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u0443\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0430\u043a\u043c\u0435\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0420\u0410\u041f\u041f, \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u00bb.","en":"Symbolists, Cubo-futurists, Comfuts, Imaginists, Acmeists, RAPP, Pereval."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":823,"author_id":118}},{"id":282,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fel\u2019dman David Markovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities\\r\\ndmfeld@inbox.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":823,"author_id":282}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":824,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 (1918\u20131923 \u0433\u0433.): \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Christians Rakovsky in the Revolutionary Events in Ukraine (1918\u20131923): the Search for Modern Scientific Accents (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0425.\u0413.\u0420\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"Proposed publication covers activities of the Soviet Ukraine Government Chairman H.G.Rakovsky at final stage of Civil War and in the first two and a half years of peaceful socialist construction, assesses his position and role in the unification movement for USSR creation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u041a\u041f(\u0431)\u0423; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Ukraine; Civil War; USSR; Council of People's Commissars; KP (b) U; national question; Ukrainian communism; USSR; autonomy; confederalism; federation."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":255,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Soldatenko Valeriy Fedorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043c. \u0418.\u0424.\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b (\u041d\u0410\u041d\u0423), \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044b\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Scholar of the I.F.Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnonational Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine\\r\\nsoldatenko.v.f@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":824,"author_id":255}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":825,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"The Proletarian University: Ideas and Practice"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u2013 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043f\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\n\u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0432 1911 \u0433., \u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044c\u0435.","en":"The article deals with the history of origin and attempts to implement the idea of A.A.Bogdanov about the Proletarian University as one of the means of mastering the proletarian culture by working class. The task of Proletarian University is not to provide students with fragments of knowledge, but to give them a general idea about the system of modern scientific knowledge, to show the interrelation of different branches of science, to teach basic methods of cognition. The idea of the Proletarian University was first formulated by A.A.Bogdanov in 1911, and the first attempt to implement it and at the same time its first prototype was the party schools for workers\nin Capri and Bologna."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445, \u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442.","en":"proletarian culture, party school for workers, Alexander Bogdanov, Proletarian university"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":350,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Morozova Alla Yul'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow, Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":825,"author_id":350}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":826,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042f \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043c\u044b, \u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u043e\u00bb","en":"\u00abI\u2019m Pretty Sure That the Russian People Want Peace and Security No Less Than We, and Maybe Even More Passionately\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0413.\u0412.\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 1946 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435-\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f. \u0412 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c, \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430. \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443. \u0413.\u0412.\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0444\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c.","en":"This article is the release of Vernadsky\u2019s speech on the radio at the USA in 1946. The main purpose of this speech is to dispel the myth about the aggressive intentions of the USSR to establish the Communist regime around the world by enslaving Western Europe democracy. There already was strong ideological battle at the beginning of the Cold War period. All of the USSR actions were under the close eye of the American mass media, and were commonly followed by negative reports. G.V.Vernadsky thoroughly analyses and exposes many cases of so well known now \u2018fake news\u2019. He also discusses the problem of the implementation of the double standards policy by comparing different points of view on important issues of the USSR, the USA and the Great Britain."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russian abroad, USSR image, the history of emigration."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":341,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zacharov Oleg Igorevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044f \u041d\u0418\u0423 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb\\r\\nZakharovOleg555@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., historian, lecturer at the National Research University Higher School of Economics\\r\\nZakharovOleg555@yandex.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":826,"author_id":341}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":827,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432?","en":"Is a Breakthrough Possible?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420: \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0424 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"The brief essay is about Russia\u2019s opportunities for development in modern world and about some results of post-Soviet state-building in Russia. According to author, Russia managed to avoid negative consequences of the USSR collapse: it preserved the unity, strengthened its position on international scene, and maintained its defense capability. The publicist draws attention to the economic policy of the Russian Federation and to its development prospects in this field in the foreseeable future. In the essay, the external and internal components of Russian politics are investigated from the point of view of interaction and counteraction of different forces and groups within the country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"post-Soviet space; situation in the international sphere; preservation of defense capability; preservation of the unity; development prospects."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":336,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Roy Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru","en":"Ph.D., pedagogical sciences, historian, writer\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":827,"author_id":336}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":828,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f","en":"State and Power: Past and Perspectives in the Public Thought of Russian Emigr\u00e9"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1920\u20131930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"The article is devoted to the political and legal thought of Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 in 1920\u20131930. In the focus of the article there are the concepts of state, democracy, empire that were reflected by the followers of the different political ideologies. They interpreted the experience of Russian empire, Russian revolution trying to predict the future of political systems in Europe. It helped them to make radical conclusions that were too far from the former intellectual tradition."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f.","en":"Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9, state, law, democracy, empire, revolution."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":117,"authors":[{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":828,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":117,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":829,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0417\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"State and Power: Past and Perspectives in the Public Thought of Russian Emigr\u00e9 (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1920\u20131930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0415\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u0418\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to the political projects of Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9 in 1920\u20131930. Its representatives tried to analyze their experience in Russia. Either they did their best to offer their vision of the future of Russia and Europe. Their way of thinking was non-standard and quite wide that helped them to define the challenges of the times and show the tendency of law and state evolution."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e; \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9; state; law; democracy; empire; revolution"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":829,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":830,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0449\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f...\u00bb \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041c\u0410\u042d \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u00abSundials are the most useful things\u2026\u00bb Portable Russian sundials"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b \u2013 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a XVIII \u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u00bb \u0432 \u041c\u0410\u042d \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435). \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 XVIII \u0432. \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432.","en":"Sundials are the most ancient scientific instruments, but their earliest examples made in Russia and stored at museums are the ones made in the 18th century. The article is devoted to the sundials presented at the exposition \u201cThe first astronomic observatory of Academy of science\u201d at \u041c\u0410\u0415 RAS (Kunstkamera). In the introductory part of the article the author tells how and why \nsundials became an important object by the beginning of the 18th century and why portable varieties gained popularity. Further the history of their usage and improvement is under consideration, as well as inviting foreign masters and appearance of Russian ones. Special attention is paid to each of the exhibits of Kunstkamera as a unique object, giving us a chance to study the history of science and technique."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b; \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; XVIII \u0432.; \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f","en":"sundials; Kunstkamera; Russian instrument manufacture; 18th century; academic observatory"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":830,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":831,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Proletar university: ideas and practice (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917 \u0433. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435, \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433\u0438.","en":"The article deals with the history of origin and attempts to implement the idea of A.A.Bogdanov about the Proletarian University as one of the means of mastering the proletarian culture by working class. After the revolution of 1917 proletarian universities were organized not only in Moscow and Petrograd, but also in many provincial towns. However, they were quickly closed down. Party and state leaders felt that the declared intention of the organizers of the Proletarian University to bring up a new man and train new leaders from the proletariat itself means, in fact, in the near future, that they will be replaced by a new generation of leaders \u2013 independent ones who are able to think and analyze and not only repeat slogans."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445; \u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442","en":"Proletarian culture; party school for workers; Alexander Bogdanov; Proletarian University"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":350,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Morozova Alla Yul'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow, Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":831,"author_id":350}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":832,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 (1812\u20131814)","en":"Alexander I as the savior of Europe. The Conservative Manifesto of Georg Friedrich Parrot (1812\u2013814)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0438 1813\u20131814 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The study is based on comparative analysis of the programmatic work of the German physicist Georg Friedrich Parrot \u201cA Look at the Present and the Near Future\u201d, as a conservative manifesto that marked the beginning of the formation of the new Russian messianism doctrine and the first attempts to broadcast it to the peoples of Europe on the eve of the foreign campaign of the Russian army 1813\u20131814."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d; \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441; \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"Alexander I; Napoleon; Patriotic War of 1812; propaganda; national-conservative discourse; German mysticism"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":832,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":833,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u2026\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"\u00ab\u2026Draw Cartoons According to Their Designs\u2026\u00bb The Role of Soviet Citizens in the Formation of Political Cartoons of the Initial Period of the Cold War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1940-\u0445 - \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0418\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430.","en":"In conditions of the modern information wars the patterns of origin and functioning of various images and symbols are of great interest for the researches. The article deals with the Soviet caricatures devoted to subjects of the foreign policy of late 1940s \u2013 early 1960s, which were inspired by common citizens of the USSR. Their content is disclosed in the context of general trends of development of imagery and symbolism of the visual satire of the Cold war times. The paper elicits the specific of perception of international agenda depicted by amateur satirists and evaluates their contribution to the creation of enemy image. "},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430","en":"USSR, cold war, visual propaganda, caricatures, satire"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":351,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Fedosov Egor Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \\r\\n\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442","en":"Ph. D., historian, Contemporary Russian History, Faculty of Historical and Political Sciences of the National Research Tomsk State University"},"email":"E.A.Fedosov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":833,"author_id":351}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":834,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0429\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e: \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430","en":"The Sharansky case: the KGB in search of an American trace"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0429\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 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\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e. \u041d\u043e \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a 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\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u043e\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u0435\u043c. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0418 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0429\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445.","en":"In the case of Anatoly Sharansky, as in a drop of water, the final stage of the history of the Soviet Union was reflected. When in the 1970s this activist of the Jewish movement challenged the communist empire, it was still strong enough to withstand all threats, including internal one. But by that time, it had largely lost its former repressive potential and could no longer punish opponents of the regime so mercilessly as it had been under Stalin. Only thanks to the softening of the Soviet system after the death of the dictator, Sharansky managed to survive, although, of course, this would never have happened had he not had the courage and inner psychological strength necessary to survive in the harsh conditions of camps and prisons. The decisive moment was that in the future this liberalization intensified more and more, ending with perestroika. And if this development turned out to be fatal for the Soviet system, then for Sharansky, on the contrary, it was salutary, allowing him to gain the upper hand in the confrontation with it."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0429\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0422\u043e\u0442; \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432; \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u041a\u0413\u0411; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0426\u0420\u0423; \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c; \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u00bb; \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0441-\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441 \u0422\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0441\u00bb; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0425\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430.","en":"Natan Sharansky; Robert Toth; Yurii Andropov; Andrei Sakharov; the USSR; KGB; USA; CIA; State of Israel; Nativ; Los Angeles Times; Jewish emigration; refusenics; Jewish question; Zionist movement; dissidents, Moscow Helsinki Watch Group"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":834,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":835,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1946 \u0433.: \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0438","en":"USSR in 1946: public moods and mechanisms for managing"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431), \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1946 \u0433. \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.","en":"The publication analyzes the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b), reflecting the reaction of workers to the increase in ration prices in September 1946 and the mechanisms of public opinion management used by the Soviet government."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"late Stalinism; monetary reform; post-war society; publication of the source"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":118,"authors":[{"id":146,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:25:05.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lazareva Lyubov\u2019 Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d (\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0432 \u0433. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e)","en":"Ph.D., historian, leading specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, assistant Professor, Chair of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines (Domodedovo branch of Russian State University for Humanities)"},"email":"laz_dom@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":835,"author_id":146}}],"issue":{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":836,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"Russian-European Relations as the Forerunner of the Great Northern War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 1682 \u0434\u043e 1700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u2013 \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0443\u043b\u044f \u0413\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0443\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b.","en":"This story opens a series of articles devoted to the prehistory of the Great Northern War seen through separate contexts of diplomatic relationships between Russia, on the one hand, and each member of anti-Swedish coalition, on the other. The author starts with a detailed analysis of the intense activity of two consecutive Danish missions in Moscow \u2013 one led by Gildebrand von Horn, another by Paul Heins. They did their utmost to seduce tsar Peter by fabulous prospects promised by the future allied victory over the Swedes. He, however, was guided by his own thoughts as to the circumstances that would justify the risk of war against most powerful state in Northern Europe."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0413\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434 \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043d; \u041f\u0430\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0413\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0441","en":"the origins of the Great Northern War; Russia and Denmark; Peter I of Russia; Gildebrand von Horn; Paul Heins"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":836,"author_id":71}},{"id":352,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Stamova Irina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u21166 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"lecturer, English Department \u21166, Moscow State Institute of International Relations-University"},"email":"null","pivot":{"article_id":836,"author_id":352}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":837,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0435\u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0438: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II","en":"\u201cNon-military\u201d Anniversaries: Ideological Models of the Napoleonic Era in the Reign of Alexander II"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 I. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439, \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 1812 \u0433., \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f I \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1839 \u0433., \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u0412 1862\u20131864 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u043e\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 1862 \u0433. \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044f \u2013 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 1864 \u0433. \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e: \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0417\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430 I \u0432 1869 \u0433. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the state and society of the 1860s understanding of the fiftieth anniversaries of the Patriotic War of 1812, the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the centenary of the birth of Napoleon I. The first (twenty five year) anniversary of 1812 was very solemnly celebrated by order of Nicholas I on the day of the victory over Napoleon at the end of August 1839. In 1862\u20131864, a celebration of the half-century anniversary was about to come and, it would seem, it should also be just as wide. However, in 1862 no official celebrations were held. Unlike the official state engaged in the celebration of another anniversary \u2013 the millennium of Russia, public thought didn\u2019t forget the anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812 and was trying to comprehend the events of recent past in its own way. In 1864, against the backdrop of the changed foreign policy situation, the anniversary of the entry of Russian troops into Paris was celebrated solemnly by a parade on Palace Square and lunch in the Winter Palace. At the same time the official press reflected in details news about the celebration of the centenary of Napoleon I in 1869 in France. This article examines in details the publications of official newspapers, literary magazines and the epistolary and memoirs of the contemporaries of the 1860s, which somehow reflected the anniversary dates."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u042e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1812 \u0433.; \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0417\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 1813\u20131814 \u0433\u0433.; \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d I; \u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043e\u043d III; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 II; \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e; \u00ab\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u00bb; \u041f.\u0410.\u0412\u044f\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041c.\u041d.\u041a\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u041f.\u041b\u0438\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438; \u0421.\u0410.\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u041d.\u041b\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432","en":"Anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812; anniversary of the Foreign campaigns 1813\u20131814; Napoleon I; Napoleon III; Alexander II; Borodino; \u201cWar and Peace\u201d; P.A.Vyazemsky; M.N.Katkov; I.P.Liprandi; S.A.Maslov; M.N.Longinov"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":59,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gotovtceva Anastasiya Gennad\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., philologist, the assistant Professor, Chair of literary criticism, faculty of journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":837,"author_id":59}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":838,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\u2026\u00bb \u0412\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435 I","en":"\u201c\u2026in order to be constantly aware of all places under the ministry's jurisdiction in the provinces\u2026\u201d Revisions of Local Institutions During Under Nicholas I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 (\u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u044e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438) \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435 I . \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"The article is devoted to the institutional control of the local government, which was improved in the XIX century. The analysis of revision procedures in four ministries (of inner affairs, state property, finance and justice) allowed to highlight common features and characteristics of the revision practices under Nicholas I. Ministry revisions were one of the form of extraordinary control, but they, instead of senatorial revisions, were used not only when central government in the capital received information about disorders in a work of local institutions, but also in order to collect reliable data on state of subordinate institutions. Such measures allowed to swiftly react on malfunctions in a work of local government and take measures \u201cfor possible improvements\u201d, which was manifested not only in strengthening reporting practices and prosecutions, but also in adjustments of reforms and reorganization of institution work."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"ministry; department; departmental control; inspection; local government; provincial administration; local institutions"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":353,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Plekh Olesya Anatolyevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research scientist of the Institute of Russian History of RAS"},"email":"plekh@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":838,"author_id":353}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":839,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Political Parties at the Beginning of the XXth century. The Peculiarities of the Phenomenon and the Research Perspectives"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432.: \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432. \u041d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the political parties in Russia in the beginning of the XXth century: its origins, structure, programs, tactics. The author bound the Russian multy-party system with the society conditions, its stratification, the specific of the intellectual processes in the country. \u0422he definition of the parties was formulated. It can be used in regard to the reality of the beginning of XXth century. Finally, the authors targeted the research perspectives of the parties in the Russian empire."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"parties; Russian empire; ideology; revolution"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":338,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0445\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shelohaev Valentin Valentinovitch"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0432.\u00bb \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, a chief of the center \u00abRussian history in the XIX \u2013 in the beginning of XX centuries\u00bb of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"iom07@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":839,"author_id":338}},{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":839,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":840,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u00bb \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412.\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u044b\u00bb","en":"\"Acid test\" for US diplomacy: President W. Wilson and the consuls are looking for him solution \"Russian dilemma\u00bb"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c \u0438\n\u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u00bb. \u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445\n\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c\n\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435\n\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a 1919 \u0433. \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438\n\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442,\n\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"The author proceeds from the fact that from the first days of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia,\nthe Woodrow Wilson administration, in various ways, under the guise of ostentatious goodwill,\nsought to take a leading role among those who offered Russia \u201chelp and assistance\u201d. The US\ndiplomatic services launched intensive reconnaissance and sabotage operations, spreading their\ninfluence and agents in the hottest spots of the country. These actions were combined with US\narmed intervention in Soviet Russia, were supported by local counterrevolution, and developed\ntaking into account the presence of the Japanese military contingent in Siberia and the Far East,\nas well as Czechoslovak units from among former prisoners of war. As a result, by 1919 the\nUnited States was close to establishing something similar to the occupation regime in a number\nof places free of the \u201cReds\u201d and their supporters."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\n\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0412\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\n1918 \u0433.; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"the United States and the Civil War in Soviet Russia; Woodrow Wilson; American\ndiplomacy and the situation in the regions of Russia in 1918; Anti-Bolshevism"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":840,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":841,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b: \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 (1943 \u0433.)","en":"Holiday in the Middle of the War: Anniversary of the October Revolution in the Perception of the Allies (1943)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 (6\u20137 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1943 \u0433.). \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 6 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u041a\u0418\u0414 7 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \n\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u0410.\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u0413.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0418.\u041c.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0418.\u0413.\u042d\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430).","en":"The article describes the events that are not well studied in historiography. It is focused on the celebration of the October Revolution anniversary in the war time Moscow (November 6\u20137, 1943). It represents the reaction of the Western allies to the speech of Joseph Stalin, made at the reception in the Kremlin on November 6. It also shows a representational meeting at the Reception House of the Narkomat for Foreign Relations (NKID) on November 7 with participation of the Soviet political and military elite, writers, artists, as well as foreign diplomats. Among the sources used are archival materials, diplomatic documents, memoirs and diaries of the contemporaries and participants Alexander Vert, Harrison Evans Salisbury, Ivan Maisky and Ilya Ehrenburg."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1941\u20131945 \u0433\u0433.; \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043a \u041a\u0435\u0440\u0440; \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c.","en":"the Great Patriotic War of 1941\u20131945; October anniversary; Anti-Hitler coalition; Josef Stalin; Clark Kerr; diplomatic reception."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":354,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Nevezhin Vladimir Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading researcher, Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nevva@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":841,"author_id":354}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":842,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 1940 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 1950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"Struggle with \u201cFormalism\u201d in Soviet Music (Second Half 1940 \u2013 Beginning of the 1950\u2019s)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1940-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \n\u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435-\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432-\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"This article analyzes some aspects of the cultural policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940\u2019s \u2013 early 1950\u2019s. One of the leading ideological campaigns is being investigated \u2013 against \u00abformalism\u00bb in Soviet music, which is seen as a representative illustration of the enhanced use of control-repressive and administrative-regulatory technologies of \u00ablate Stalinism\u00bb. The course of the campaign is traced based on the reproduction of information-political, hardware training, internal periodization and correlation with other similar actions of that time are carried out. The instrumentally localized character of the campaign, organized to achieve an instant disciplinary and intimidating traumatic effect, directed against the musical intelligentsia and its creative freedom, is shown. The author comes to the conclusion that there is a need for a delicate and balanced assessment of the \u00abcase of music-formalists\u00bb. This is due to the ambivalence of this historical situation \u2013 a combination of ideological addiction and the presence of elements of objective criticism of the limits of musical and aesthetic experimentation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb; \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u00ab\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb; \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c.","en":"Soviet culture; \u00ablate Stalinism\u00bb; musical art; \u00abformalism\u00bb; \u00abrootless cosmopolitanism\u00bb; repression; ideology; political control."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":335,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yudin Kirill Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor of Russian History department Ivanovo State University"},"email":"kirill-yudin.hist@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":842,"author_id":335}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":843,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438: \u0438\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u043b, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0424\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043f \u0410\u0432\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c","en":"Direct Experience in the Texts of Ancient Russia: Hegumen Daniel, Monk Thomas, ProtopopAvvakum"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0433\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u043b\u0430 (XII \u0432.), \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0424\u043e\u043c\u044b (XV \u0432.), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0430 (XVII \u0432.).","en":"The article considers direct experience as a fact of self-consciousness of the ancient Russian masters of the word. In addition to authoritative sample texts, ancient and medieval Russia was able to appreciate personal evidence, links to the author\u2019s acquaintance with the subject of the image. Travelers, rhetoricians and preachers used direct experience as an important suggestive setting, which allowed to give the work credibility. This technique was used in different genres in order to engage the reader in the proposed circumstances. The reception function is considered on the example of the works of hegumen Daniel (XII century), monk Thomas (XV century), protopope Avvakum (XVII century)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442; \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0430\u043f\u0435\u043b\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u0442; \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"direct experience; rhetoric; appeal; author; etiquette; elements of realism; persuasiveness."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":843,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":844,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f: \u0433\u043e\u0434 1920. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435","en":"Ukraine and Russia: Year 1920. Disputes about the Border"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 1920 \u0433. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0435\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article covers the complex transformation issues of the Russian-Ukrainian border in 1920. It is based on the study of the archive documents, critical analysis of publications of leading historians. The author marks, that economic factor determine the creation of the Donetsk province and the transfer to it the some Russian ethnic territories, that caused intense disputes about the contours of the Russian-Ukrainian border. The administrative-territorial dispute was settled by the orders of the Center, but the decision did not satisfy the parties."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Ukrainian SSR; The RSFSR; Don region; Donetsk Province; Ukrainian-Russian border; delimitation"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":844,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":845,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb: \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0437\u044b \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439","en":"From Portny's Daughter to \u201cEnemy of the People\u201d: Five Lives of Miza Boreva"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u041c.\u0418.\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435, \u041c\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0432 15 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044c\u0435. \u0412 1920\u20131930-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432 \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431), \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0410.\u042f.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430 \u0432 1934 \u0433. \u0443\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 1938 \u0433. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1939 \u0433., \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0443. \u0412 1944\u20131948 \u0433\u0433. \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u043c\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u041c.\u0418.\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article of Miza Isaevna Boreva (1902\u20131969), a revolutionary and party leader from the 1930s through the 1940s. She was born in Odessa in a poor Jewish family, at the age of 15, Miza Boreva became a participant in the revolutionary events and joined the Bolshevik Party. She was involved in the Civil War in Ukraine and in the Crimea and the Caucasus. During the 1920s and early 1930s, after receiving a good education for the time, she had a most successful career in the CPSU(b), working at various party positions in Vladivostok, Moscow, Ivanovo and Semipalatinsk. In December 1934, at the invitation of a longtime acquaintance, A.Y.Stolyar, she left for work in the Kirov region, where she was arrested in April 1938. Freed in late 1939, in 1940 she was reinstated in the party and continued her career. In 1943, she was again expelled from the CPSU(b) and put on trial but was acquitted and reinstated once again. From 1944 to 1948, she served as secretary of the municipal party committee in Simferopol. She was removed because of an anti-Semitic campaign in the USSR. The life of M.I.Boreva is a prime example of how an historical era affects the fate of."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"the revolutionary movement; Civil war; party nomenclature; political repression; The Great Terror; anti-Semitism in the USSR"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":119,"authors":[{"id":355,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Chemodanov Pavel Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u0418.\u0413\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, chief librarian of the Department of Rare Books, Kirov Regional Scientific Library A.I.Herzen"},"email":"pavelche1492@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":845,"author_id":355}}],"issue":{"id":119,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":846,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Russian ballet in search of Slavic identity"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 2018 \u0433. \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442:\n280-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b, 200-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u041c.\u0418.\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0438 140-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1877\u201378 \u0433\u0433. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0445:\n\u0416.\u041b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435, \u0428.\u0414\u0438\u0434\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u041c.\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\n\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439) \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"In 2018, the art community noted several memorable dates: the 280th anniversary of the Russian\nballet school, the 200th anniversary of M.I.Petipa and the 140th anniversary of the end of the\nRussian-Turkish war of 1877\u201378. The article will focus on three French choreographers:\nJ.Land, S.Didlo and M.Petipa, who created the basis for the flourishing of Russian ballet. In\naddition, special attention will be paid to Petipa\u2019s contribution to the formation of the Russian\naristocracy\u2019s sense of ownership in the events in the Balkans in search of national (Slavic)\nidentity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442; \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c;\n\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b.","en":"ballet; French choreographers; war; Slavic identity; folk dances"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":846,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":847,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b XVIII \u0432. \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Portable sundial of the XVIII century. European production"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 XVIII \u0432. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.\n\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u21164 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb \u0437\u0430 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e\n\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\n\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435.","en":"Petersburg Kunstkamera was a leading research and educational center of Russia in the 18th\ncentury. In particular, the exact time service worked here. The equipment included a rich collection of sundials by both foreign and domestic masters. In No. 4 of the magazine \u201cRussia XXI\u201d\nfor 2019, it was told about the sundials made in Russia that are now stored in the museum. An\narticle on sundials manufactured in Europe is offered to the attention of readers in continuation\nof the research."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u041c\u0410\u042d \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430); \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"sundial; science; spread of knowledge; MAE RAS (Kunstkamera); Modern history\nof Europe."},"column_id":8,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":847,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":848,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f (1929 \u0433.) \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f C\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Jubilee article (1929) as Stalin's hidden autobiography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0421\u0442.\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\n\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f 50-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 (1929). \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\n\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\n\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\n\u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\n\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435\n\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439\n\u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u00bb \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\n\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u041d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435, \u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb\n\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"The article deals with the jubilee article by St.Krivtsov, published in the journal \"Under the\nbanner of Marxism\" and dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Stalin (1929). It reveals the complicity of the jubilee writer himself in the arrangement of accents in his own biography of the party\nleader and the head of state, which makes the article by Krivtsov at the same time and a hidden\nautobiography. Stalin keeps silent about the painful facts of his political failures and looks ahead\nto the future, in which he sees himself as the main theorist of the country, although in the journal\n\"Under the banner of Marxism\" no one writes about him so yet. Stalin's main argument is the turn\nto the construction of socialism in one single country and the need to assess the \"practice\" of new\nconstruction higher than dogmatic Marxism. It is not theory that determines the future, but the\n\"practice\" of socialism that is the criterion for the theoretical front in the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442; \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"Marxism dialectics; Stalin; philosophical front; totalitarianism"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":848,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":849,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438","en":"Three penances: cultural and historical types of pre-Petrine Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c\n\u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u00ab\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\n\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044c, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043f\n\u0410\u0432\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043c \u2013 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0443, \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\n\u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u043c\n\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438,\n\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430: 1) \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; 2) \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c;\n3) \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u041d.\u042f.\u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\n\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e\n\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\n\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435\n\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the cultural-historical types of pre-Petrine Russia. The author considers\nthem as an example of three confessions, reflected in ancient Russian literature. Prince Igor, the\nhero of the annalistic tales and \u201cThe Tale of Igor's Campaign\u201d, repents as a representative of\nthe entire princely family. Ivan the Terrible \u2013 as a sovereign, the head of the house and family.\nProtopop Avvakum \u2013 as a sovereign person in his direct approach to God, now speaking for\nhimself personally, recognizing his individual responsibility. Thus, we are studying three different cultures, three meanings and life-worlds, which replaced each other in Russian history: 1)\nAncient Russia; 2) Medieval Russia; 3) Russia of early Modern age. The article reinterprets the\ntheory of cultural-historical types of N.Danilevsky. According to the author, the culturalhistorical types serve not only to distinguish between civilizations and the peoples that are in\ntheir orbit, but also to define the internal periodization of each specific culture. Inside each\nculture its own cultural-historical types may reveal, and even different cultures."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b; \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u044c; \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\n\u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438; \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440; \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u043e\u0434; \u0434\u043e\u043c; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f; \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"cultural-historical types; Ancient Russia; Middle Ages; Russia of Modern age;\ncivilization; life-world; confession; kindred; home; family; personality."},"column_id":7,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":109,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Karavashkin Andrey Vitalievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor, Chair of Early and Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":849,"author_id":109}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":850,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.","en":"At the origins of liberal centrism in Russia in the early twentieth century."},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\n\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\n\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb (\u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u041a.\u041a.\u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u0414.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0418.\u0418.\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044e\u043a\u043e\u0432,\n\u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0440. \u041f.\u0410.\u0413\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d, \u0414.\u041d.\u0428\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432, \u041d.\u041d.\u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u043a\u043d. \u0415.\u041d.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\n\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0425IX \u0432., \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b 1904\u2013\n1905 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The article traces the origins of the centrist trend in Russian liberalism in the early 20th century.\nThe author analyzes the views and activities of some leaders of this trend throughout the years\n1860\u20131905. The conclusion is substantiated that the process of formation of the liberal center\nhas accelerated since the end of the 19th century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b\u00bb; \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb;\n\u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0441\u044e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041a.\u041a.\u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u0414.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u0418.\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044e\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"liberal centrism; \"Vestnik Evropy\"; \"Russkie vedomosti\"; M.M.Stasyulevich;\nK.K.Arsenyev; D.V.Stasov; A.S.Posnikov; I.I.Ivanyukov."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":850,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":851,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b\u00bb \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0426\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0438 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f","en":"\"Ardent revolutionaries\" Alexander Tsitovich and Anna tarelkina. The way from Irkutsk to Marseille"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u00ab\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u2013 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0426\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 (1873\u20131942) \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e\n\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434. \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 (1879 \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1957), \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\n\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u044f 1904\u20131912 \u0433\u0433., \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\n\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0410.\u0412.\u0426\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\n\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432 1919 \u0433., \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f (1929\u20131933 \u0433\u0433.).","en":"Based on a wide range of archival documents, the biographies of Siberian \u201cfiery revolutionaries\u201d \u2013 Alexander Vasilievich Tsytovich (1873\u20131942) and his wife \u2013 Anna Pavlovna, nee\nTarelkina (1879 \u2013 after 1957), active participants in the Irkutsk Social Democratic underground\nof 1904\u20131912, then \u2013 of political emigrants. Information is presented on the activities of\nA.V.Tsytovich after returning to Soviet Russia in 1919, on his work as director of the Library of\nthe State Historical Museum (1929\u20131933)."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f; \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c;\n\u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\n\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0426\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u0426\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 (\u0422\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430) \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430.","en":"Irkutsk organization of the RSDLP; illegal Bolshevik press; Irkutsk security department; Russian political emigration in France; Library of the State Historical Museum; archival documents; Tsytovich Alexander Vasilievich; Tsytovich (Tarelkina) Anna Pavlovna."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":120,"authors":[{"id":356,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shaposhnikov Kirill Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430)","en":"Head of the Reference and Bibliographic Department of the State Public Historical Library of Russia (Moscow)"},"email":"shap@shpl.ru","pivot":{"article_id":851,"author_id":356}}],"issue":{"id":120,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2019,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":852,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"Russia in Six Years"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e 1 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 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\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 2014 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044f\u044f 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\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043c. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0448\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 2000 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"The main direction of the economic programme for the next six years is the economic and techological breakthrough with simultaneous increase in the wellbeing of the population, increase in the birth rate and life expectancy, development of medical care, education and science and accelerated growth in the production and export sectors of the economy. However, the financial part of this programme will require the increase of taxes, rising the pension age, reduction of military spending, reduction of subsidies, import substitution. Implementation of the \"Putin's Programme\" needs careful and detail planning in order to remove its contradictions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430; \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442; \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0444\u0448\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430.","en":"Russia's future; Putin's Programme; technological (digital) change; increase of living standards."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":111,"authors":[{"id":174,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0416\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Zhores Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442","en":"Ph.D. in biology, biochemists-gerontologist, honorary member of the Biochemical Society and the member of the American Gerontological Society, historian, publicist"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":852,"author_id":174}},{"id":336,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Roy Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru","en":"Ph.D., pedagogical sciences, historian, writer\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":852,"author_id":336}}],"issue":{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":853,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438","en":"On Some Tendencies of the World War I, Revolution and Bolshevism Comprehension by Contemporaries (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1917 \u0433., \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430. \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0410.\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0442.\u043d. \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u2013 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.","en":"With reference to considerations on peculiarities of contemporaries interpretation of the Russian history tipping point connected with the World War I the author draws the attention to perception of patriotism problem prior to 1917 and afterwards, to various interpretations of Bolshevism as a political phenomenon. Characterization of schism deepening among the culture celebrities includes analysis of A.Blok and other so called \u201cintellectuals-turncoats\u201d social and political positions. The author puts the question whether it is possible to understand \u201cacceptance\u201d of October as the complete approval of Bolshevist ideology. Furthermore, the author substantiates the conclusion that the power of observation and insight of writers immersed in the life of new Russia allowed them in some instances to define the vector of the Soviet state and society development with a greater accuracy than that was done by ?migr?-changers of landmarks and Eurasians."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb; \u00ab\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb; \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb; \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1917 \u0433. \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0410.\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 1917 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"Neo-Slavophilism; \u201cdefeatism\u201d; \u201crevolutionary defensism\u201d; \u201cSoviet patriotism\u201d; October, 1917, and culture; A.Blok and other \u201cintellectuals-turncoats\u201d on events of 1917."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":112,"authors":[{"id":236,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0441\u0430\u0430\u043a \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rozental' Isaak Solomonovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":853,"author_id":236}}],"issue":{"id":112,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2018,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":854,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u00bb \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412.\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u044b\u00bb (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Acid Test for American Diplomacy. President Wilson and his Consuls in Search for \u201cRussian Dilemma\u201d (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0412.\u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043c\u044b\u00bb.","en":"The author traces the intricate role of the United States diplomacy and a contingent of US Army within the context of many cataclysmic event of the Bolshevik revolution across Siberic and the far Eastern provinces of Russia. President Wilson initial policy of nonintervention which he declared on the eve of Civil war transformed into the imperia list design of different military cliques (including Japan) further confused the question of American search for \u201cRussian dilemma\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0412\u0443\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043d; \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1918 \u0433.; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"the United States and the Civil War in Soviet Russia; Woodrow Wilson; American diplomacy and the situation in the regions of Russia in 1918; Anti-Bolshevism"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":163,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041b\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mal'kov Victor Leonidovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0424, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Merited Science Worker of Russia, Head of Scientific Centre of theoretical research of the Institute of world history, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":854,"author_id":163}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":855,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0427.II. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430","en":"Russian-European Relations as the Forerunner of the Great Northern War (the Continued). P.II. Russia and Saxony\u2013Poland"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u041d\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u043e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445.","en":"Saxony-Poland was most strange Russia`s ally in the Great Northern War. Russo-Polish tensions deeply rooted in history made it hard to imagine the possibility of their cooperation against Sweden. Nevertheless by 1700 they found themselves united in anti-Swedish coalition. The authors of the article assert that the factors which contributed to the emergence of the alliance between Peter the Great and Augustus II were initially charged with destructive potential strong enough to undermine the Northern Alliance long before the Nystadt Congress of 1721."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1700\u20131721 \u0433\u0433.; \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0430; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I; \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 II, \u0418\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043d \u0420\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c; \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433 \u0444\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"The Great Northern War of 1700\u20131721; the formation of the Russian \u2013 SaxonyPoland Alliance; Peter the Great; Augustus II; Johann Patkyl; George von Karlovich"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":855,"author_id":71}},{"id":352,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Stamova Irina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u21166 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"lecturer, English Department \u21166, Moscow State Institute of International Relations-University"},"email":"null","pivot":{"article_id":855,"author_id":352}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":856,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"High Court of Russian Empire: Evolution of the Department of Civil and Religious Affairs"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e - \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b) \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432., \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430.","en":"The State Council was the highest legislative authority of Russian Empire. And originally it wasn\u2019t designed to play a judicial role. But new administrative system created by Alexandre I required some adjustment already in their first years. So, the State Council (and, first and foremost, its Department of Civil and Religious Affairs) became the highest judicial body of the state. The article reveals features of work of the State Council as the highest court, attempt to relieve the Civil Department of functions that do not properly belong to it, the impact of the reform process, economic and social development of the latter half of the 19th century on the evolution of activities of the Civil Department."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f","en":"central government, State Council, judicial functions, reforms, bureaucracy"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Chernikova Natal'a Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research fellow of the Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"ncher@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":856,"author_id":344}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":857,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0432 1918 \u0433.","en":"To the Question About the Borders of the Great Troops Don and Ukrainian Power in 1918"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0432 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0437\u044b\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041f.\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438, \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b.","en":"Based on the analysis of little-known documents stored in domestic and foreign archival institutions and previously published materials, the article highlights the formation of the Russian-Ukrainian border on the Don in 1918. The author focuses on the features of lengthy and intense negotiations, sometimes accompanied by an escalation of interstate relations caused by the presence of mutual territorial claims. Following the talks, the states worked out a compromise option by concluding an agreement on the mutual recognition of sovereignty and the establishment of state borders of the Don and the Ukrainian State. However, implementation of the signed agreements was hindered by foreign policy events and the subsequent change in the domestic political situation in the context of the growing chaos of the Civil War. The end of the First World War and the subsequent withdrawal of the troops of the Central Powers brought down the pro-German government of P.Skoropadsky, and in the Don defeated military-political circles began to oriented toward the Entente countries."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430; \u0413\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442; \u0414\u043e\u043d; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435; \u041f.\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u041f.\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Ukrainian State; Getman; Don; the Great Don Army; P.Krasnov; P.Skoropadsky; A.Cheryachukin; Ukrainian-Russian border"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":857,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":858,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e \u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438","en":"The Memory of the \u201cConquest of Turkestan\u201d. The War of Pre-Revolutionary Russia in the Symbolic Dimension"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1860-1880-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440: \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435.","en":"The article is dedicated to the memory of the conquest of Central Asia in the 1860-1880s. The focus is on monuments erected in battlefields, as well as in politically important points in the region. Medals played a great role in symbolizing victories in this region. At the same time, it should be noted that the presentation of victories in Central Asia was frankly peripheral in nature: no monument appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg, no ship of the Navy was named after the victories in Turkestan."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b","en":"Historical memory; Empire; Russian army; Central Asia; memorial complex"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":858,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":859,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043d\u0433: \"\u0412 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\"\u00bb: \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430 I \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u044b","en":"\u201cTo Remove Oblivion from the Abyss Old Slogan: \u201cIn Unity \u2013 power\u201d: Hopes and Worries of the Liberal Centrists"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438), \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0432 I \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0443. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f - \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 (\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u041a\u043b\u0443\u0431 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445, \u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u00bb, \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430.","en":"The author analyzes the first stage of the formation of political organizations of Russian liberal centrists (between cadets and Octobrists) in January-April 1906, during the election campaign for the first State Duma. Conclusions of the article are based on materials from periodicals and archival sources. The author focuses not only on Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also on other regions of the country, where the mentioned parties, unions, clubs were formed (Partiya demokraticheskih reform, Klub nezavisimyh, Umerenno-progressivnaya partiya, Partiya \u00absvobodomyslyashchih\u00bb, Demokraticheskij soyuz konstitucionalistov-demokratov, Soyuz mirnogo obnovleniya). The article attempts to explain the phenomenon of liberal centrism."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432; \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0432 I \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0443","en":"liberal centrists of St. Petersburg and Moscow; the provincial organization of liberal centrists; election campaign for the first State Duma in Russia"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":859,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":860,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u0438\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u2026\u00bb","en":"\u201cThe World will Someday be United, but at the Same Time Multicolored\u2026\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410, \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0438 \u0425\u0425I \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.","en":"In an interview, the author gives his answers to questions about the relations of China, Russia and the USA, the successes and failures of Russia and China in the post-war period, at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries and today. The author also sets out his own opinion on socialism with Chinese characteristics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d; \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f; \u0414\u044d\u043d \u0421\u044f\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043d; \u0421\u0438 \u0426\u0437\u0438\u043d\u044c\u043f\u0438\u043d","en":"China; Russia; USA; relations of these countries; Chinese socialism; USSR experience; China experience; Deng Xiaoping; Xi Jinping"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":121,"authors":[{"id":336,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Medvedev Roy Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru","en":"Ph.D., pedagogical sciences, historian, writer\\r\\nrussia21@ecc.ru"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":860,"author_id":336}}],"issue":{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":861,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The Problems of Delimiting Russian-Ukrainian Territories in the Mid-1920s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b - \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0426\u0418\u041a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420.","en":"The article covers the issues of a key stage in the construction of the Russian-Ukrainian inter-republican border in the 1920s. The author grounded on the documents and modern publications of leading historian scholars stored in domestic and foreign archival institutions. The author emphasizes that inter-republican delimitation in the 1920s had opposite vectors - from the application of an ethnographic criterion to the involvement of economic and political arguments. The result of the confrontation was the adoption of the option of delimitation agreed upon by the parties, drawn up by the corresponding Decree of the CEC of the USSR."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434; \u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0440\u043e\u0433; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Ukrainian SSR; The RSFSR; Kursk province; Voronezh province; Belgorod; Taganrog; Ukrainian-Russian border"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":861,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":862,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1945 \u0433. \u0432 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432","en":"Anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1945 in the Mirror of Foreign Congratulatory Addresses"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 1945 \u0433. \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 220-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0412 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e 117 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438\u00bb.","en":"The 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences was celebrated on a large scale in June 1945. The Soviet Academy received 117 gratters from foreign scientists. The article discusses the representations of foreign scientists about the USSR Academy of Sciences recorded in these congratulatory addresses and telegrams. The perception by foreign scientists of the Soviet academic center was different, but equally positive. It reflected the hopes of the scientific community for the resumption of \u201cbroken\u201d scientific ties and the restoration of the communicative field of \u201cnormal science\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"220-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430","en":"220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences; congratulatory address; commemorative narrative; history of science, world science"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":357,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gruzdinskaya Viktoriya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0424.\u041c.\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u041e\u043c\u0441\u043a, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"post-graduate student of Department of Modern National History and Historiography, Dostoevsky Omsk State University (Omsk, Russia)"},"email":"vik11910314@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":862,"author_id":357}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":863,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u2026\u00bb: \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0446\u044b-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 1919\u20131920 \u0433\u0433.","en":"\u201cIndia Must be Liberated by the Muslim Proletariat with the Help of Soviet Russia, and Certainly Before the Revolution in London \u2026\u201d: Muslim Cominterns in 1919\u20131920"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443, \u043a \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 I \u0438 II \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430, \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440.","en":"The article, based mainly on archival data, shows the ideological and political aspirations of various representatives of the Muslim population of the disintegrated Russian Empire and neighboring countries in the first years of Soviet power, their attitude to the Comintern, to the theory of the world revolution and its practical implementation. The events associated with the I and II congresses of the Comintern, and their impact on the Muslim world are examined."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0413.\u0417.\u0417\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041c.\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430; \u0425\u0438\u0432\u0430; \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435","en":"V.I.Lenin; I.V.Stalin; G.Z.Zinoviev; L.D.Trotsky; M.Barakatulla; Comintern; World Revolution; Turkestan; Bukhara; Khiva; the Caucasus; Isla;, Muslims"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":863,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":864,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"\u201cConquerors of Turkestan\u201d. The Main Persons of the Accession of Central Asia in the Historical Memory of Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u041c.\u0414.\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0443, \u041c.\u0413.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0432\u0443, \u041a.\u041f. \u0444\u043e\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0443\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u0413.\u0410.\u041a\u043e\u043b\u043f\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0432, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 - \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 - \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 - \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to the main characters in the process of accession of Central Asia to the Russian Empire, generals M.Skobelev, M.Cherniaev, K.Kaufman, G.Kolpakovsky. The most famous in Russia were Generals Skobelev, Cherniaev, which was due to their charisma. The main reason for their popularity is the support from nationalist circles, who made from Skobelev and Cherniaev original icons of the heroes of the fighters for the freedom of the Slavs. To determine the degree of popularity of the generals - builders of the empire, a list of books devoted to these military leaders was studied. The first place was taken by Skobelev, since he is one of the central figures of the Russian historical myth."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f","en":"historical memory; Central Asia; generals; Russian empire"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":864,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":865,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b 20-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"About Two Models of \u201cLeninism\u201d in the Internal Party Struggle of the Mid-20s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 20-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0443 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c - \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443. \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, - \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article explores two models of explaining \u201cLeninism\u201d in the mid-20s. According to Lev Trotsky, Leninism is first of all an experience of revolutionary action, which is determined by the momentary political context and therefore is not limited to any postulates of theory, any ethical concepts, any moral prohibitions or stereotypes of public consciousness. The Leninism of the Stalinist majority in the Party is the theoretical integrity of the entire period of the Party's existence, the inviolability of Lenin's covenants, his glorification as a revolutionary strategist - above all - who has never made a mistake in tactics and has walked with the Party in step. Trotsky brings vividness and contradictions to Lenin's image in order to prove the vitality of Lenin's revolutionary teachings. Stalin's majority in the Party affirmed the canonical image of the leader, explaining his infallibility, creating a situation of worship of the cult of the leader of the world proletariat and the Bolshevik Party created by him. Trotsky lost the historic battle, because his \u201cLeninism\u201d was no longer needed by anyone - neither the Party bureaucracy nor the young generation of Communists."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u00ab\u0423\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u041e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f\u00bb","en":"Leo Trotsky; Joseph Stalin; permanent revolution; Leninism; Stalinism; \u201cliterary discussion\u201d; \u201cOctober Lessons\u201d"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":865,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":866,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439, \u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 I \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0435","en":"\u201cThe Task is not to Turn Russia into Paradise, but to Prevent it from Turning into Hell\u201d: Centrist Liberals in the First Duma"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 - \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 I \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b.","en":"The author analyzes the activities of those liberal deputies of the first Duma, who occupied a middle position between the \u0421adets and the Octobrists. The author concludes that they managed to consolidate their position in \u201cbig politics\u201d at that time. They managed in some cases to influ-ence the course of events in the Duma. During its work, they tested their views on reforms in Russia, as well as the tactical principles of their own political parties."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c; \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; I \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432; \u0421.\u0414.\u0423\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432; \u041f.\u0410.\u0413\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d; \u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041d.\u0421.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439","en":"Partiya demokraticheskih reform; Partiya mirnogo obnovleniya; the First State Duma; M.M. Kovalevskij; V.D. Kuz'min-Karavaev; S.D. Urusov; P.A. Gejden; M.A. Stahovich; N.S. Volkonskij."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":866,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":867,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b 1880\u20131890-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Kakhanovskaya Commission and the Reforms of the 1880s \u20131890s"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c 1880-\u0445 - 1890-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e), \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0439 1880 \u0433. \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435 III. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 - \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430: \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 1880-1890-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b\u00bb, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"This article presents an analysis of the complex and largely contradictory process of developing reforms of the local government (peasant, zemstvo and city) performed in the 1880s - 1890s, which has started with the senatorial revisions of 1880 and ended with their implementation under the governance of Alexander III. There are two distinct stages of this development pro-cess, performed by the Kakhanov commission and the Ministry of the Interior, holding opposite points of view.The question of the nature of the transformations worried both the government and split into two factions society. The first one hold believe that a way out of the crisis based on the further expansion of the pro bono basis, while the second one saw it in the strengthening of a local government. Presented work aims to consider the process of transformations, known as \"counter-reforms\" of the 1880-1890s, from the standpoint of their historical conditionality. Also, it reveals the degree of influence of these reforms on the organization of local governance."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb; \u041a\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b; \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"local government; reform and \u201ccounterreform\u201d projects; Kakhanovskaya commission; Ministry of the Interior; Zemsky chiefs; organization of Zemstvo and city institutions"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":122,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":867,"author_id":358}}],"issue":{"id":122,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":868,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:35:59.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f","en":"Test article"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"Desc"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"words"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":123,"authors":[{"id":359,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u043c\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430","en":"Author name"},"desc":{"en":""},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":868,"author_id":359}}],"issue":null},{"id":869,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441 COVID-19: \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0444 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e","en":"Coronavirus COVID-19: or Objectivity Wins Myth or Myth Wins Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f 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\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0436 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\r\n\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439, \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\r\n\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0412\u0421\u0415\u0425 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430.","en":"Comprehending what is happening is an irrevocable human ability and responsibility. Moreover, this is the duty of the authorities. The current government is doing a poor job with this task: decades of negative selection to power, when they got there not for their abilities and skills, but for various other reasons, are reflected. As a result, the government proved to be inadequate and disproportionate to the challenge of the coronavirus. To overcome the crisis caused by the coronavirus epidemic, you need to fight myths with all your might, and even more so not to generate them. The measures taken must be minimized and brought in line with objectivity, as\r\nwell as their capabilities. It should be strictly forbidden to pull someone's projects under the coronavirus disaster, whether it be the destruction of families, the digitalization of everything in the world, or whatever else. Decisions should be made in an effort to minimize the number of ALL possible victims, not just coronavirus victims."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441; \u043c\u0438\u0444\u044b; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435; \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b; \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"coronavirus; myths; public trust; digitalization; administrative arbitrariness; negative selection to power; state"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":869,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":870,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0443 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f I","en":"\u201cIn Pleasurable Hope of Receving a Commonly Awaited Monarch\u201d or how the Province was Preparing for a Visit of Nicholas I"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f I \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 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\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the organization of tsar Nicholas I\u2019s trip through Russia and its influence on the activities of provincial officials. The article focuses on the activity of local administrations during preparation processes for the arrival of the emperor. The provincial authorities had always reacted immediately to the news of an upcoming trip. Among priority tasks there were road and bridge maintenance, preparing post stations and horses, city beautifications, and restoring order to government offices. An urge to ready a decent reception and to represent a province in a best way had a favorable effect on the state of local government, it accumulated activities of officials and also made them to remember their duties and, at least by what it looked\r\nlike, put in order territories which they were to oversee. At the same time, an excessive zeal of certain officials and the desire to please the emperor often turned into an abuse of power."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 I; \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u00bb; III \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0433\u043e\r\n\u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0436\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432; \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f","en":"Nicholas I; \u00abthe highest travel\u00bb; Third Section of His Imperial Majesty\u2019s Own Chancellery; the Corps of Gendarmes; provincial administration; local institutions; bureaucracy "},"column_id":11,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":353,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Plekh Olesya Anatolyevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 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\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Noble Female Entrepreneurs as Factory-Owners in the Russian Empire from the Late Eighteenth to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a 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\u043d\u0438\u0445 46% \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 1832 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 241 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 484 \u00ab\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\u00bb, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e 50%. \u0414\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0441 4,4% \u0432 1814 \u0433. \u0434\u043e 9,1% \u0432 1832 \u0433. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043a-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"Focusing on noble female entrepreneurs as factory-owners, this article explores women as active subjects of entrepreneurship and it attempts to study their practices as a right to independent ownership of property. According to the \u00abRegister of Factories in Russia for the Years 1813 and\r\n1814\u00bb, in 1814, business-women owned 165 industrial enterprises, and noble owners run 46% of them. An analysis of \u00abThe List of Factory-Owners and Manufacturers of the Russian Empire for the Year 1832\u00bb shows that noblewomen owned 241 enterprises out of 484 (or 50%), belonging to\r\nwomen. The share of women among factory owners grew from 4.4% in 1814 to 9.1% in 1832. The parameters of noble women properties, influence, and style of management are examined using detailed prosopographical data. The author concludes that in a noble economic unit centred on the manorial estate, industrial enterprises were one of the elements of infrastructure."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XVIII \u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435;\r\n\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435","en":"entrepreneurship; nobility; 18th and 19th-century Russian history; Imperial Russia; women\u2019s history; factory history; marital property rights"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":360,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ulianova Galina Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"galina.ulianova@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":871,"author_id":360}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":872,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0410.\u0418.\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441","en":"General A.I.Denikin and Mountain Republic: Cancelled Compromise"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0418.\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1919 \u0433. \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c 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\u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"In article, the author considers relationship between the leader of the White movement in the south of Russia general A.I.Denikin and the government of the self-proclaimed Mountain Republic at the beginning of 1919. White refused to recognize sovereignty of the Mountain Republic but guaranteed them broad internal self-government. The Mountain Government insisted on\r\nrecognition of independence and non-interference to internal affairs of the republic. Parties did not succeed to reach a compromise, and negotiation process came to a standstill. In May 1919, the Volunteer Army liquidated the Mountain Republic. It was tactical success of White Guards, however strategically they considerably weakened their positions, having involved in the wearisome armed opposition with the Caucasian mountaineers."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0413\u043e\u0440\r\n\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u0438\u043b\u044b \u042e\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0410.\u0418.\u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d","en":"Russia; Civil war; North Caucasus; White movement; Mountain Republic; Armed\r\nForces of the South of Russia; A.I.Denikin"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":872,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":873,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c III: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"Russian-European Relations as the Forerunner of the Great Northern War. Pt.III: Russia and Sweden (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0441\u044b\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0415\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\r\n\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 1700 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"In the third and final part of the article the authors came to the conclusion that the Russian-Swedish tensions had not played a major role in the origins of the Great Northern War. It was initiated by other states with long-standing claims against Sweden that resulted in permanent conflicts. Although Russia was not going to constantly put up with its lack of access to the Baltic shores and wanted at least to regain its native Northern lands lost to the Swedes in the early 17th century it had to wait patiently until the right time. The propitious moment might have come much later than 1700 if not for the signing of a long-cherished peace treaty with Turkey. This saved tsar Peter from the threat of war which would have made him postpone the revenge over Sweden indefinitely."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1700\u20131721 \u0433\u0433.; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430;\r\n\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b XII","en":"The Great Northern war of 1700\u20131721; Russian-Swedish relations in the 17-th\r\ncentury; Peter the Great; Peter's diplomacy; the Ottoman Empire, Charles XII"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":873,"author_id":71}},{"id":352,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Stamova Irina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u21166 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"lecturer, English Department \u21166, Moscow State Institute of International Relations-University"},"email":"null","pivot":{"article_id":873,"author_id":352}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":874,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b\u00bb: \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430","en":"\u201cFor the Consolidation of Peace and Friendship\u201d: Archival Materials on the International Activities of Academician A.M.Rumyantsev"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1905\u20131993). \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\r\n\u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1950-\u0435 \u0433\u0433., \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1960-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f 1970-\u0445. \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\r\n\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1970-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the international activities of the economist and sociologist, academician A.M.Rumyantsev (1905\u20131993). Based on new materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the various stages of his biography are highlighted: the period of a sharp career take-off in the 1950s, the time of a boom in Soviet sociology in the 1960s and his participation in this process, the academician\u2019s fell down during the Brezhnev stagnation of the 1970s. Archival materials allowed to analyze the Rumyantsev\u2019s point of view on the prospects for the development of Soviet-British relations and the role of science and culture in this process, his participation in the work of the European Center for the Coordination of Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences, his perspective on economic reforms in Yugoslavia in the 1970s. Thus, a large-scale picture of the participation of the Soviet academician, the \u00abintelligent Marxist\u00bb, as his contemporaries called him, in transnational intellectual exchanges of the Cold War period is created."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f;\r\n\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b; \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"A.M.Rumyantsev; international scientific relations; science diplomacy; UK; Yugoslavia; Eastern Bloc; Cold War; history of Soviet sociology"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":874,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":875,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 II \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430","en":"\u201cPrevent the Defeat of Liberalism on the Right and Left\u201d: Liberal Centrists and the Second Duma"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e II \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0443 (\u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c\u2013\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c 1907 \u0433.), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435 (20 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u2013 2 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1907 \u0433.). \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u2013\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 1907 \u0433. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e II \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 (\u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c.","en":"The article analyzes the participation of the centrist liberals in the election campaign to the Second State Duma (January\u2013February 1907), as well as the activities of their representatives in this Duma (February 20 \u2013 June 2, 1907). The author notes the special activity of the leaders of the Partiya mirnogo obnovleniya in January-February 1907. Attention is drawn to the fact that\r\nthe ideas of the centrist liberals were popular in the Russian province. At the same time, the author identifies a set of reasons that did not allow them to strengthen their positions in the second Duma. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the left-wing radicals (V.I.Lenin), as well as the\r\nCadets and Octobrists, treated the centrist liberals as their political competitors."},"keywords":{"ru":"II \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c;\r\n\u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0432; \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u041f.\u0410.\u0413\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d; \u041c.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"the Second State Duma; Partiya demokraticheskih reform; V.D.Kuz'min-Karavaev; M.M.Kovalevskij; Partiya mirnogo obnovleniya; P.A.Gejden; M.A.Stahovich"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":875,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":876,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0410.\u0414.\u041f\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d: \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"M.M.Speransky and A.D.Pazukhin: the Fate of Reformers and Reforms in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0410.\u0414.\u041f\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438,\r\n\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c.","en":"M.M.Speransky and A.D.Pazukhin, the developers of important reforms, went down in history with opposite signs: one is the \u201cgreat reformer\u201d, the other is the creator of the \u201ccounterreforms\u201d. The author of the article sees the reason for such a different assessment not in the results of their activities, but in the socio-political climate prevailing in post-reform Russia and the specific perception of the reforms themselves."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u0414.\u041f\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b\u00bb","en":"M.M.Speransky; A.D.Pazukhin; local government; specifics of reforms in Europe\r\nand Russia; public opinion; \u201ccounter-reforms\u201d"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":124,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":876,"author_id":358}}],"issue":{"id":124,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":877,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 1970 \u0433.","en":"The Origins of the European Security: German Foreign Policy Strategy and the Moscow Treaty of 1970"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1960 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1970-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 1970 \u0433. \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c:\r\n\u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \r\n\u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u00bb, \u043f\u043e-\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c; \u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044b.","en":"The author analyzes the foreign policy strategy of Germany in the late 1960 \u2013 early 1970's and the Moscow Treaty of 1970 in the context of building a modern European security system. The most important results of the paper can be concluded in five conclusions: the \u201cnew Ostpolitik\u201d is not an independent but a secondary phenomenon of the implementation of the foreign policy strategy of the Federal Republic of Germany; this foreign policy strategy of the FRG, which existed until the reunification of the country, had led to the creation of an Eastern European outpost of Western influence; the leadership of the USSR assessed the prospects of the unification of Germany at that time as \u201cunreachable\u201d; the conflict-ridden environment in international relations gives more chances of success for small and medium-sized states; the hierarchy in international relations requires the large states in the regional area of the security system to\r\nconsider the two levels of cooperation and the corresponding balances."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440; \u0411\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0442; \u0411\u0430\u0440; \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430-\r\n\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"Moscow Treaty; Brandt; Bahr; Federal Republic of Germany; European security"},"column_id":8,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":361,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sindeev Aleksey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d,\r\n\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b","en":"D.Sci., in History, Professor of Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nChief Researcher, Institute of Europe"},"email":"a_sin74@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":877,"author_id":361}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":878,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b\u00bb: \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"\u201cFor the Consolidation of Peace and Friendship\u201d: Archival Materials on the International Activities of Academician A.M.Rumyantsev (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1905\u20131993). \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\r\n\u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1950-\u0435 \u0433\u0433., \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1960-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f 1970-\u0445. \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\r\n\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1970-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the international activities of the economist and sociologist, academician A.M.Rumyantsev (1905\u20131993). Based on new materials from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the various stages of his biography are highlighted: the period of a sharp career take-off in the 1950s, the time of a boom in Soviet sociology in the 1960s and his participation in this process, the academician\u2019s fell down during the Brezhnev stagnation of the 1970s. Archival materials allowed to analyze the Rumyantsev\u2019s point of view on the prospects for the development of Soviet-British relations and the role of science and culture in this process, his\r\nparticipation in the work of the European Center for the Coordination of Research and Documentation in the Social Sciences, his perspective on economic reforms in Yugoslavia in the 1970s. Thus, a large-scale picture of the participation of the Soviet academician, the \u00abintelligent Marxist\u00bb, as his contemporaries called him, in transnational intellectual exchanges of the Cold War period is created."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041c.\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f;\r\n\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b; \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"A.M.Rumyantsev; international scientific relations; science diplomacy; UK; Yugoslavia; Eastern Bloc; Cold War; history of Soviet sociology"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":878,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":879,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u2026\u00bb \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0411.\u0410.\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438","en":"\u201cHe did not try to paint our historical past with a broad brush of the prejudice...\u201d Scientific Heritage of B.A.Evreinov in the Context of the Development of Russian Historical Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0411.\u0410.\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 I, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c.\u0410.\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.","en":"Boris Alekseevich Evreinov is a historian, writer and publicist, known for his active social and political activities among the Russian emigration in Poland and Czechoslovakia. The historical works of B.A.Evreinov reflects evolution of social thought and scientific approaches of Russian historians-emigrants. The works of the scientist are devoted to the study of the history of the Russian peasantry, including the history of the rural community, the liberal undertakings of Alexander I, the life and work of M.A.Bakunin, and the history of Czech-Russian relations."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411.\u0410.\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435; \u041c.\u0410.\u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d;\r\n\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u041f.\u041d.\u041c\u0438\u043b\u044e\u043a\u043e\u0432","en":"B.A.Evreinov; Russian Historical Society in Prague; M.A.Bakunin; Alexander I; Rural Community; P.N.Milyukov"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":172,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Matveev Vladimir Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"lecturer, chair of the russian modern history, Rostov State University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":879,"author_id":172}},{"id":362,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Matveev Sergei Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"student-magistr, Department of Archival Affairs,\r\nRussian State University for the Humanities Department of Archival\r\nAffairs Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"ceregamatveeev@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":879,"author_id":362}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":880,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":""},"desc":{"en":""},"keywords":{"en":""},"column_id":11,"issue_id":125,"authors":[],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":881,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"Russian-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878 in the Perception of Chaplains"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430, \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433.: \u0412\u0430\u043a\u0445\u0430 \u0413\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0426\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041b\u0430\u043f\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u00ab\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\r\n\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e\u044e (\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e) \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b.","en":"The article analyzes the letters, diaries and memoirs of regimental priests who participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877\u20131878: Bacchus Guryev, Alexander Tsitovich, John Sofronov, Alexander Lebedev, Grigory Lapshin. They reflect the direct activities of army priests, their relations with soldiers and officers, the significance of religion in the life of a Russian soldier, and the perception of Bulgarian brothers by priests. It is emphasized that the notes of the regimental priests contain many valuable observations of the events taking place, and reveal to researchers not so much the external as the internal (everyday, spiritual and moral) side of the war."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433.; \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u044b; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u044b","en":"Russian-Turkish war of 1877\u20131878; army; military clergy; Orthodoxy; wounded and sick soldiers; Bulgarians"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":364,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mel'nikova Lyubov Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in History, Leading Researcher;\r\nThe Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nCentre for the History of Religion and Church"},"email":"melnikova-lv@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":881,"author_id":364}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":882,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438: \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438","en":"The Right-Wing Political Parties of the Russian Empire: Debatable Issues of the Modern Historiography"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440, \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b. \u0412\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.","en":"The article discusses the debatable issues of the history of the right-wing political parties of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to such acute problems as nationalism and anti-Semitism of the Russian right, the Black Hundred terror, the question of the responsibility of the Black Hundreds for the Jewish pogroms. Attention is also paid to the relationship of right-wing parties and alliances with government, the program of the right, to counter the impending revolution in 1917 and the reasons for their rapid defeat. Based on the achievements of modern Russian historiography, the author shows how over the past decades, ideas about the right camp, its composition, number and place in the political history of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century have changed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f;\r\n\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Right-wing parties; the Black Hundred; Russian nationalists; Russian monarchists; political parties of the Russian Empire"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":365,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ivanov Andrey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., in History, Professor, Institute of History, St. Petersburg State University (Russia)"},"email":"andrey.a.ivanov@spbu.ru","pivot":{"article_id":882,"author_id":365}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":883,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c I. \u0423\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c","en":"German and Russian Cinema in Exile. Part I. Gone by the Wind"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XX \u0432. \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 20\u201330-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439: \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b.","en":"The article represents a comparative analysis of two waves of European cultural transfer to the United States in the first half of the 20th century on the example of the study of German-Jewish and Russian emigration of cinematographers. Russian and German filmmakers, who left in the 20s \u2013 30s, are considered primarily as carriers of two national cultural traditions: the culture of the Silver Age and the Weimar culture."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430","en":"Russia; Germany; cinema; emigration; national culture"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":883,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":884,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u043e \u2026 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 1907\u20131914 \u0433\u0433.","en":"\u201cIf society has ceased to believe both in the authorities and in the revolution, then it is obliged to believe at least in itself\u201d: The Centrist Liberals in 1907\u20131914"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432) \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 II \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\r\n\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 (\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430), \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b IV \u0414\u0443\u043c\u044b.","en":"The article reflects the extra-parliamentary activity of progressives from June 1907 to the outbreak of the First World War. The author focuses on the journalism of progressives, analyzes their attitude to Stolypin's reforms. She also analyzes their contribution to the development of higher education and their participation in public organizations. The article discusses the process of consolidation of progressives and ideological evolution of the \u201cmiddle\u201d current in Russian liberalism. At the same time, the author records the preservation of basic settings of the liberal centrism. The article concludes that the positions of progressives was strengthened by the start of the 4th Duma."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u00ab\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u00bb; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u00ab\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u044b\u00bb; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0432 III \u0438 IV \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0443","en":"progressives; Stolypin reforms; \u201ccultural work\u201d; public organizations; \u201ceconomic conversations\u201d; national liberalism; election campaigns for the elections to the 3rd and 4th Duma"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":125,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":884,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":125,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":885,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0445\u00bb: \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1953 \u2013 1959 \u0433\u0433.","en":"\u201cThe frenzy of the brave\u201d. The History and Legacy of the Revolution of 1953\u20131959"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0424\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u044a\u044e\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article reviews the fundamental causes of social tension in Cuba, which led to the revolution. The objective prerequisites and motives for formation of the movement led by Fidel Castro are analyzed. The features of development of domestic and foreign policy in revolutionary events in Cuba are being investigated. It is concluded that the Cuban Revolution became an impulse to the change of the situation in international relations in Latin America in the context of the bipolar confrontation of the Cold War. At the same time Castro\u2019s movement laid the foundation for the synthesis of new ideological platforms for Latin American peoples."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0424\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e; \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430; \u041b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"the Cuban Revolution; Fidel Castro; Cuba; Latin America; Liberty Island"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":885,"author_id":366}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":886,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c II. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u2014 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0435","en":"German and Russian Cinema in Exile. Part II. Cultural Transfer to the USA \u2013 Strangers in Hollywood"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 30\u201340-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. XX \u0432. \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e.","en":"The article represents a comparative analysis of two waves of European cultural transfer to the United States in the 30-40s. XX century on the example of the study of German-Jewish and Russian emigration of cinematographers, in particular, their adaptation in Hollywood to new living conditions and creative activities, as well as their contribution to the development of American cinema."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430","en":"Russia; Germany; cinema; emigration; national culture"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":886,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":887,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c.-\u042d. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a","en":"M.-E. Rasulzadeh as a Politician"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u041c.-\u042d. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 (1918\u20131920 \u0433\u0433.) \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u00bb (\u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b.","en":"The article is devoted to the views of one of the Azerbaijani leaders of the first third of the 20th century, M.E. Rasulzade, a socialist, theorist and leader of the ruling \u201cMusavat\u201d (\u201cEquality\u201d) party in the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918\u20131920), as well as the influence of this party on the situation in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1920."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u041c.-\u042d. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0410.\u041c. \u0422\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u00ab\u041c\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u00bb.","en":"Azerbaijan Republic, M.-E. Rasulzade; A.M. Topchibashev; national policy; \u201cMusavat\u201d"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":887,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":888,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 vs \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432","en":"Organs with \u201cUniversal Jurisdiction\u201d. State Council vs Committee of Ministers"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0423\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432. \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"Confusion on the roles of the supreme organs of government was an important characteristic of administration of the state of Russian Empire. So, two its highest legislative authorities, the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, performed both legislative and administrative functions. The situation not so much led to confrontation as to cooperation of the institutions. The success of bureaucracy means the settlement of any conflicts between its component units. So, throughout the second half of the 19th century the division of labour based on the status of the case was established between the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. And it was made not through legislation but through practice."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442; \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 II; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 III","en":"supreme organs; State Council; Committee of Ministers; jurisdiction Alexander II; Alexander III"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Chernikova Natal'a Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research fellow of the Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"ncher@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":888,"author_id":344}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":889,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u2026\u00bb \u0423\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1926\u201328 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445","en":"\u201cWe change boundaries too often\u201d. Clarification of Inter-Republican Borders Between the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR in 1926\u201328"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 1926\u20131928 \u0433\u0433. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 1920-\u0435 \u0433\u0433. \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.","en":"In the article, the author coverage of the main issues related to the final formatting of the Russian-Ukrainian inter-republican border in the 1926\u20131928s. It is emphasized that the dynamics and content of the Russian-Ukrainian demarcation in the 1920s. identified a whole range of domestic political reasons. The parties again turned to ethnographic criteria, reinforcing them economic and political arguments. The result of the territorial disputes was the clarification of the inter-republican borders in October 1928. These boundaries served as the basis for the establishment of the land state border between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in 1991."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u041c\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0440\u043e\u0433; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Ukrainian SSR; RSFSR; Melovoye; Chertkovo; Kursk province; Voronezh province; Taganrog; Ukrainian-Russian border"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":889,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":890,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u2026 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u2026 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u00bb. \u041d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0410.\u041f.\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 1819 \u0433.","en":"\u201cThe mines ... have not yet been discovered\u201d. Navigational Instruments of the Expedition of Lieutenant A. P. Lazarev in 1819"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 2021 \u0433. \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u043d\u043a, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 XVI-XVII \u0432\u0432. \u0421\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u043d\u0430 200 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435? \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 XIX \u0432.? \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, - \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u044c\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430.","en":"The start of ore mining at Pavlovskoye occurrence on the island Novaya Zemlia is planned on 2021. There is some data known since the 16-17th centuries that it is possible to mine at that place zinc, silver and lead. Since the time of Ivan the Terrible there were several expeditions to search the treasures of the North. Was it possible to start mining 200 years earlier? What difficulties did the sailors face? The study of navigation instruments, they could use, is just one aspect of that problem. However even this only aspect is an important key for better understanding the processes of the acquisition of the North and development naval technologies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0441, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"history of science, compass, naval chronometer, occurrence, expedition, charting"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":890,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":891,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044f\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u00bb: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0432 III \u0438 IV \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0435","en":"\u201cIf the goal is clear and the means are chosen right, then to gain a victory only energy and time are needed\u201d. Centrist Liberals in the 3rd and 4th State Duma"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 III \u0438 IV \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0435. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article reflects the characteristic features of the activities of progressives in the the 3rd and 4th Duma. The author also pays special attention to the extra-parliamentary activities of centrist liberals during the First world war, assessing them as a real political force in pre-revolutionary Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b); III \u0438 IV \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u041a.\u041a.\u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u041d.\u0412.\u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u041d.\u0415\u0444\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u041c.\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0410.\u0418.\u041a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u041f.\u041f.\u0420\u044f\u0431\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041f.\u0411.\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0435; \u0415.\u041d.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439","en":"progressives; national liberalism; the 3rd and 4th Duma; K.K.Arsenyev; N.V.Davydov; I.N.Efremov; M.M.Kovalevsky;A.I.Konovalov; A.S.Posnikov; P.P.Ryabushinsky; P.B.Struve; E.N.Trubetskoy"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":891,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":892,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u2026\u00bb \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u2013\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 1918 \u0433. \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438","en":"\u201cTo cover all traces \u2026\u201d One of the Aspects of Lenin's Military-Political Project in March\u2013April 1918 and the Financial Side of the Formation of the Finnish Communist Party"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 1918 \u0433. \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (1932 \u0433.) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438) \u0412.\u041f\u0443\u043a\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438.","en":"This publication of the 1918 correspondence and 1932 memoirs of V.Pukka, a representative of the Council of the People\u2019s Plenipotentiaries (the revolutionary Red Finnish government), details one small aspect of V.I.Lenin\u2019s military-political plan for 1918: the creation of monetary resources for the future communist party of Finland."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u044f\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u043a\u043a\u0430; \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u00bb; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1918 \u0433.; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438; \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0432 1918\u202f\u0433.","en":"V\u00e4in\u00f6 Pukka; \u201cRed Finns\u201d; representative of the Finnish Workers Government in Russia in 1918; the Finnish civil war; Lenin in 1918"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":129,"authors":[{"id":332,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zelenov Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"mvzelenov@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":892,"author_id":332}}],"issue":{"id":129,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":893,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 (\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438?)","en":"Choreographic leisure in Russia (what and how did our ancestors dance?)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XVII\u2013XVIII \u0432\u0432., \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438.","en":"In Russia, after the adoption of Christianity, dance practice was prohibited by the Orthodox Church as a legacy of paganism and out of fear of the influence of Catholicism. The culture of ballroom dance was established in the life of the Russian people only at the turn of the XYII-XYIII centuries, during the Petrine household reforms. At this time, salon choreography in Europe was at a high stage of development, and Russia had to make a lot of effort to reach this level, continuing to overcome the resistance of the Church."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430; \u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430","en":"paganism; dance; ballroom dance; treatise; the reforms; rules"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":893,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":894,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u041a \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u043c \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c II","en":"People of the 1820s. On the biographies of Matvey and Sergey Murav\u2019ev-Apostols. Part II"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u2013 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c: [25]). \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 1820-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0432 1824\u202f\u0433. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438.","en":"This article is the second part of the research into the fates of Mathew and Sergey Murav\u2019ev-Apostols, the Decembrists (See the part I: [25]). The scholar analyzes the reasons due to which they started their active participation in the secret societies, their role in the plot and their view on the possibility of a military revolution being carried out in Russia as well as on the post-revolutionary form of the government. This work also deals with the formation of Sergey Murav\u2019ev-Apostol\u2019s religious views. It is demonstrated that the latter corresponded with the mystic search of the 1820s era. Particular attention is given to the description of Mathew Murav\u2019ev-Apostol\u2019s ideological crisis of 1824. It is concluded that the conspiracy activity of both the brothers was based on the aspiration for social realization, unachievable under the Russian absolute monarchy. "},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b, \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430","en":"Matvey Murav\u2019ev-Apostol, Sergey Murav\u2019ev-Apostol, Decembrists, revolt of the Chernigovsky regiment"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":894,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":895,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432.","en":"The genesis of liberal political parties in Russia at the beginning of the XX century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432., \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the formation of liberal political parties at the beginning of the XX century, the proto-party period in their history and the social nature of such associations. It is noted the natural connection of party structures with the circle culture that logically preceded them. At the same time, the emerging organizations were formed in the conditions of revolutionary cataclysms and largely responded to the challenges of the time. "},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"liberalism; political parties; revolution"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":895,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":896,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0442\u00bb. \u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u201cWe don't have the National Color\u201d. Symbols of Power and Symbols of the Revolution in Moscow in 1905"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432., \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 1905 \u0433. \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435.","en":"The article analyzes the ideas about state symbols in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19\u201320 centuries, visualization, methods of broadcasting. The transformation of perception of power symbols and their visual images in connection with the events of 1905 in St. Petersburg and Moscow is traced. The study of their functioning in the Moscow space during the period of the First Russian Revolution allows us to focus on the moment of inclusion of alternative (revolutionary) symbols in the phase of active political struggle. As a result, the traditional idea of Pervoprestol\u2019naya (Moscow) as the spiritual, sacred center of the Russian Empire is being destroyed. The revolutionary political culture is further developed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; 1905; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b; \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0431; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430; \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"Moscow; 1905; symbol; flag; coat of arms; national colors; legitimacy; autocracy; revolution; public space"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":367,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Limanova Svetlana Andreevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in History, Senior Researcher, Head of the History Department of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"serovasvetlana@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":896,"author_id":367}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":897,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb. \u0410\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 1927 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"About the first experience of political zombie in the satirical magazine \u201cCrocodile\u201d. August 1927"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0426\u041a. \u0420\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u00bb, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0440\u00bb \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.","en":"The article examines the situation when the satirical magazine Krokodil, which was published in mass circulation, was obliged to respond by \u201ctranslating\u201d the political meaning of the disagreements between the united opposition and the Central Committee of the VKP(b) into the language of satirical illustrations to show the potential and real incompatibility of any faction in the party with the opinion of the Central Committee majority to a wide range of readers. The drawing in Crocodile, depicting the opposition in the form of a compartment of a train following its \u201cline\u201d, was the first such experience of the magazine. The masses had to learn that everyone could be approached by a \u201ccontroller\u201d and asked for \u201ctravel documents\u201d for the socialism under construction."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0413.\u0415.\u0417\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438;, \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c \u0426\u041a \u0438 \u0426\u041a\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) (\u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442 1927 \u0433.)","en":"Stalinism; Stalin; Zinoviev; Trotsky; United Opposition; Plenum of the Central Committee and Central Committee of the VKP(b) (August 1927)"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":897,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":898,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XIX\u2013XX \u0432\u0432. \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443 \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448 (1857\u20131926)","en":"Russian-Portuguese Scientific Ties at the turn of the 19th \u2013 20th centuries and Francisco Afonso Chaves (1857\u20131926)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443 \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430 (1857\u20131926) \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u044c\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0424.\u0410.\u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438: \u041c.\u0410.\u0420\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c, \u0411.\u0411.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u041d.\u0410.\u0414\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c, \u0421.\u041d.\u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0424.\u0410.\u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0441 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0424.\u0410.\u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u0430 \u0441 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the relationship of Francisco Afonso Chaves (1857\u20131926), a Portuguese scientist, with his Russian colleagues. He was a prominent meteorologist and seismologist, a propagandist of science, whose repute extended far beyond his native Azores and Portugal. In the article the examples of contacts of F.A.Chaves with Russian scientists (M.A.Rykachev, B.B\u202fGolitsyn, N.A.Demchinsky, and S.N.Nakhimov) are provide. In addition, much attention is given to the reflection of the \u00abRussian theme\u00bb in the relationship of F.A.Chaves with his European colleagues. The article concludes that although Chaves\u2019 relations with Russia were episodic, noticeably inferior to contacts with scientists from other European countries, these ties are remarkable in the context of the history of the Russian-Portuguese scientific dialogue. It is also indicative the \u00abcross-country\u00bb, since these relations involved scientists from different countries, united by common scientific subjects."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0424. \u0410.\u202f\u0428\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0411. \u0411.\u202f\u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d, \u041c. \u0410.\u202f\u0420\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"F. A.\u202fChaves, Russia, Portugal, the Azores, scientific relations, meteorology, seismology, B. B. Golitsyn, M. A. Rykachev, history of science and technology "},"column_id":9,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":898,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":899,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e ... \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u043c\u00bb: \u041b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044b-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u043a \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044e 1917 \u0433.","en":"\u201cLet's hope that ... the sun of common sense will come to us as well\u201d: Liberals-centrists from February to October 1917"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917\u0433. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0432 \u00ab\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438\u00bb 1917\u202f\u0433. \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u2013 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0420\u0420\u0414\u041f), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u00bb \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 1917\u202f\u0433., \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430.","en":"The article deals with the participation of centrist liberals in the events of the Great Russian Revolution of 1917. It is noted that many of them left their mark in the \"chronicle\" of 1917 as state and public figures, publicists. The author focuses on the Russian Radical Democratic Party (RRDP), which is characterized as the \"final point\" in the development of the centrist trend in Russian liberalism of the early twentieth century. On the basis of publications of the newspaper \"Otechestvo\" examines the views of party ideologues on the causes and nature of the global revolutionary transformations of 1917, are given their evaluation of the activities of the Provisional government and the main political forces, the forecast for the future of Russia. The article summarizes the development of liberal centrism and emphasizes the relevance of its historical experience."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433.; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f","en":"The Great Russian Revolution of 1917; reformatting of the party space; progressives; Russian Radical Democratic Party"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":130,"authors":[{"id":294,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Khailova Nina Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.\u00bb, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., in History, Associate Professor, a Senior Researcher at the Center \u201cHistory of Russia in XIX\u2013early twentieth century\u201d, FGBUN Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"nkhailova@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":899,"author_id":294}}],"issue":{"id":130,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2020,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":900,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f: \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e 1950-\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439","en":"Belarusian Kaleidoscope: from the War to the 1950s and from Moscow and Minsk to the Western Regions"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0432 1944 \u0433. \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0411\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f(\u0431)\u0411 (\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041f. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u041d. \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c). \u0418 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a.","en":"The establishment of a peaceful life in Belarus after its liberation from the Nazis in 1944 was associated with the solution of a host of complex problems in such basic spheres of social life as economy, state and public security, ideology, ineffective personnel policy. These problems were most critical in the western regions of the BSSR, where the situation was complicated by the forcing of Sovietization. The post-war normalization in the Republic was negatively influenced by the undercover struggle for the first secretary post of the Central Committee of the CP(b)B. The arbiter in it was Stalin, who constantly manipulated the nomenklatura groups."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0411\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u00ad\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0418. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041f. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; \u041d. \u0413\u0443\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u0423\u041f\u0410; \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Belarus; West Belarus; The Great Patriotic War; post-war reconstruction; sovietization; J. Stalin; P. Ponomarenko; N. Gusarov; The Armia Krajowa; The Ukrainian Insurgent Army; belarusian nationalist organizations"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":900,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":901,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0432. \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438","en":"Regimental Histories of the XIX \u2013 early XX Centuries as a Tool for the Formation of Historical Memory"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0432. \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u044e\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"In the late XIX \u2013 early XX centuries in Russia, several hundred stories of military units were published, the authors of which were professional military personnel. None of these books and pamphlets claim to be original and independent in their assessments of the historical events and persons described, which casts doubt on the legitimacy of considering them part of Russian historiography. At the same time, the analysis of these publications as a tool of commemoration looks promising. The article considers the use of the history of military units for the formation of ideas about the past as a means of forming an imperial identity."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"regimental history; historical memory; identity of the Imperial Russian army"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":368,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Chernov Pavel Vyacheslavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"Applicant for the degree of Ph.D. of Historical Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia)"},"email":"pulsar.pvl@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":901,"author_id":368}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":902,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f? (\u0410. \u0418. \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d \u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435)","en":"\u201cRussian State\u201d or Russia? (A.I.Denikin on the Role of the Highlanders of the North Caucasus in the Civil War)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0410. \u0418. \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 1917\u20131920 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\r\n\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article analyzes the views of General A. I. Denikin, who headed the White movement in the South of Russia, on the peculiarities of psychology, economic and military activities, social mood, perception of a different identity, interfaith interaction, political interests, the\r\nsearch for allies and patrons, methods of communication with the conditions of a foreign cultural environment characteristic of the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus in years Civil War in 1917\u20131920. The commander's reflections reveal his understanding of the relationship between Russia and the North Caucasus, as interaction between the Center and the periphery in a single large society. This concept is confirmed by the practice of their difficult, but, nevertheless, effective joint development. In the conditions when the North\r\nCaucasus region is the sphere of interests of many states of the world, it continues to remain and develop within Russia."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d; \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c; \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"Civil war in Russia; North Caucasus; White movement; ethnic contact region; feeling of national exclusivity; mountain population; Islam; Cossacks"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":263,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Surzhikova Natalia Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0413\u041e\u0423 \u0412\u041f\u041e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442","en":"Ph.D., historian, senior researcher of the Institute of History and Archeology, the Ural branch of RAS"},"email":"Sukhanovani@rambler.ru","pivot":{"article_id":902,"author_id":263}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":903,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0443 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0432 1917\u20131928 \u0433\u0433.","en":"On the Issue of Party Building among the Crimean Tatars in 1917\u20131928"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0432 1917\u20131928 \u0433\u0433., \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441 \u0426\u041a \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431). \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442.","en":"The article is devoted to party building among the Crimean Tatars in 1917\u20131928, the goals of their party leaders, relations between them and the leadership of Crimea, political contacts of Crimean politicians with local Bolsheviks, with the Central Committee of the\r\nRCP(b). The attached materials, including archival materials, contain a variety of information about the party life of the Crimean Tatars, its features during these 10 years."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0410\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u00ab\u041c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0430\u00bb; \u0410. \u0421.-\u0410. \u041e\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0448\u043b\u044b; \u0414\u0436. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442; \u0412. \u0418\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043c; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431); \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430","en":"Crimean ASSR; \u00abMilli firka\u00bb; A. S.-A. Ozenbashly; J. Seidamet; V. Ibraimov; Crimean Revolutionary Committee; Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP(b); national politics"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":903,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":904,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0414\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Companions of Pestel. Decembrist Vasily Davydov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u041f. \u0418. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435\r\n\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0412. \u041b. \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c,\r\n\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","en":"With Decemberist Peter Pestel action analysis the author brings attention to the situation in the Southern Society. Peter Pestel had both serious opponents with whom he could not agree and loyal friends. Head of the Kamensk council of the Southern Society Vasily Davydov was one of the closest to Pestel among the conspirators. However, despite his loyalty to Pestel personally and devotion to the ideas of the Decembrists, Davydov was not ready for revolutionary actions. His activities were limited to talking about the need for political reforms in Russia only."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f. \u0418. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0410. \u041f. \u0411\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0412. \u041b. \u0414\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430","en":"P.I.Pestel; A.P.Baryatinsky; V.L.Davydov; the Southern Society; the Kamensk council"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":904,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":905,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Nominal Chairman: Emperor at the head of the State Council"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443. \u0412\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b 1906 \u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432. \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u0432\u0442\u044f\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.","en":"The article focuses on emperor\u2019s dual position towards the State Council. Up until the year 1906 monarch remained nominal head of the highest legislative authority of Russian Empire but his links with the Council weakened with time. So, in the second half of the 19th century his attempts to influence (to control) the outcome of the discussion of laws were qualified as unwarranted interference and violation of the rules of the law-making process. At the same time emperor\u2019s involvement in bureaucratic process grew steadily so he finally\r\nbecame not only the final part of legislative process but necessary component of records management."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"the Russian Empire; the State Council; emperor; legislative process; office work"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Chernikova Natal'a Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research fellow of the Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"ncher@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":905,"author_id":344}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":906,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:00.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435","en":"Cain and Svyatopolk: Precedent Names in Ancient Russian Culture"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0446\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438). \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e: \u0432 \u00ab\u0427\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u0413\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0435\u00bb \u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\r\n\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d\u044a. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043a\u044a\/\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u044a, \u043f\u043e-\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442-). \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0438\u043c\u044f \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043a\u044a\/\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u044a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c.","en":"This article examines the functions of the name of the biblical first-killer Cain as a precedent for the depiction and naming of Svyatopolk the Accursed in the monuments of the Borisoglebsk cycle. The naming of Svyatopolk \"okan'ny\" (the Accursed) is based on the principle of paronymic attraction (rapprochement with the name Kain, to which the semantics of rejection and extreme sinfulness is ascribed, as it were). It is shown that the functioning of the lexeme okan'ny in these texts is different: in Nestor's \"Reading about Boris and Gleb\" it is used in relation to Svyatopolk mainly in the nominative, not in the attributive function and as if it becomes his name and at the same time turns into the occasional equivalent of the name Kain. The almost complete refusal of Nestor from using his own name Svyatop'lk \/ Svyatopolk, apparently, is associated with his sacred connotations (the root \"holy\"). It can be traced how in the later Old Russian literature the very name Svyatopolk \/ Svyatopolk becomes a precedent."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430; \u041a\u0430\u0438\u043d; \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a \u041e\u043a\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0430\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438; \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438","en":"monuments of the Borisoglebsk cult; Cain; Svyatopolk the Accursed; hagiography; symbolism of the name; paronymic attraction; nominative function of the name; name attribute function"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":906,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":907,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u042e. \u041c. \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e...\u00bb \u041e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u042e. \u041c. \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f (1929 \u0433.)","en":"\u201cWe consider Y.M.Sokolov a political enemy and his further stay in the Museum impossible ... \u201d The Circumstances of Y.M. Sokolov's Dismissal from the Position of the Director of the Library of the State Historical Museum (1929)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1889\u20131941) \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\r\n\u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0432 1922\u20131929 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439\r\n\u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f. \u0420\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435.","en":"The article deals, based on the archival documents and published materials, with the contribution of the well-known folklorist and literary critic Yuri Matveyevich Sokolov (1889\u20131941) to the development and formation of the Library of the State Historical Museum in the\r\npost-revolutionary period, and his activities as head of the museum library in 1922\u20131929, as well, as the circumstances of his forced departure from the Historical Museum due to the conflict with the Museum's management. A number of published documents are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439; \u0411\u0438\u0431\u00ad\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u00ad\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0414\u044b\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; \u041b\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043d \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sokolov Yuri Matveyevich; State Historical Museum; Library of the State Historical Museum; history of librarianship; archival documents; Dynnik Valentina Alexandrovna; Lepeshinsky Panteleimon Nikolaevich; Milonov Yuri Konstantinovich; Protasov Nikolay Dmitrievich"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":131,"authors":[{"id":356,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shaposhnikov Kirill Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430)","en":"Head of the Reference and Bibliographic Department of the State Public Historical Library of Russia (Moscow)"},"email":"shap@shpl.ru","pivot":{"article_id":907,"author_id":356}}],"issue":{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":908,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435: \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"The History of the Origin of the Kurdish Question in Iraq: from the Origins to the Dictatorship of Saddam Hussein"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"This article examines the underlying causes of the emergence of the Kurdish conflict in Iraq. It analyzes the key ethnic, social, political, and economic causes that have led to growing tensions between Iraq's Kurdish population and the central government in Baghdad. The article explores the main stages of the formation of the Kurdish movement led by the Barzani clan, as well as the reasons for divergences between Barzani and Talabani. The conclusion is drawn that the Kurdish movement in Iraq was the result of growing internal contradictions at the root of Iraqi statehood."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u044b; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438; \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438; \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"Kurds; Iraq; Barzani; Talabani; Saddam Hussein; the Kurdish movement; Kurdish nationalism"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":908,"author_id":366}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":909,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u0432 1927 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443","en":"Strange Satirical Picture in the Magazine \u00abCrocodile\u00bb and the Political Struggle at the October Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in 1927"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00bb \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0421\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431), \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e.","en":"The article examines the situation when the mass-circulation magazine Crocodile published a rather strange drawing depicting the \u201cunited opposition\u201d as a dysfunctional part of the overall construction of socialism. Such a drawing, without political context, looks deliberately simplistic and unconvincing. A comparison of this drawing with the events of the October plenum of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) shows that such a depiction corresponded fully to the complex political game waged by the Stalinist group in the Central Committee of the VKP(b), interested not in publicly exposing theoretical differences with the opposition, but in demonstrating the simple and understandable logic of the masses \u2013 the opposition simply does not want to build socialism. All the theoretical postulates about the impossibility of building it in a single country, without a world revolution, must have looked like empty talk, and that is all."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041d.\u0418.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c \u0426\u041a \u0438 \u0426\u041a\u041a \u0412\u041a\u041f(\u0431) (1927 \u0433.)","en":"magazine \u201cCrocodile\u201d; Stalinism; Stalin; united opposition; Bukharin; October plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) (1927)"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":909,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":910,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c...\u00bb: \u043d\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XIX \u0432.","en":"\u00abI humbly beg you, the honorable benefactor...\u00bb: Informal Relationship between Authority and Business in the 1st Quarter of the 19th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041c.\u041c.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0445. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e\r\n\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d-\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439.","en":"The article examines the informal practices of relations between representatives of the state apparatus and of the business sphere. The study is based on a complex of letters of the Buldakov merchant family. Contents of letters from provincial officials to the chief director\r\nof the Russian-American company M.M. Buldakov to see how communication developed between business and government, also allowed to highlight the typical behavior of different categories of officials. The article examines examples of establishing trusting relationships\r\nand confrontation. The conclusion is drawn that bribes and monetary rewards for services could not always ensure the loyalty of officials. An important role in the system of informal relations was played by the development of patron-client ties."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041c.\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430; \u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"M.M. Buldakov; merchants; bureaucracy; local government; venal practices; civil service; Vologda province"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":353,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u043b\u0435\u0445 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Plekh Olesya Anatolyevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research scientist of the Institute of Russian History of RAS"},"email":"plekh@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":910,"author_id":353}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":911,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0432.: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438","en":"Russian Ball of the XIX \u2013 early XX Centuries (What and How our Ancestors Continued to Dance)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0411\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\u00bb.","en":"In Russia, in the XIX \u2013 early XX centuries, salon dance practice reached its culmination in its development. Balls as a form of leisure have become an integral part of everyday life not only of the aristocracy, but also of other social strata of Russian society. Throughout the 19th century, the choreographic language of ballroom dance was still being updated in France, and then spread to other European countries, but at the end of the century there was a radical change of orientation, and European ballroom dance began to rapidly \u201camericanize\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u0430\u043b; \u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441; \u043c\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430; \u00ab\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d; \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043e","en":"ball; aristocracy; merchant class; waltz; mazurka; polka; \u201cAmericanization\u201d; boston; tango"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":911,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":912,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0427\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u0432\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"Opening Hours of Lieutenant of the Fleet Yegor Ovtsyn \u2013 a Unique Exhibit of the 19th Century Kunstkamera"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 I \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0415.\u0421.\u041e\u0432\u0446\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0448\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0443, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 XX\u2013XXI \u0432\u0432. \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439.","en":"St.Petersburg Kunstkamera stored besides other rarities presents of Russian monarchs. Following this tradition Alexander I handed over to the museum a unique clock, made by naval lieutenant E.S.Ovtsin during his leisure time. Its mechanism did not require winding up, had a rotating dial, sliding on a glass plate, and a fixed hand in the form of cupid. The fate of that extraordinary object in 20\u201321 st centuries remains a mystery."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430; \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0415.C.\u041e\u0432\u0446\u044b\u043d; \u0424.\u0418.\u0428\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442","en":"Kunstkamera; clock; history of instrument-making; unique mechanism; E.S.Ovtsin; F.T.Schubert"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":912,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":913,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438\u00bb: \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0435 (1950-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"\u00abThe publishing a book in German could cause serious damage to the good reputation of Soviet science abroad\u00bb: Soviet and Czechoslovak Antiquity Researchers in the Discussion on Plagiarism (1950s)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 1955\u20131956 \u0433\u0433., \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u0421. \u041b. \u0423\u0442\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442: \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0423\u0442\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0435)\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 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\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"This article is devoted to the reconstruction of the scientific discussion of 1955\u20131956, connected with the accusations of S. L. Utchenko, a Soviet antiquity researcher, by a group of young Czechoslovak historians in plagiarism. The authors of this article do not set the task of bringing in verdict a of Utchenko\u2019s guilty. The purpose of this study is to get closer to understanding the mechanisms of (not)resolving such conflicts, and in addition to try to understand the specifics of personal and business communications between Soviet and Czechoslovak scientists, to give a look how contacts were established between them within the framework of the formation of the intellectual field of \u201csocialist science\u201d. This episode is not just a curious incident from the history of scientific ties. It is indicative in that it demonstrates examples of the existence of disputes, discussions and conflicts in the scientific environment, and also outlines the facets of scientific ethics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421. \u041b. \u0423\u0442\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; \u041f. \u041e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0430\u0442; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0414\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430","en":"S. L. Utchenko; P. Oliva; Soviet-Czechoslovak scientific relations; plagiarism; scientific ethics; historiography; studies in Antiquity, history of the Ancient World"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":913,"author_id":121}},{"id":357,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Gruzdinskaya Viktoriya Sergeevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c. \u0424.\u041c.\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u041e\u043c\u0441\u043a, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f)","en":"post-graduate student of Department of Modern National History and Historiography, Dostoevsky Omsk State University (Omsk, Russia)"},"email":"vik11910314@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":913,"author_id":357}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":914,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u041a\u0418\u0414 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0413.\u0412.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0421\u041d\u041a \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 1919\u20131920 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The People\u2019s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs between Political Podium and Military Institution: The Correspondence between the People\u2019s Commissar of Foreign Affairs G.V.Chicherin and Chair of the Council of People\u2019s Commissars V.I.Lenin, 1919\u20131920"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0413.\u0412.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0421\u041d\u041a \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"This publication of the letters of G.V.Chicherin, the People\u2019s Commissar of Foreign Affairs, to V.I.Lenin, the chair of the Council of People\u2019s Commissars, sheds light on the mechanism according to which the early Soviet republic constructed its foreign policy. More generally,\r\nit also illuminates how the broader political system functioned in Soviet society during its formative period amid civil war and foreign intervention."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u0413.\u0412.\u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u041b.\u0414.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0413.\u0415.\u0417\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u041f.\u041c.\u041a\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432; \u0422\u0410\u0421\u0421; \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 1919\u20131920 \u0433\u0433.; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u044b","en":"V.I.Lenin; G.V.Chicherin; L.D.Trotsky; G.E.Zinoviev; P.M.Kerzhentsev; TASS; the Petrograd press in 1919\u20131920; the establishment of political censorship"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":332,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zelenov Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, head specialist, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"mvzelenov@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":914,"author_id":332}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":915,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 1920\u20131930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0418\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0424.\u0410.\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Life in the Donbass in the 1920s \u2013 1930s. From the Memoirs of F.A.Pisarkov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0424.\u0410.\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1917\u20131991), \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 2017 \u0433. \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c 1921 \u0433. (\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u041e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0441 1923 \u0433. \u2013 \u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435). \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 1930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435.","en":"The published excerpts from the memoirs of F.A.Pisarkov (1917\u20131991), the author of the memoirs of the Great Patriotic War published in 2017, give an idea of the life of the population of Donbass in the rapidly changing economic and political situation in the country.\r\nThe author's early childhood memories are connected with the famine of 1921 (then the family lived in the Orenburg province, since 1923 \u2013 in the Donbass). Then a description of life during the NEP period with an abundance of food and goods, which in the late 1920s ends with a general shortage and the introduction of bread cards. The situation stabilizes by the mid-1930s, when the cards were abolished, and the Sunday bazaars in the abundance of goods reminded the author of the bazaars of the mid-1920s. The memoirs contain many\r\nvivid sketches that characterize the life of the population and its attitude to state politics."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u0431\u044b\u0442 1920\u20131930-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.; \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434; \u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u041d\u042d\u041f); \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438","en":"Donbass; miners; everyday life of the 1920s\u20131930s; Stalin; collectivization; famine; orphanhood; new economic policy (NEP); ration cards"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":915,"author_id":358}},{"id":369,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goriacheva Anna Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0413\u0410\u0423\u0413\u041d), \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"third year student, State Academic University of the Humanities (GAUGN), Cultural Studies"},"email":"jacka99@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":915,"author_id":369}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":916,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442","en":"War in Childhood Memory and in the Memory of Past Years"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041e.\u0412.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0430 (\u0440. \u0432 1931 \u0433.) \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u00ad\u043d\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u043d, \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1941 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1942 \u0433. \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 (\u0434\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 1945 \u0433.) \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041e.\u0412.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"A fragment of the memoirs of O.V.Volobuev, Doctor of Historical Sciences (born in 1931), is dedicated to the events experienced by him and his family during the Great Patriotic War. The author verifies his own childhood impressions, referring to the memoirs and diaries of contemporaries who, like him, were in occupied Yalta at the end of 1941 \u2013 beginning of 1942. The following (until the summer of 1945) dramatic circumstances of life in the Ukrainian village of Novo-Ivanovka are also described. The war period is characterized by O.V.Volobuev as an important stage in personal development."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b; \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c; \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e","en":"everyday life during the Great Patriotic War; children and war; occupation regime; Yalta and Ukrainian village"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":132,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":916,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":132,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":917,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430","en":"A New Stage of the Kurdish Struggle in Iraq: the Confrontation with Saddam Hussein and the Formation of the Kurdish Autonomous Region"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. \u0412 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 (\u041a\u0410\u0420) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435.","en":"The article discusses key events in the development of the Kurdish movement during Saddam Hussein's dictatorship. It analyzes the underlying reasons for the exacerbation of relations between Baghdad and the Kurdish population. With the complication of Iraq's geopolitical regional and international situation and the deterioration of the internal political situation in the country, the Kurdish question has naturally worsened again. The article also discusses the background of the creation of the Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR) and the implications for the Kurdish movement in Iraq."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u044b; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u00ad\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d (\u041a\u0410\u0420); \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438; \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043b\u044f\u043b\u044c \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438","en":"Kurds; Iraq; Iraqi Kurdistan; Saddam Hussein; Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR); Masoud Barzani; Jalal Talabani"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":917,"author_id":366}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":918,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 (XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e XX \u0432.)","en":"Romanov Dynasty Marriages as a Problem of Anthropological Antagonism (19th \u2013 Early 20th Centuries)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article examines the formation, development and essential characteristics of the mutual denial of royal intermarriage and morganatic marriages of the House of Romanov in the 19th \u2013 early 20th centuries. The phenomenon of the growing prevalence of morganatic marriages over dynastic marriages, their direct dependence on social processes in Russian society and their impact on the situation within the dynasty are assessed."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0414\u043e\u043c \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445; \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e","en":"genealogy; House of Romanov; matrimonial relations; morganatic marriage; social stratification; marriage legislation"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":371,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:40:09.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sokolov Aleksander Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\r\n\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423)","en":"bachelor student, Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"al.s.sokolov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":918,"author_id":371}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":919,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u041f.\u041f.\u0418\u043d\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0410.\u0410.\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"Journey to Mars and Martian Society through the Eyes of an Earthling in the Works of P. P. Infantiev and A. A. Bogdanov"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041f. \u041f. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435\u00bb (\u00ab\u041e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430\u00bb). \u041f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439-\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0416\u0430\u043d\u0440, \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0439.","en":"The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of A. A. Bogdanov's novel \u201cThe Red Star\u201d and P. P. Infantiev's story \u201cOn Another Planet\u201d (\u201cThe Inhabitants of Mars\u201d). By these works we can judge about the ideas of revolutionary writers of the early twentieth century about the structure of future society, which appears to the reader in the description of the Martian civilization, as well as how and in what directions people of that time saw the development of science and technology. Genre, plot, the image of the protagonist and the fate of the authors of these works are very similar. Despite the similarity, the descriptions of Mars in them differ in many ways, which is largely due to the difference in the personalities of the authors, their character and way of thinking."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u041f. \u041f. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"A. A. Bogdanov; P. P. Infantiev; science fiction; utopia; socialist society; interplanetary travel; life on Mars; scientific foresight"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":350,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Morozova Alla Yul'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow, Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":919,"author_id":350}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":920,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0424.\u0410.\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb","en":"Life in a Village and a Mining Settlement in the First Quarter of the 20th Century. From the Biographical Story of F. A. Pisarkova \u201cMy Parents\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0424. \u0410. \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1917\u20131991), \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 2017 \u0433. \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u0421\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439) \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0418\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b (1889\u20131958), \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XX \u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435.","en":"We continue to publish excerpts from F. A. Pisarkov (1917\u20131991), the author of memoirs about the Great Patriotic War published in 2017. The proposed fragment is part of the biographical story \u201cParents\u201d, which in many ways supplements the memories. The story is based on the stories of his mother, Pisarkova (Safonova) Elizaveta Ignatievna (1889\u20131958), about her life in the Ryazan village and her impressions of life in mining village of Donbass. The story contains many vivid everyday sketches and details that are of considerable interest for studying the way of life and ideas of people in the first quarter of the 20th century. Also, the proposed material will help to trace the dynamics of changes occurring during this period in the agricultural and industrial sectors."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044b; \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 1-\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432. XX \u0432.; \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0431\u044b\u0442 \u0448\u0430\u0445\u00ad\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f; \u0420\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b.; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"memoirs; life of ordinary people in the 1st quarter. XX century; Donbass; everyday life of miners; mining village; Russian village; Ryazan region; everyday life"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":920,"author_id":358}},{"id":372,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goryacheva Mariya Alexandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., philologist, Research Fellow, Institute of Linguistics,\r\nRussian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"masha22275@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":920,"author_id":372}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":921,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb: \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"The Author of the Concept of \u201cFree Soviets\u201d: the Life and Ideas of Maxim Raevsky"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0424\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430) \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432., \u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 1917\u20131922 \u0433\u0433. \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"This article is devoted to the political activities and ideas of Maxim Rayevsky (Lev Iosifovich Fishelev) \u2013 one of the theorists of Russian anarchism, publicists, most famous at the beginning of the XX century, but in our time forgotten even by researchers of anarchist thought. Raevsky was actually the first among Russian anarchists to formulate the concept of \u00abfree Soviets\u00bb. Analyzing the events of the First Russian Revolution, he developed the concept of a \u00abtransition period\u00bb from a capitalist society to an anarcho-communist one, in which state power, in a decentralized version, was to pass into the hands of Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. During the Great Russian Revolution of 1917\u20131922, this concept of a gradual transition to an anarchist system was adopted by many members of the anarchist movement."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b\u00bb; \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0420\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0424\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432); \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d","en":"anarchism; anarcho-syndicalism; \u00abfree Soviets\u00bb; Maxim Rayevsky (Lev Iosifovich Fishelev); Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin; Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":373,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rublev Dmitrii Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University,\r\nLeading Specialist of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History"},"email":"rublev773@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":921,"author_id":373}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":922,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432 1774\u20131917 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Transformation of the Status and Administrative-Territorial Boundaries of Taurida in 1774\u20131917"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432 1774\u20131917 \u0433\u0433. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"This article covers the issues of formatting the borders of Taurida in 1774\u20131917. The author sees it necessary to trace the prerequisites, causes, dynamics and principles of transformations of the status and boundaries of Taurida in the period under study. As a result of long-term Russian-Turkish conflicts, in the 18th century the region came under control and became an integral part of the Russian state. It is emphasized that the process of changes in the political status and administrative-territorial transformations took place against the background of the changing international situation that influenced its course, and setting various tasks in the field of public administration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430; \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Crimea; Ottoman Empire; Russian Empire; Taurida; provincial border"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":922,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":923,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b (\u042e\u0433\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420, 1941\u20131944 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"Ukrainization Under the Heel of the Occupiers: German Nazis and Ukrainian Nationalists (Southeast of the Ukrainian SSR, 1941\u20131944)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0432 \u0435\u0435 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445). \u0410 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430.","en":"The article examines the policy of Nazi Germany in the national and cultural sphere in the occupied territory of the Ukrainian SSR (in its southern and eastern regions). Namely, an attempt to sow discord between Ukrainians and Russians. Ukrainian nationalists were an active promoter of this policy. The reasons for their cooperation with the Germans, their goals, nature and methods of activity are analyzed. The effectiveness of the policy of the German Nazis and Ukrainian nationalists and the reasons for its failure are evaluated."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"Ukrainian SSR; german nazism; occupation; anti-russianism; ukrainian nationalism"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":923,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":924,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"Capitalism and Ideology"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u00bb (stakeholder capitalism) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e (\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u041d\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u042f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440.). \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.) \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438.","en":"The article discusses the issue of what role can be played by stakeholder capitalism in Russia and in the world. After the 2020 World Economic Forum the word \u2018stakeholder\u2019 became very popular. Economists, financiers and investors say that stakeholder capitalism is future of the world economy. In spite of that, the analysis of various sources shows that certain conditions are required for the conversion of capitalism. One of them is the absence or low level of corruption. Small countries, which are easier to manage (Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Japan, etc.), have an advantage. However, in large countries (Russia, China, Brazil, USA, etc.), cases involving corruption and violation of labour and civil human rights are more common. This gives rise to a downward trend in real incomes, household debt increase, purchasing power declines, and world trade growth slows."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435","en":"shareholder capitalism; corruption; stakeholder; socialism; indicative planning"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":133,"authors":[{"id":374,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044d\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamari Daniel"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Member of the Free Economic Society"},"email":"danikamari@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":924,"author_id":374}}],"issue":{"id":133,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":925,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430: \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Iraqi Kurdistan in the New Realities of Iraq: From Saddam Hussein\u2019s Fall to the Referendum on Independence"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article discusses key developments in Iraq since the 2003 U.S. military operation. It analyzes the main contradictions between ethnic and confessional groups in the country, as well as the role of the Kurdish population in the formation of the new Iraq. It examines the steps of Kurdish leaders and their position in the face of the occupation of Iraq, Washington's interaction with the Kurds and Turkey's role in Iraqi Kurdistan. The author concludes the further destabilization of the situation in Iraq, as well as the prospects of the Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR).\r\n"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d; \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438; \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043b\u044f\u043b\u044c \u0422\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438; \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d (\u041a\u0410\u0420); \u0448\u0438\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u0441\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b; \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0434\u044b","en":"Iraq; Saddam Hussein; Iraqi Kurdistan; Masoud Barzani; Jalal Talabani; Iraq War; Kurdish Autonomous Region (KAR); Shiites; Sunnis; Kurds"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":925,"author_id":366}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":926,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 1992\u20131994 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Relations between the Federal Center and the Chechen Republic in 1992\u20131994"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432 1991 \r\n\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 1992\u20131994 \u0433\u0433. \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a. \r\n\u0412 1994 \u0433. \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1994 \u0433., \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"One of the priorities of the federal Center's policy in the first half of the 1990s was the search for effective ways to build relations with the Russian regions. This process was most difficult in Chechnya, where supporters of the republic's secession from the Russian Federation came to power in 1991. During 1992\u20131994, the parties tried to agree on mutual interests, but the negotiation process for various reasons often came to an impasse. In 1994, the federal Center set a course to curtail contacts with the Chechen authorities and support the anti-Dudayev opposition. The negotiation process, which resumed at the end of 1994, did not lead to positive results. It seems, however, that the possibilities for a peaceful settlement of the crisis were not fully exploited by both sides, which turned into\r\na tragedy for the entire country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u0411.\u200a\u041d.\u200a\u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d; \u0414.\u200a\u041c.\u200a\u0414\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0432","en":"Russian Federation; Chechen Republic; regional policy; federalism; separatism; Chechen conflict; B.\u200aN.\u200aYeltsin; D.\u200aM.\u200aDudayev"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":926,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":927,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u2026\u00bb: \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 30\u201340 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"\u201cWe are considered huns... \u201d The Growth of Anti-Russian Sentiment in Germany in the 30\u201340 Years of the XIX Century and the Response of the Ruling Circles of Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0432 30\u201340-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. XIX \u0432., \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b.","en":"By analyzing a diverse layer of domestic sources, the article attempts to trace the reaction of Russian society and the ruling circles of Russia to the growth of anti-Russian sentiments in Europe in the 1930s \u2013 1940s of XIX century, as well as to identify the measures by which various government departments tried to influence public opinion in Germany, forming a positive image of their country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430","en":"Russia; Germany; Russophobia; public opinion; press; journalism; propaganda"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":927,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":928,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 1734\u20131741 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445: \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439","en":"Composition of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1734\u20131741: Activities of the Main Personalities"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f (\u0432 1734\u20131741 \u0433\u0433.). \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The article analyzes the problem of the composition of the imperial Cabinet of Ministers from the point of view of the issue of the personal activities of its members. This aspect of the topic has not received significant coverage in historiography. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 1734 to 1741, when the main development cycles of this institution were carried out. The material of the research is the clerical documentation of a state body, which made it possible to reveal the following facts of the independent work of ministers: their special orders and opinions, reports to the empress and announcements of the highest orders, as well as the signing of imperial decrees. The author made conclusions about the nature of the personal influence on the activity characteristics\r\nand forms of functioning of the institution of higher authority.\r\n"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u041a\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434; \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041c.\u0413.\u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438\u043d","en":"institution of higher authority; Imperial Cabinet of Ministers; minister; clerical documentation; order; opinion; report; Osterman; Cherkassky; Volynsky; M.G.Golovkin"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":278,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Faizov Artem Valer'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"Ph.D., historian"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":928,"author_id":278}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":929,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b","en":"Composition of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1734\u20131741: Activities of the Main Personalities"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438. \u0423\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0418.\u200a\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0443, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432.","en":"The article reviews the evolution of the Russian Orthodox Church\u2019s rhetoric in the early postwar Soviet Union on the basis of papers of the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. The main directions of the Russian Orthodox Church\u2019s indoctrination are being analyzed. The article specifies the role of the church in the postwar glorification of J.\u200aStalin in the framework of the cult of his personality. The author concludes that the Russian Orthodox Church generally followed J.\u200aStalin\u2019s line but shifted emphasis while dealing with some particular issues.\r\n"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate; the Russian Orthodox Church; religious politics; postwar Stalinism; politics of memory; cult of personality"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":375,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0439\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Eiriyan Vartan Arsenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"1-year master\u2019s student, Department of international relations, Moscow State University of International Relations"},"email":"vartan_admg@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":929,"author_id":375}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":930,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a C\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432 1917\u20131921 \u0433\u0433.","en":"From Taurida Province to the Soviet Republic: Transformation of the Status and Administrative-Territorial Boundaries of Taurida in 1917\u20131921 (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0432 1917\u20131921 \u0433\u0433. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2013 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 \u0425\u0425\u0406 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435.","en":"In this article the coverage of the status and formatting of the borders of Taurida was continued. The author sees it necessary to trace the prerequisites, causes, dynamics and principles of transformations of the status and boundaries of Taurida in the 1917\u20131921. It is emphasized that the process of changes in the political status and administrative-territorial transformations took place against the background of the changing international situation that influenced its course, and the setting by the state leadership of various internal political tasks. As a result of a long process of formatting, Taurida was divided between two Soviet states \u2013 the Ukrainian SSR and the RSFSR. Its borders are in this form in the 21st century."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430; \u0413\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Crimea; Russian Empire; Taurida; Ukrainian Central Council; Hetmanate; Ukrainian SSR; RSFSR; Ukrainian-Russian border"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":930,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":931,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u043e (1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434)","en":"How a Stalinist Joke Became the Epicenter of an Ideological Campaign and What Came of It (1928)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0428\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u00ab\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0411.\u200a\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0435\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0448\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u044e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0418 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u00ab\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444 \u041d.\u200a\u0410.\u200a\u0411\u0435\u0440\u0434\u044f\u0435\u0432.","en":"The article examines the situation when the epicenter of Stalin's ideological campaign was the leader's joke that there were those \u201clacquered\u201d among the Communists who did not want to criticize themselves, although \u201cself-criticism\u201d was a requirement of the Bolshevik Party after the defeat of the united opposition. The joke about the \u201clacquered\u201d was the basis for satirical essays by journalist B.\u200aSamsonov, written for the magazine Crocodile. Samsonov came up with a whole gallery of those who could be called by Stalin's word \u201cvarnished\u201d. However, the joke of the leader of the party prompted Samsonov to write not in a humorous manner, but in a satirical manner. And it did not come out as expected. The images of \u201clacquered\u201d people were consonant with the \u201cspirits of the Russian revolution\u201d, about which the Russian philosopher N.\u200aA.\u200aBerdyaev wrote.\r\n"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb","en":"Stalinism; United Opposition; Stalin; Trotsky; Crocodile magazine; campaign of \u201ccriticism and self-criticism\u201d"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":134,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":931,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":134,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":932,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0441\u0435\u043b","en":"The Causes of the 2003 Iraq War: Truth and Fiction"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0432 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0414\u0436. \u0411\u0443\u0448\u0430-\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"This article discusses the underlying reasons for the start of the U.S. military operation in Iraq in 2003. It analyzes the key ideological, energy, economic, and political aspects that led the Bush Jr. administration to decide to invade the Iraqi state. The authors examine the\r\ninfluence of neoconservative figures, the role of oil, and the official motives of the White House. The article concludes the discrepancy between the declared American reasons for overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime and the most likely drivers of the military operation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0425\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d; \u0438\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0414\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0436 \u0411\u0443\u0448-\u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0439; \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b; \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c","en":"Iraq; Saddam Hussein; the Iraq War; George Walker Bush; neoconservatives; oil"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":932,"author_id":366}},{"id":376,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0432 \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lebedev Egor Borisovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442; \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Independent Publicist; MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia"},"email":"elebedev2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":932,"author_id":376}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":933,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u00bb. \u0424.\u200a\u0418.\u200a\u0422\u044e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 40-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u201cThe war of quills\u201d. F.I.Tyutchev and his \u201cProject\u201d to Create a Positive Image of Russia in Germany in the Early 40s of the 19th century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 1840-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0424.\u200a\u0418.\u200a\u0422\u044e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0422\u044e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 III \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410.\u200a\u0425.\u200a\u0411\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1843 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"The early 40s of the 19th century were marked by the growth of anti-Russian sentiments in Europe. It provoked a number of retaliatory measures from the Russian government. The article discusses one of the \u201cprojects\u201d for the formation of a positive image of Russia in Germany, proposed by the poet, publicist and diplomat F.\u200aI.\u200aTyutchev. We are talking about a note on the organization of pro-Russian propaganda in the German press, presented by Tyutchev to the head of the III Department A.\u200aH.\u200aBenckendorf in the autumn of 1843."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0444\u043e\u0431\u0438\u044f; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430","en":"Russia; Germany; Russophobia; public opinion; press; journalism; propaganda"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":84,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zaichenko Ol'ga Viktorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., in History, Senior Researcher at the Center for the History of international relations of the Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"o.v.zaichenko@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":933,"author_id":84}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":934,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u00ab\u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u00bb \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b 1870-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0430\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044f","en":"\u201cGreek-Russian Panteleimon Trial\u201d of the First Half of the 1870s and the Founding of the New Athos Simon-Cananite Monastery"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1870-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e-\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The article examines the causes, course and results of the Greek-Russian conflict that arose in the first half of the 1870s in the Athos St. Panteleimon Monastery. It is shown that the conflict was caused by the aggravation of a number of contradictions between different ethnic communities in the monastery itself, the general rise in the Greek environment of anti-Slavic and anti-Russian sentiments caused by Russia's position in the Greek-Bulgarian church issue, as well as the actions of British diplomacy which sought to weaken Russian influence in the Balkans and the Middle East. The article considers the emergence of the New Athos Simon-Cananite Monastery in the Caucasus, which became one of the results of the \u00abGreek-Russian Panteleimon process\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d; \u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043e-\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c; \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0410\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e-\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c; \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441; \u041d.\u041f.\u0418\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432","en":"Key words: Athos; Athos St. Panteleimon Monastery; New Athos Simon-Cananite Monastery; Greek-Bulgarian church question; N.P.Ignatiev"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":364,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Mel'nikova Lyubov Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in History, Leading Researcher;\r\nThe Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nCentre for the History of Religion and Church"},"email":"melnikova-lv@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":934,"author_id":364}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":935,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0443\u2026\u00bb \u00ab\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430","en":"\u201cThe End Has Come to the Harem...\u201d \u201cGender\u201d Images of the Ottoman Empire in the Critical Rhetoric of Russian Magazine Satire at the Beginning of the 20th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d: \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438-\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u00ab\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u00ab\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442c\u043a\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u00ab\u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u00bb.","en":"The article deals with the analysis of the satirical images of Turkey in Russian satirical journals at the beginning of the XXth century, in the epoch when the Romanovs and Ottoman empires suffered of the acute social and political crises connected with the process of rapid state modernization. On the base of narrative and visual sources of the leading satirical magazines of that time the author discovers an interesting phenomenon: Russian satirical journalist\u2019s criticism on the \u201cOttoman renewal\u201d became a kind of mirror for the perception and estimation of the entire situation in Russian empire on the eve of the century of wars and revolutions. The \u201cgender\u201d images in the satirical interpretation of Turkey in this context demonstrate an \u201corientalist\u201d specificity of the critical rhetorics in the address of the \u201cSouthern neighbor\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b \u0425\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0434 II; \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0421\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u00bb; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0428\u0443\u0442\u00bb; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0438\u00bb; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Osman Empire; Young Turk revolution; Abdul Hamid II; satirical journals; \u201cThe Satirikon\u201d magazine; \u201cThe Joker\u201d magazine; \u201cThe Splits\u201d magazine; gender rhetorics"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Filippova Tat'ana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., Senior Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru"},"email":"filipova2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":935,"author_id":285}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":936,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432: \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439","en":"Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Konstantin Vasilyevich Rukavishnikov: to the History of Relationships"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b \u041a.\u0412.\u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 1893 \u043f\u043e 1915 \u0433. \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 1900\u20131905 \u0433\u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0438: \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 1905 \u0433. \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the history of relations between Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and the head of the Moscow municipality K.V.Rukavishnikov. They collaborated in the field of charity from 1893 to 1915. Elizabeth F\u0435dorovna and her husband Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich provided Rukavishnikov a patronage of the royal couple, which led to his cooperation with Empress Alexandra F\u0435dorovna in the charitable sphere. The closest contacts between Elizabeth Feodorovna and Rukavishnikov occurred in 1900\u20131905, when he headed two organizations of the Grand Duchess: the Elisabeth Charitable Society and the Commission for accommodation of wounded soldiers, evacuated from the Far East. After 1905, Elizabeth Fedorovna repeatedly turned to Rukavishnikov for help in developing the strategic programs of her new organizations. In fact, Rukavishnikov can be called the mentor of the Grand Duchess."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430; \u041a.\u0412.\u0420\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430","en":"Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fedorovna; K.V.Rukavishnikov; charity; Moscow; the Moscow City Duma; the Elizabeth charitable society (\u201cElisavetinskoe blagotvoritelnoe obshchestvo\u201d); the Russo-Japanese War; the First World War"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":377,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kovalskaya Elena Yur'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0426\u041d\u0426 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"Library Service Manager, CSC \u201cOrthodox Encyclopedia\u201d"},"email":"ekovalskaya@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":936,"author_id":377}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":937,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0422\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0438. 1945\u20131948 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"Post-war Years: the Roads of Northern Tavria. 1945\u20131948. (Continued)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u0443 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"The presented fragment of memoirs describes the adolescent years spent by the author after the end of the war in the Zaporozhye region. This narrative includes living with relatives in Pologi, staying in an orphanage in Kamenka Dneprovskaya and studying at the Zaporozhye Technical School of Agricultural Engineering. The text contains a number of everyday sketches, as well as episodes from the life of the young man, reflecting the stages of his growing up."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0417\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u044c\u0435; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"post-war everyday life; Pologi, Kamenka Dneprovskaya, Zaporozhye; seven-year school, orphanage, technical school; social adaptation and personality formation"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":937,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":938,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u2026 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u00bb: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c (1928\u20131941 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"\u201c\u0421inema\u2026 cannot be apolitical\u201d: Control over Soviet Film Art (1928\u20131941)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f: \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \/ \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.","en":"The article examines the problems of the relationship between the party and state authorities and the Soviet cinematic intelligentsia. The research focuses on the processes of control and censorship, repressive and informational and ideological impact on the largest\r\ncultural figures and workers in the film industry. It is shown that the selected chronological segment has conditionally symbolic boundaries. Conclusions are made about the functioning of the following methods and forms of control: institutional diversity, social mobilization, politicization of everyday life and media space. Their system-wide and universal-longterm, metahistorical nature of their application is substantiated. Their intensity influenced the state of modern collective \/ social memory and the perception of films that had a high ideological and artistic value, but indirectly contributed to the idealization of the Stalinist era in scientific historiography and public consciousness."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430","en":"Soviet culture; stalinism; cinematography; intelligentsia; social mobilization; political and ideological control; censorship"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":335,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yudin Kirill Alexandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor of Russian History department Ivanovo State University"},"email":"kirill-yudin.hist@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":938,"author_id":335}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":939,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438","en":"The Reign of Ivan the Terrible in Historical Science and Corruption Science"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 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\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \r\n\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043a \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.","en":"The era of Ivan the Terrible, complex and contradictory, like the personality of the tsar himself, has always attracted the attention of historians. Over the past decades, specialists of various professions have been actively working in the historical field. Their interest\r\nin history is associated primarily with the topic of corruption which has emerged since the end of the 20th century an immutable fact of real life. The study of corruption has emerged as an independent research area \u2013 corruptionology. Unfortunately, work in this area is often\r\nbased on questionable information gleaned from the Internet. A new history of Russia is being created, written without studying the sources and knowledge of the era, without taking into account the results of the work of many generations of historians. This also applies to the\r\nreign of Ivan the Terrible."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b 1550-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438","en":"Ivan the Terrible; reforms of the 1550s; oprichnina; historiography of the reign; corruptionology; a new interpretation of the era"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":939,"author_id":358}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":940,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435","en":"Non-Partisanship in the Globalizing World"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u2013 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u2013 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043a \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the problem of the development of party culture. It analyzes various trends that affect the growth of non-partisanship and voter distrust. One of them is party ideology. In the context of accelerating globalization, borders are blurring between different party ideologies. In Europe, left-wing parties are uniting with populists, lowering their reputation to a minimum. They also promote immoral and utopian initiatives to the masses that undermine the foundations of the existence of society and interest in any ideology that unites people of different statuses. This process can lead to the degradation of party culture which will affect the trust of citizens."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"non-partisanship; globalization; solidarity; corruption; reputation"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":135,"authors":[{"id":374,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044d\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamari Daniel"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Member of the Free Economic Society"},"email":"danikamari@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":940,"author_id":374}}],"issue":{"id":135,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2021,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":941,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a: \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"The Minsk Pendulum: the Implications of 2020 Belarus Presidential Election"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 2020 \u0433. \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0411\u0440\u044e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0423\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0421\u041c\u0418 \u0432 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443 \u0410.\u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432.","en":"In august, 2020 it was held the Belarus presidential election, which resulted in the aggravation of relations between Minsk and Brussels. The article reviews the international consequences of the election in Belarus, as well as its impact on the bilateral Russia-Belarus relations. The role of mass media in the hybrid conflict between Belarus and the West are specified. The author touches upon the sanctions with noting that imposing restric tions against Minsk has accelerated the Union State building. It is drawn a conclusion that A.Lukashenko\u2019s room for political manoeuvre has diminished, that is why Moscow is able to realize its strategic plans."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"Belarus; the Union State of Russia and Belarus; hybrid war; the post-soviet space; sanctions"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":375,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0439\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Eiriyan Vartan Arsenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"1-year master\u2019s student, Department of international relations, Moscow State University of International Relations"},"email":"vartan_admg@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":941,"author_id":375}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":942,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1954 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443\u00bb","en":"To the Question \u201con the Transfer of the Crimean Region to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 1954 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 2014 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c\r\n\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445\r\n\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b.","en":"The article covered the issue of transferring the Crimean region of the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954. The author emphasizes that the question of the reasons for the change by the Soviet leadership of the status and jurisdiction of the Crimean peninsula and the revision of the inter-republican borders is still far from its unambiguous decision. In 2014, the sixty-year period of Crimea and Sevastopol staying within the Ukrainian SSR was ended. The events under study in the 21st century are the subject of heated scientific discussions and pseudo-scientific speculations, and some political forces in Ukraine are actively discussing the issue of the political status of Crimea in their rhetoric. The article is based on documents from the funds of Russian and Ukrainian archives, and various published materials."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c; \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c; \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420; \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","en":"Crimea; Sevastopol; Crimean region; Ukrainian SSR; RSFSR; Ukrainian-Russian border"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":942,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":943,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:01.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b-\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1700\u20131721 \u0433\u0433.","en":"From the Diplomatic History of the Great Northern War: The Braunschweig Congresses of 1713\u20131714 and 1719\u20131721"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u2013 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c (1713\u20131714 \u0433\u0433., 1719\u20131721 \u0433\u0433.), \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u044e\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445\r\n\u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b. \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 I \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u043e\u043c VI \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u043c.","en":"The article is devoted to the little-studied aspects of the history of the Great Northern War \u2013 the two Braunschweig Congresses (1713\u20131714, 1719\u20131721), convened to draw up a peace treaty between the belligerent powers. The initiative belonged to Austria which sought through its undivided mediation to achieve a peace that would meet, above all, the longterm interests of the Holy Roman Empire. These attempts were bitterly opposed by England and France who also claimed the mediation role and had their own views about the post-war European order. The situation was aggravated by sharp contradictions within the camp of Sweden's opponents and their intention to deprive Peter I of the legal reward for his military victories. As a result, the \u201cconcert\u201d approach to the problem of a peaceful settlement proposed by Emperor Charles VI was rejected in favor of a series of separate agreements with Stockholm."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1700\u20131721 \u0433\u0433.; \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043b VI; \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 I","en":"The Great Northern War of 1700\u20131721; the Braunschweig Congresses; European diplomacy of the first quarter of the XVIII century; Charles VI of Austria; Peter I"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":71,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0414\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Degoev Vladimir Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"D. Sci., historian, Director of the Center for the Caucasus Problems and Regional Security, Professor of Moscow State Institute of International Relations\u2013University"},"email":"degas@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":943,"author_id":71}},{"id":352,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Stamova Irina Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u21166 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e-\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"lecturer, English Department \u21166, Moscow State Institute of International Relations-University"},"email":"null","pivot":{"article_id":943,"author_id":352}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":944,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb: \u043a \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432","en":"\u201cPeople of the Twenties\u201d: to the Family History of the Decembrists Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostol"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u2013 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0443. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u044f, \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0438 \u0418\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"This article is about the relations of the Decembrists Matvei and Sergei Murav\u2019ev-Apostols with his sisters: Yelizaveta, Yelena, Ekaterina and Anna, as well as with the sisters' families. The special subject of the article is the early stage of Hippolyte Murav\u2019ev-Apostol's biography, it covers his childhood years, period of growing up, his attitude to his elder brothers and father. The article analyzes the correspondence of Matvei, Serguei and Hippolyte Muravyov-Apostolovs, both published and preserved in the archives. The article makes it possible to clarify the biographical, \u00abfamily\u00bb context of the lives, military service and revolutionary activities of the famous Decembrists."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b; \u0418\u043f\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u0410\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b; \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430","en":"Matvey Murav\u2019ev-Apostol; Sergey Murav\u2019ev-Apostol; Hippolyte Murav\u2019ev-Apostol; Decembrists; revolt of the Chernigovsky regiment"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":944,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":945,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442","en":"Masters of Legislative Technique: the State Chancellery and its Staff"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438, \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0418 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 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\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439\r\n\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b.","en":"A variety of chancelleries was an integral part of the bureaucratic system of the Russian Empire. They drew up all the official papers, the final fate of many projects depended on the actions of their officials. Both contemporaries and researchers perceived such an organization of office work as a necessary evil. However, the offices themselves were far from homogeneous in terms of the level of the institutions they served, and hence in their functions and personnel. A special place among them was occupied by the State Chancellery, which ensured the work of the highest legislative advisory body of the Russian Empire \u2013 the State Council. The article reveals the features of the work and the formation of the personnel of the State Chancellery, which ensured its compliance with the requirements imposed on it. The author comes to the conclusion that the professionalism of the officials who made up the office was able to partially compensate for the shortcomings of the system."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442; \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441; \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"the Russian Empire; the State Council; the State Chancellery; legislative process; office work; officials"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":344,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Chernikova Natal'a Vladimirovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Ph.D., historian, research fellow of the Institute of Russian History, the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"ncher@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":945,"author_id":344}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":946,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb","en":"A.A.Bogdanov and the Group \u201cWorking Truth\u201d\b"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u043e\u043d\r\n\u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043b. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b\u00bb \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438\r\n\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435\r\n\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c.","en":"The article analyzes the program documents of one of the groups of the inner-party communist opposition, the group \u201cRabochaya Pravda\u201d (\u201cWorker\u2019s Truth\u201d). The official party propaganda declared its members followers of A. Bogdanov and A. Bogdanov was accused of involvement in drawing up the program documents of the group and in leading it, which he himself reasonably denied. This article analyzes the documents of \u201cRabochaya Pravda\u201d primarily from the perspective of the reception and transformation of Bogdanov's ideas in them. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that despite the presence of terminological coincidences and ideological borrowings, the members of the group were not fully followers of A. A. Bogdanov. However, some of their views are close to his ideas."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410. \u0410. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb; \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431); \u0424. \u042d. \u0414\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u00bb","en":"A. A. Bogdanov; group \u201cRabochaya Pravda\u201d (\u201cWorker\u2019s Truth\u201d); inner-party opposition in the RCP(b); F. E. Dzerzhinsky; \u201cnew class\u201d theory"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":350,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Morozova Alla Yul'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow, Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences\\r\\nallamorozova1992@gmail.com"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":946,"author_id":350}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":947,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb (1928)","en":"On the Perception and Broadcast of Stalin's First Ideological Campaign in the Satirical Magazine \u201cKrokodil\u201d (1928)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u041d\u042d\u041f\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"This article examines Stalin's ideological campaign to establish \u201ccriticism and self-criticism\u201d as the basis for the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat in Soviet society. In practice, it became a campaign to tighten the disciplinary regime of the emerging totalitarian system with one-party rule. For the first time, Stalin used special methods of intimidation on a large scale in this campaign through ideological manipulation, driving the public consciousness into an irrational fear of any criticism of authority. For the first time the satirical magazine \u201cCrocodile\u201d, published in large circulation, is used as a historical source to study the transformation of the Soviet society of the New Economic Policy into the Soviet society of the Stalinism epoch."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041c.\u041d.\u0420\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u041d.\u0418.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u0410.\u0418.\u0420\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"Stalinism; \u201cKrokodil\u201d magazine; campaign of criticism and self-criticism; Stalin; united opposition; M.N.Ryutin; N.I.Bukharin; A.I.Rykov, \u201cright-wing opposition\u201d"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":947,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":948,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430: \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"About Andrey Karavashkin's New Book: Some Reflections"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435-\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0410. \u0412. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438. \u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb (2021) \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f-\u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e-\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u2013 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438. \u0410. \u0412. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f-\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0438-\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443.","en":"The review article considers one of the ideas of A. V. Karavashkin's book \u201cPower in Medieval Russia. Semantic levels of polemical texts\u201d (2021) are conventional models that interpret the relationship between the ruler-tormentor and his victim. The opposition of the martyr to the pagan tormentor is expressed in denunciation, the attitude of the martyr to the Christian tyrant is expressed in meek acceptance of death. A. V. Karavashkin traces the evolution of these two\r\nmodels, which manifested itself, in particular, in endowing the Christian tyrant with the signs of an apostate and in portraying the victims as accusers of his crimes. The article shows that the two models are combined in the New Testament narrative about the murder of Stefan the First Martyr and that in reality the figure of the Christian tormentor correlates with pagan kings and apostates in the monuments of the Borisoglebsky cycle. It is traced how Prince Andrei Kurbsky implements the paradigm of exposing the tormentor in his messages to Ivan the Terrible."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410. \u0412. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d; \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c","en":"A. V. Karavashkin; tyrant; tormentor; Old Russian literature; ideas of power; conventional models; monuments of the Borisoglebsk cycle; Correspondence between Prince Andrei Kurbsky and Ivan the Terrible"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":230,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Ranchin Andrey Mikhailovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c.\u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0445\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., philologist, Professor of Chair History of Russian Literature, philological faculty of Moscow State University"},"email":"aranchin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":948,"author_id":230}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":949,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430","en":"White-and-Black Series of the Inventor Lev Theremin"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 1971 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u041b. \u041d. \u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u2013 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043d\u00bb.","en":"The text is based on the author's memories of a personal meeting in the summer of 1971 with L. N. Termen \u2013 physicist, inventor, musician, intelligence officer. The author reveals some details of the conversation that took place then with the legendary personality, in whose biography there are still many \u201cblank spots\u201d."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u041b.\u0421.\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420","en":"russian radio engineering; the first electric musical instruments in Russia; L. S. Termen in USA and USSR"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":136,"authors":[{"id":183,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Mitrofanov Nikolai Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, associate editor of the Moscow encyclopedia, full member of the Academy of Russian Literature"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":949,"author_id":183}}],"issue":{"id":136,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":950,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1962 \u0433. \u0438 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u00bb \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430","en":"The 1962 Caribbean Crisis and the \u00abUnity\u00bb of the West"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e 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\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 1962 \u0433. \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0431\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430.","en":"The article is devoted to the study of the allied-partner relations of the USA and the countries of Western Europe during the Caribbean (in the terminology of representatives of a number of historical schools - the Cuban) crisis. The involvement of new sources made it possible to prove that since the summer of 1962 the West German secret services were aware of the deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba and warned the government of the Federal Republic of Germany about the impending aggravation of relations between the superpowers. In addition, the author analyzed the features of support for the Americans from the UK and France. The research novelty of the article is also due to the material, which examines the struggle of Switzerland for the minimum possible support for Washington."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 (\u041a\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; BND; \u041a\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438; \u0410\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0443\u044d\u0440; \u0434\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043b\u044c; \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043d; \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Caribbean (Cuban) crisis; USA; Germany; France; Great Britain; BND; Kennedy; Adenauer; de Gaulle; Macmillan; allied relations; partnership relations; the phenomenon of unity"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":361,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sindeev Aleksey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d,\r\n\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b","en":"D.Sci., in History, Professor of Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nChief Researcher, Institute of Europe"},"email":"a_sin74@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":950,"author_id":361}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":951,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 2020\u20132021 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The EU\u2019s Diplomacy on the South Caucasus on the Basis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in 2020\u20132021"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432-\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0435 \u0432 2020\u20132021 \u0433\u0433. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0415\u0421 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b (\u041c\u0413 \u041e\u0411\u0421\u0415) \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0431\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a. \u0410\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0415\u0421 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0421 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.","en":"The article reviews the European Union members\u2019 positions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution in 2020-2021. The EU\u2019s commitment to the dialogue between Armenia and Azerbaijan under the mediation of the OSCE Minsk Group is considered as a cornerstone of the European policy in the region. The factors foreclosing an opportunity to develop a common European approach towards the conflict are analyzed. It is concluded that the consensus can not be achieved due to the fact that pro-Armenian and pro-Azerbaijani lobby groups resort to such leverages as diaspora activities or drawing attention to the bilateral dialogue with one of the Caucasian republics. The significance of the Turkish factor for the Nagorno-Karabakh problem is emphasized. Despite the fact that today the EU treats the question as marginal, the author notes that the European involvement in the post-conflict regulation on the South Caucasus may be viewed as an opportunity to maintain the EU\u2019s political influence in the region."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437; \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d; \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445; \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437","en":"the European Union; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Nagorno-Karabakh; the second Karabakh war; the South Caucasus"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":375,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0439\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Eiriyan Vartan Arsenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"1-year master\u2019s student, Department of international relations, Moscow State University of International Relations"},"email":"vartan_admg@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":951,"author_id":375}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":952,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u041a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"Artisanal or Peasant Industry? Towards the Unfinished Dispute Between Narodniks and Marxists"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0412. \u041f. \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1847\u20131918) \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438.","en":"The article examines the views of V. P. Vorontsov (1847\u20131918) on the situation of handicraft industry and the discussion that developed around this issue between narodniks and Marxists. The subject of the dispute was the degree of development of domestic capitalism, the prospects for preserving the small-scale way of life and its use in creating an alternative model of the economy.\r\n"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0412.\u041f.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u0418.\u0422\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d-\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0412.\u0418.\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"narodniks; Marxists; V.P.Vorontsov; M.I.Tugan-Baranovsky; V.I.Lenin; development of capitalism in Russia; handicraft industry; alternative model of economy"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":378,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zverev Vasily Vasil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading researcher at the Institute\r\nof Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nMoscow, Russia"},"email":"v.v.zverev@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":952,"author_id":378}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":953,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434 \u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438: \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434","en":"Akhmed Tsalikov in Exile: Party Leader, Political Scientist, Caucasian Scholar"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0410.\u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 (1917\u20131918 \u0433\u0433.), \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.","en":"The article is devoted to the views and emigrant activities of one of the North Caucasian leaders of the first third of the 20th century A. Tsalikov, a socialist, theorist and leader of the All-Russian Muslim Council (1917\u20131918), the Muslim Socialist Party, and his emigrant activities."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0410.\u0426\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"North Caucasus; A.Tsalikov; national policy; Mountain republic; emigration"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":953,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":954,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb (1928) (\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)","en":"On the Perception and Broadcast of Stalin's First Ideological Campaign in the Satirical Magazine \u201cKrokodil\u201d (1928) (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e 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\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0438\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c (\u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0439) \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b \u00ab\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u00bb. \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u00bb, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439.","en":"This article examines Stalin's ideological campaign to establish \u201ccriticism and self-criticism\u201d as the basis for the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat in Soviet society. In practice, it became a campaign to tighten the disciplinary regime of the emerging totalitarian system with one-party rule. For the first time, Stalin used special methods of intimidation on a large scale in this campaign through ideological manipulation, driving the public consciousness into an irrational fear of any criticism of authority. Official satire was required (with caution and fear of a possible mistake) to express what was said by the leader of the party as if \u201cbetween the lines\u201d. The Crocodile magazine not only illustrated the \u201cself-criticism\u201d campaign, but also tried to adapt it in its own way to the perception of the mass audience."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041c.\u041d.\u0420\u044e\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u041d.\u0418.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u0410.\u0418.\u0420\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00bb.","en":"Stalinism; \u201cKrokodil\u201d magazine; campaign of criticism and self-criticism; Stalin; united opposition; M.N.Ryutin; N.I.Bukharin; A.I.Rykov, \u201cright-wing opposition\u201d"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":954,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":955,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 (\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430)","en":"Heroes and Deserters: one Episode of the Defense of Donbass (Fall 1941)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 383-\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u00ab\u0448\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439\u00bb) \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1941 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0438 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u044b, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Using the example of the 383rd Rifle (\"miner\") division, the article examines the socio-psychological aspects of such phenomena as mass heroism and mass desertion demonstrated during the defense of Donbass in the autumn of 1941. The problem is analyzed in the context of the socio-economic and political state of the USSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Donetsk region in the pre-war years and in the first months of the war, in-cluding the evacuation."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0434\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u044d\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"defense of Donbass; the Great Patriotic War; desertion; heroism; evacuation; social psychology"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":955,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":956,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430. 1948\u20131950","en":"Yalta. 1948\u20131950"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u00ad\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0422\u0440\u0438\u043e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435, \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b.","en":"Another fragment of memoirs is devoted to the difficult post-war period, when the author studied at the Yalta Agricultural College. The text contains a number of everyday details, conveys the spirit and mood of those years in the perception of a young man, describes an industrial practice in one of the collective farms in the Sudak region. Much attention is paid to the people who influenced the formation of the author's personality. Some storylines are devoted to his friends and the difficult fate of his father. The author holds the idea that common intellectual interests contribute to both personal friendship and creative development in adolescence."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u042f\u043b\u0442\u0430; \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043c; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f; \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b; \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430","en":"post-war Yalta; agricultural college; teachers and students; friends; literary interests; father's fate"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":956,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":957,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 20-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b: \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0426\u041a \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u0438 \u041a\u0413\u0411 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Russian Emigrants and the 20th Anniversary of the Victory: Documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the KGB of the USSR on the Awarding of Members of the Resistance Movement"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 1965 \u0433. \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0423\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"This publication of documents on awarding Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9s with the highest Soviet government awards in 1965 and an introductory article considers the question of the influence of domestic and international contexts on this decision of the party leadership. The unique documents of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History reflect both the interest of the Soviet intelligentsia in this action and of the state security agencies. As a result of the awarding, Russian emigrants, members of the European Resistance, were included in the Soviet pantheon of heroes and became a part of the official policy of memory of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time at the international level \"award diplomacy\" created an effective informational occasion for propaganda among anti-Soviet emigration."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0412.\u041e\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f; \u0413.\u0428\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u041c.\u0413\u0430\u0444\u0442; \u0418.\u0422\u0440\u043e\u044f\u043d; \u041a.\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432; \u0410.\u0414\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u041a\u0413\u0411","en":"White emigrants; rewarding; Resistance movement; Great Patriotic War; V.Obolenskaya; G.Shibanov; M.Gaft, I.Troyan, K.Radishchev, A.Durakov, KGB"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":137,"authors":[{"id":379,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u043a \u041a\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Sak Ksenia Vasil'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0414\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0438\u043c. \u0410. \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Leading researcher, Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad"},"email":"ksenia.sak@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":957,"author_id":379}},{"id":380,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Sorokina Marina Yur'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f, \u0414\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0438\u043c. \u0410.\u0421\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Leading researcher, Head of the Department of History, Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad"},"email":"msorokina61@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":957,"author_id":380}}],"issue":{"id":137,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":958,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c?","en":"Khasavyurt Agreements: Capitulation or Forced Necessity?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 31 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1996 \u0433. \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0443 1996 \u0433. \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 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\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.","en":"The article analyzes the prerequisites and consequences of the signing of the Khasavyurt Agreements on August 31, 1996 between the Russian Federation and Chechen separatists. By the summer of 1996, the war in Chechnya had reached an impasse, Russian troops were unable to inflict a decisive defeat on the enemy and gradually lost their strategic initiative. The capture of Grozny by Chechen militants demonstrated the obvious weakness of the federal forces and forced the Russian authorities to make serious concessions. The signing of Agreements, which represented a well-known compromise, made it possible to end the fighting and \u201c freeze\u201d the conflict. However, the parties were unable to create an effective mechanism for their implementation, which did not allow the conflict between the federal Center and the Chechen Republic to be finally resolved at that time."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1994\u20131996 \u0433\u0433.; \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0411. \u041d. \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d; \u0410. \u0418. \u041b\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044c; \u0410. \u0410. \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"The Russian Federation; the Chechen Republic; separatism; the Chechen conflict; The First Chechen War 1994\u20131996; The Khasavyurt Agreements; B. N. Yeltsin; A. I. Lebed;\r\nA. A. Maskhadov"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":958,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":959,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0411\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b\u00bb \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438?","en":"Were Khrushchev's \u201cEconomic Processes\u201d Anti-Jewish?"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 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\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u00bb \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1960-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432, \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435.","en":"Mobilizing society for the implementation of the project of \u201cbuilding communism\u201d, the leadership of the USSR, headed by Khrushchev, sharply intensified the fight against the underground production of scarce consumer goods, as well as illegal buying and reselling of foreign currency, jewelry, antiques, imported clothes and shoes. The fate of the arrested organizers and participants in such a business, as well as the officials who \u201ccovered\u201d it, was decided at trials that took place in the early 1960s. in Moscow and other cities. Since there were many Jews among the main defendants who were sentenced to death, there was a certainty in the West that these trials were anti-Semitic. However, this version contradicts the real facts, which is proved in this \u0440a\u0440\u0435r."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444; \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441; \u00ab\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b; \u00ab\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb; \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb; \u00ab\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u00bb; \u041a\u0413\u0411; \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0438; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f; \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c","en":"USSR; Nikita Khrushchev; communist project; illegal business; \u201ceconomic\u201d trials; \u201cvalutchiki\u201d; \u201ctsekhoviki\u201d; \u201ctrikotajniki\u201d; KGB; Bertrand Russell; Jews; anti-Semitism; Kyrgyzstan; Israel"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":959,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":960,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1880-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"The Composition of the Vowel City Dumas of Russia in the Late 1880s."},"desc":{"ru":"\u041b. \u0424. \u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0410. \u041d. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 (\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0425\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1880-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 612 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1870 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044b \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0443\u043c; \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445; \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430.","en":"Lyubov Pisarkova and Anna Goryacheva publish a document from the Russian State Historical Archive (the fund of the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), which contains information from the late 1880s on the number and class composition of urban vowels of 612 Russian cities where the City Regulations of 1870 were in effect. These data make it possible to study the composition of provincial and sheading city dumas at the regional level; compare the state of urban public administration in different provinces; get an idea of the level of economic development of Russian cities, taking into account their administrative status."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b; \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435; \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430","en":"Geputy; City Duma; Local Government; Counties; Provinces; Statistical Data; List of Cities; Electoral System"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":960,"author_id":358}},{"id":369,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goriacheva Anna Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0413\u0410\u0423\u0413\u041d), \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"third year student, State Academic University of the Humanities (GAUGN), Cultural Studies"},"email":"jacka99@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":960,"author_id":369}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":961,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u041a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.","en":"Artisanal or Peasant Industry? Towards the Unfinished Dispute Between Narodniks and Marxists (the end)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e 2-\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0412.\u041f.\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1847\u20131918) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432 1870\u20131880-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0431\u044b\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0439, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c.","en":"The article analyzes the views of V.P.Vorontsov (1847\u20131918) on the state of handicrafts in the 1870s\u20131880s. His attention was drawn to specific issues: handicraft production and cooperation, the sale of handicrafts, commercial and industrial capital, credit for artisans, their work at home, the quality of handicrafts, the connection of crafts with agriculture. The study of statistical data led Vorontsov to the conclusion about the stability of traditional forms of production to destructive capitalist tendencies."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0431\u044b\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0439; \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b; \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439; \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443; \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445\r\n\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0439; \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043c","en":"handicraft production and cooperation; sale of handicrafts; commercial and industrial capital; credit for artisans, work at home; quality of handicrafts; connection of crafts with agriculture"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":378,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zverev Vasily Vasil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\r\n\u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading researcher at the Institute\r\nof Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences,\r\nMoscow, Russia"},"email":"v.v.zverev@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":961,"author_id":378}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":962,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. I. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438.","en":"Russian Social Democracy and the Historical Choice of Russia. I. Social Democrats in the Revolution."},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 1917 \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0443. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438 1917 \u0433., \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c, \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f (\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f) \u0438 \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f (\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432) \u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445.","en":"The article analyzes the process of genesis of the left flank of the Russian party system in the spring \u2013 summer of 1917. The outbreak of the Russian Revolution completely destroyed the old system of political parties based on Duma activity and Duma elections. There were two tendencies in the development of the Russian Social democratic movement \u2013 towards consolidation, unification into a single party and towards a split, the formation of a number of independent parties. By the autumn of 1917, the Social Democrats, separating and uniting, took shape into two opposing all-Russian parties \u2013 the RSDLP (united) and the RSDLP (Bolsheviks), as well as the RSDLP (internationalists), which took an intermediate position between them, and a number of small organizations, mainly national."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433.; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b; \u0420\u0421\u0414\u0420\u041f","en":"Russian Revolution of 1917; political parties of Russia; Social Democrats; RSDLP"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":962,"author_id":83}},{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":962,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":963,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c. \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442. 1950\u20131954 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b.","en":"Simferopol. Krympedinstitut. 1950\u20131954."},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u044b\u0442 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445\r\n\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0428\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u00bb, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u2013 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0411. \u0412. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u042d. \u0410. \u0413\u044e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.).","en":"This part of the memoirs is devoted to the time of studying the author at the historical faculty of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. The essay considers the age composition and life orientation of provincial students, the preparation of historians for professional activities, life in the conditions of post-war residence in the hostel. Individual characteristics of teachers and students especially highlighted in the text are given. In the section \u201cStrokes to portraits\u201d, in particular, we are talking about two talented scientists \u2013 seismologist B. V. Kostrov and chemist E. A. G\u00fcnner who, simultaneously with the author, were students of the Pedagogical Institute. Student everyday life is associated with reflection on sociopolitical life with the country."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u0430; \u0431\u044b\u0442; \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e\r\n\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b","en":"Crimean State Pedagogical Institute; teachers; students; studies; life; fellow students and friends; reflection on the socio-political life of the country"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":138,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":963,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":138,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":964,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041e\u0442 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb: \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u00ab\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb","en":"\u201cFrom Love to Hatred\u201d: To the History of Relations Between the USA and the Muslim Brotherhood"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u00ab\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u00bb \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0425\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u00bb.","en":"This article examines the milestones in the consolidation of the role of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the interaction between the United States and the islamist organisation. The paper analyses key aspects of Washington's policy towards Cairo during the Arab Spring and after Hosni Mubarak's ouster. The authors consider the specifics of Egypt's domestic politics under Mohamed Morsi and American strategy. The article concludes pragmatic nature of Washington's actual cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u0425\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a; \u041c\u043e\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438; \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442; \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430.","en":"Muslim Brotherhood; Hosni Mubarak; Mohamed Morsi; Egypt; Egyptian revolution; Arab Spring."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":964,"author_id":366}},{"id":381,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Sushilova Ekaterina Andreevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0418\u0421\u0410\u0410 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"Independent publicist, Institute of Asian and African Studies,\r\nLomonosov State University"},"email":"katerina_sushilova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":964,"author_id":381}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":965,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. II. \u041e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443","en":"Russian Social Democracy and the Historical Choice of Russia. II. From Socialism to Communism"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1917 \u0433. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0412\u0418\u041a\u0416\u0415\u041b\u0435, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043d \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.","en":"The article continues the analysis of the transformation of the left flank of the Russian party system in the autumn of 1917. At that time, the former leaders of the political process \u2013 the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries \u2013 gradually lost their positions, and in October they were completely removed from power, and they were replaced by the Bolsheviks and left Social Revolutionaries. Attempts to create a broader government coalition ended in the failure of negotiations under Vikzhel, and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly further deepened the split between the Socialists."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f 1917 \u0433.; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b; \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435.","en":"The Russian Revolution of 1917; political parties; Social Democrats; Bolsheviks and Mensheviks; Constituent Assembly."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":965,"author_id":83}},{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":965,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":966,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 1918\u20131919 \u0433\u0433.","en":"On the Question of the Statistics of Victims Among the Orthodox Clergy of the Southern Russian Regions in 1918\u20131919"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0418\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0432 1917\u20131919 \u0433\u0433. \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0431\u0438\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0446. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438 \u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e \u00ab\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u00bb.","en":"From the fund of the Special Commission to investigate the atrocities of the bolsheviks under the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the author selected folders devoted to the situation of religion and the Orthodox Church in the regions where Soviet power was held for some time in 1917\u20131919 before the arrival of the White Guards. These folders were examined for information about the murders of representatives of the Orthodox clergy: clergymen, psalmists, monks and novices. It is shown that according to the documents of the Commission a relatively small percentage of clergy died by violent death in these regions, which does not allow us to speak about the mass nature of the red terror against the clergy, much less about the \u00abchurch genocide\u00bb."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432.","en":"Russian Orthodox Church; clergy; repressions; red terror; statistics; civil war in Russia; Special Commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":382,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0425\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Khmurkin Georgiy Georgievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0418\u0420\u0418 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"Senior Lecturer at the Moscow Aviation Institute (Moscow),\r\nCompetitor of the IRH RAS (Moscow)"},"email":"hmurkin@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":966,"author_id":382}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":967,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430. \u0423\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. 1954\u20131959","en":"Alupka. A History Teacher. 1954\u20131960 (continuation)"},"desc":{"ru":"\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430: \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435, \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 (\u0425\u0425 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u041a\u041f\u0421\u0421 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.). \u0412 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0415.\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0440.), \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u044b (\u0410.\u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u0421.\u0421\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u0421.\u0421\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439). \u0423\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0443\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb.","en":"This part of the memories is a five\u2013year accumulation of teaching experience in general educational institutions of various types: a seven-year school at a sanatorium orphanage, a city seven-year school, an evening school for working youth. The professional formation of a history teacher is described in connection with the life of a young man in the Khrushchev era: everyday life, episodes of moral choice, political events in the country (the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU, etc.). The essay characterizes the comrades and friends of the author, hjlcndtyybrb (E.Korolevsky et al.), Crimean writers and poets (A.Nikanorkin, S.Slavich, S.Suponitsky). Students of the school of working youth from an anti-tuberculosis boarding house for war veterans and from among \"people with bizarre fates\" are also mentioned."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430; \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438; \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.","en":"history teacher; professional formation; seven-year school; evening school of working youth; comrades and friends; literary acquaintances."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":967,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":968,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0410\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u043e\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u00bb: \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c. \u041d. \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 1957 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430","en":"\u201cThe audience at the Sorbonne was Packed to Capacity\u201d: Parisian Lectures of Academician M.N.Tikhomirov in 1957"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0436 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c.\u041d.\u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1957 \u0433. \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u041e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0424.\u0411\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c VI-\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0441 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1920-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"This article is devoted to the analysis of the visit of Academician Mikhail Nikolaevitch Tikhomirov in Paris in the spring of 1957 in the context of the history of the formation of Soviet-French scientific relations during the Thaw. On the basis of archival sources, the circumstances of the invitation of the Soviet scientist are reconstructed. The great role in this process of Fernand Braudel and leading by him the VIth section of the Practical School of Higher Research is concluded. In this article the chronology of Tikhomirov\u2019s visit was described, analyze his meetings with French scientists, as well as with Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9s was made. The conclusion on the great symbolic significance of Tikhomirov\u2019s visit is made. His lectures in French in the Sorbonne symbolized the overcoming of the gap in the sphere of personal and business contacts of historians, which actually disappeared in the late 1920s."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c. \u041d. \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0424. \u0411\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f.","en":"M. N. Tikhomirov; F. Braudel; Soviet-French scientific relations; historiography; scientific diplomacy."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":968,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":969,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b","en":"The Story of a Betrayal. To the Question of the Nature of Ukrainian Collaborationism During the Great Patriotic War"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 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\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.","en":"In the article, the author highlights some issues related to the reasons for Ukrainian collaboration, and peculiarities of the search and trial by Soviet state security agencies to war criminals and collaborationist elements during the Great Patriotic War. It was based on unknown documents to the scientific community, stored in the archival institutions of Donbass, and various previously published materials of famous domestic researchers. The author emphasizes that the work of the Soviet state security agencies to establish atrocities and search of war criminals and Nazi accomplices proceeded systematically and highly professionally. The result of their activities was a fairly significant number of war criminals and collaborators found and put on trial. This work strengthened the faith of Soviet citizens in the inevitability and justice of punishment for the crimes committed by the Nazis and their minions."},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.","en":"Ukrainian SSR; Donbass; Great Patriotic War; military tribunals; collaborationism; war criminals; traitors."},"column_id":12,"issue_id":139,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":969,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":139,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:28:09.000000Z","year":2022,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":970,"created_at":"2023-01-29T07:38:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T07:38:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0424\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0434\u044f\u0434\u044f \u0421\u044d\u043c\u00bb: \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0439","en":"\u201cPharaoh and Uncle Sam\u201d: The Ups and Downs of Egypt\u2013US Relations in a Maelstrom of Revolutions"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 2011 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u200a\u041c\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0410.\u200a\u0424. \u0430\u0441-\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0438. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0411.\u200a\u041e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c.<\/p>","en":"
The article examines the key stages of developments in Egypt after the revolution of 2011 and after the military coup of 2013. It analyses the steps taken by M.\u200aMorsi's government, which led to a new wave of destabilisation in the country and the subsequent military coupled by A.\u200aF. al-Sisi. The authors examine US approaches to Cairo against the backdrop of the revolutionary events in the country, taking into account Egypt's geopolitical and strategic importance in the Middle East and B.\u200aObama's officially declared commitment to democratic values.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f-\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435; \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0442; \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0434 \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438; \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435; \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0424\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0430\u0441-\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0438; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u0415\u0433\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0435.","en":"Muslim Brotherhood; Egypt; USA; Mohamed Morsi; Egypt; Egyptian revolution; Abdel Fattah el-Sisi; Egyptian coup d'etat."},"column_id":2,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":366,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0444\u0430\u0440\u044f\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Safarian Levon Araikpvich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Freelance analyst, Center for Caucasian Problems and Regional Security, MGIMO University"},"email":"s-levon99@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":970,"author_id":366}},{"id":381,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Sushilova Ekaterina Andreevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0418\u0421\u0410\u0410 \u041c\u0413\u0423","en":"Independent publicist, Institute of Asian and African Studies,\r\nLomonosov State University"},"email":"katerina_sushilova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":970,"author_id":381}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":971,"created_at":"2023-01-29T07:42:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T07:42:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 1960-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 1980-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432): \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b, \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0445\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0446\u044b","en":"National movements in the Brezhnev USSR (second half of the 1960s \u2013 early 1980s): Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0445\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432) \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1960-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1980-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442 (\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439) \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the problem of interaction of national movements of previously repressed peoples (Soviet Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhe-tian Turks) and the Soviet state in the second half of the 1960s \u2013 early 1980s. Particular attention is paid to the position of the republican ruling eth-nic elites (Kazakh, Ukrainian, Georgian) on the implementation of the requirements of national movements. It was their position that had a serious impact on the attitude of the Brezhnev leadership to the issue, did not allow satisfying the demands of the movements and carrying out a full-scale rehabilitation of these peoples.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0446\u044b; \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b; \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043a\u0438-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0445\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.","en":"national movements; USSR; Soviet Germans; Crimean Tatars; Meskhetian Turks; Republican ethnoelites."},"column_id":3,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":169,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Marchukov Andrey Vladislavovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"Ph.D., historian, Research Fellow\r\nof the Russian History Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia"},"email":"marchukov@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":971,"author_id":169}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":972,"created_at":"2023-01-29T07:51:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T07:51:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0418 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u044f\u2026\u00bb: \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 1940\u20131950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.","en":"\u00abAnd the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of righteousness\u2026\u00bb: ROC in the Struggle for Peace at the Turn of the 1940s\u20131950s"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1940-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 1940\u20131950-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>","en":"
The declined interest of the Soviet leadership in the church\u2019s activities in the late 1940s led to the fact that the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) was compelled to demonstrate its own significance. The struggle for peace, in which the church took the international peace movement\u2019s position, became one of the most important directions of the ROC activities. The article reviews the key aspects of the church\u2019s participation in the struggle for peace on the basis of papers of the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. The general distinctive features of the church\u2019s rhetoric are being identified. It is made a conclusion about the transformation of the church\u2019s approach toward the coverage of the international developments and the convergence of the church and state lines.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0438; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0426\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c; \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430.","en":"Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate; Russian Orthodox Church; Religious Politics; Late Stalinism; Peace Movement."},"column_id":9,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":375,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042d\u0439\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0440\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Eiriyan Vartan Arsenovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 1 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb","en":"1-year master\u2019s student, Department of international relations, Moscow State University of International Relations"},"email":"vartan_admg@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":972,"author_id":375}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":973,"created_at":"2023-01-29T07:55:35.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T07:55:35.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. III. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b","en":"Russian Social Democracy and the Historical Choice of Russia. III. Rise of a one-party dictatorship"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 1918 \u0433. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b-\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431) \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
The article continues the analysis of the transformation of the left flank of the Russian party system in the spring of 1918. After the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, the government bloc of Bolsheviks and left SRS took shape and the division among the Social Democrats deepened even more. The Bolsheviks increasingly opposed themselves to them, adopting the name of Communists. Their alliance with the left srs proved to be short-lived. The RCP(b) formed a one-party government.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 1918 \u0433.; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438; \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b; \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431).","en":"the Political System of Russia in 1918; Political Parties; Social Democrats; RCP(b)."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":973,"author_id":83}},{"id":327,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Savel'ev Petr Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Head Specialist of RGASPI"},"email":"savelev57@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":973,"author_id":327}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":974,"created_at":"2023-01-29T07:58:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T07:58:57.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 1919 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b: \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041d.\u0414.\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439","en":"Moscow in 1919 through the Eyes of its Resident: an Excerpt from the Diary of N.D.Androsova"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041d.\u200a\u0414.\u200a\u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 1919\u20131932 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b, \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435. \u0412\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043a \u2013 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1919 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
The published excerpt from the diaries of N.\u200aD.\u200aAndrosova, which cover the year 1919\u20131932, describes the internal experiences and external difficulties that a representative of the former intelligentsia, a young lady who survived requisition, seals, diseases, hunger and lack of money, had to face. The selected passage \u2013 the very beginning of the diaries-illustrates the deteriorating life in the capital in 1919. The author writes about prices, news, rumors that will be of interest to cultural scientists, historians of everyday life and specialists in gender studies.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 1919 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.","en":"history of everyday life; gender research; women's diaries; Moscow in 1919."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":369,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0413\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Goriacheva Anna Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0413\u0410\u0423\u0413\u041d), \u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"third year student, State Academic University of the Humanities (GAUGN), Cultural Studies"},"email":"jacka99@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":974,"author_id":369}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":975,"created_at":"2023-01-29T08:02:29.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T08:02:29.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0441 \u00ab\u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u0432 1929\u20131931 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Ideological campaign against \u201copportunists\u201d in the satirical magazine \u201cCrocodile\u201d in 1929\u20131931"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0418.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b. \u0416\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u044d\u043f\u0430, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u00ab\u041e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435: \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u2013 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u2013 \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u00bb \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0430\u00bb \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
This article examines one of Stalin's most important ideological campaigns, which allowed him to gain full power in the Bolshevik Party and to build a cult of personality in the country. In this struggle could not do without propaganda. The magazine \u201cCrocodile\u201d actively participated in the restructuring of Soviet society, accustomed to live under the conditions of the NEP, for the transition to a new state \u2013 a state of civil war in the construction of socialism in one country. \u201cOpportunism\u201d as a purely partisan concept expands to define the situation in a different way: anyone who resists the building of socialism, even passively, \u2013 by his human shortcomings \u2013 is an opportunist, any citizen and nonparty including. This semantic expansion of the notion of \u201copportunism\u201d created the conditions for the formation of the terrorist power, it was the \u201cground\u201d for the soon to come Big Terror.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0418.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u00bb; \u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u041d\u042d\u041f; \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u041d.\u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d; \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u00bb.","en":"I.Stalin; \u201cCrocodile\u201d magazine; opportunism; cult of personality; New Economic Policy; Civil War; N.Bukharin; \u201crightist deviation\u201d."},"column_id":6,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":975,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":976,"created_at":"2023-01-29T08:06:29.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-01-29T08:06:29.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0420\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435","en":"\u201cRingelmann Effect\u201d in a digital society"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441 \u0420\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434. \u041d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432) \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u00ab\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0420\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
Max Ringelmann at the beginning of the 20th century argued that threduction in productivity per individual rise when the number of people involved in a workgroup increase. However, in the last decade, accelerated technological development has had a strong impact on labor relations. The old relationship between employer and employees is outdated. Individual agreements are replaced by collective agreements. Based on the analysis of some indicators of the development of labor relations (the rate of labor productivity, collective bargaining coverage), it turns out how the \u201cRingelmann\u201d effect is effective in a digital society.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430; \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.","en":"information; labor productivity; industrial relations; trust; transparency."},"column_id":13,"issue_id":140,"authors":[{"id":374,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044d\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamari Daniel"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Member of the Free Economic Society"},"email":"danikamari@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":976,"author_id":374}}],"issue":{"id":140,"created_at":"2023-01-27T12:32:45.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-01T09:57:03.000000Z","year":2022,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":977,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:34:22.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:34:22.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0424\u0420\u0413 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0410.\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430","en":"The Russian Federation in the Doctrinal Documents of the German Federal Republic and Speeches of Chanceler A.Merkel: the Evolution of Perception"},"desc":{"ru":"
C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0424\u0420\u0413, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0410.\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb 2006 \u0433. \u0438 2016 \u0433., \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
Russia-West relations, including Germany as one the country\u2019s closest counterparties, are of great scientific interest. The article focuses on the evolution of Russia\u2019s perception in German doctrinal documents and in A. Merkel\u2019s speeches. Germany-Russia ties are unstable, encompassing both positive and negative connotations. The task to assess Russia\u2019s image in German official sources is relevant. The methodology includes quantitative and qualitative methods. Content-analysis and mediametric analysis were used to assess Germany\u2019s \u201caggressiveness index\u201d towards Russia. Comparison method was chosen to compare the 2006 and 2016 German White Papers, as well as to trace the evolution of the Chancellor\u2019s speeches. In the conclusion the outcomes on the dependence of Russia\u2019s image in the official strategies of Germany and its leader\u2019s speeches on the situation on the global arena are presented.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430; \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb; \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0410.\u041c\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435\u043b\u044c","en":"Russia; Germany; the method of mediametric analysis; \u201caggressiveness index\u201d; legal framework; German Chancellor A.Merkel"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":383,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:19:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:19:54.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0432\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Ivkina Natalya Viktorovnna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0422\u0418\u041c\u041e, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Ph.D in History, associate professor at the Department of History and Theory of International Relations, PFUR"},"email":"ivkina-nv@rudn.ru","pivot":{"article_id":977,"author_id":383}},{"id":384,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:22:03.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:22:03.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kucherov Mikhail Yur'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 1-\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"1st year postgraduate student of the Department of Comparative Political Science, MGIMO"},"email":"kucherov.m.yu@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":977,"author_id":384}},{"id":385,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:25:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:25:02.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0437\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0434 \u0417\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bzegezhev Askhad Zaurovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u00bb, \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"master's degree graduate of International Political Consulting programme, MGIMO"},"email":"bzegezhev_ashad@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":977,"author_id":385}},{"id":386,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:27:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:27:57.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Torkhov Alexander Dmitrievich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u00bb, \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"master's degree graduate of International Political Consulting programme, MGIMO, employee of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia"},"email":"torxov98@bk.ru","pivot":{"article_id":977,"author_id":386}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":978,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:40:22.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:40:22.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c: \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Weapons, Aliens and Steel: State and Particular Practices in the Metalworking and Weapons Industry in Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442.\u0435. \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
It is complicated to evaluate the role of foreign specialists in Russian modernisation and the transfer of European knowledge and technologies into the country\u2019s metallurgical and armament industries. For almost three centuries, these industries were marked by a symbiosis of state protectionism, private initiative, foreign entrepreneurship, and the interaction of heavy and light production. To understand the economic and acculturational processes involved, it is essential to compare the experience of industrial regions in Russia and Western Europe. Small independent craft workshops developed as alternatives and supplements to mass factory production. Analysing the interrelation of Russian and European experiences can clarify the role of foreign entrepreneurs and specialists in Russian heavy industry while also demonstrating the positive or negative role of the state.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u044b; \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b; \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e- \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e- \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f","en":"Artisan; craftsman; industrial district; macro- and microeconomical partialanalysis; metallurgical and arms industry; metall and weaponfactorys; modernisation"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":111,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Keller Andreas"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0424\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442), \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433","en":"Ph.D., (Freiburg University), senior researcher of the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, Ural State University, Ekaterinburg"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":978,"author_id":111}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":979,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:45:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:45:28.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044c\u00bb \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"\u201cBalkan Quadrille\u201d through the Eyes of Russian Cartoonists"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432 (1875\u20131878 \u0438 1912\u20131913 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432) \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
The article deals with the main themes, subjects and images, that formed over the decades the problematics of the Balkan question in the interpretation of Russian pre-revolutionary journal satire. The traditions and novations in Russian satirical drawings that created the images of Turkey, it\u2019s repressive politics in the Balkans and the images of Balkan peoples in their struggle for national liberation are analyzed on the historic material of two acute Balkan crises (1875\u20131878 and 1912\u20131913).<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441 1875\u20131878 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1912\u20131913 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430; \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441","en":"Balkan crisis of 1875\u20131878; Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878; Balkan Wars of 1912\u20131913; Russian journal satire, Russian caricature; image of the enemy; Slavonic unity; Balkan question"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":285,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:17.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Filippova Tat'ana Aleksandrovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru","en":"Ph.D., Senior Researcher of the Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS\\r\\nfilipova2006@yandex.ru"},"email":"filipova2006@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":979,"author_id":285}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":980,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:51:24.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:51:24.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438\u00bb: \u041b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"\u201cThis Pushes National History into the General Framework of World History\u201d: Lev Mikhailovich Sukhotin and his History Textbooks"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c (1879\u20131948) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0412.\u041e.\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u041f.\u0413.\u0412\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The article analyzes textbooks on World and Russian history written by Lev Mikhailovich Sukhotin (1879\u20131947) for children of Russian emigrants in Yugoslavia. Author developed traditions of educational literature, laid down by V.O.Klyuchevsky and P.G.Vinogradov. His textbooks were aimed at preserving cultural identity in the younger generation and at adapting them to conditions of emigration.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041b.\u041c.\u0421\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0412.\u041e.\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u041f.\u0413.\u0412\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432; \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439","en":"L.M.Sukhotin; V.O.Klyuchevsky; P.G.Vinogradov; emigration; textbooks; Russian school abroad"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":362,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Matveev Sergei Alekseevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0421\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"student-magistr, Department of Archival Affairs,\r\nRussian State University for the Humanities Department of Archival\r\nAffairs Russian State University for the Humanities"},"email":"ceregamatveeev@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":980,"author_id":362}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":981,"created_at":"2023-02-10T02:07:24.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:07:24.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1860-\u0435 \u2013 1890-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b: \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445","en":"Noblewomen of the Nizhnii Novgorod Province in the 1860s \u2013 1890s: Land Ownership, Marital Status, Entrepreneurial Activity in Country Estates"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043a. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 1860-\u0445 \u2013 1890-\u0445 \u0433\u0433., \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439, \u043f \u043e \u0441 \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041d .\u041c.\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0431 \u044b\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u00ab \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0443 \u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431., \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0438\u0446 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0446, \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u043e\u043a. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f (1860-\u0435 \u0438 1890-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.), \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The important question of land ownership and economic activity of noblewomen in the Russian Empire in the post-reform period is considered for investigation of the economic aspects of the women\u2019s history. The decades of the 1860s \u2013 1890s were selected for study, because according to research by academician N.M.Druzhinin\u2019s, this epoch was the time of \u201c the victory and strengthening of capitalism with simultaneous conservation of numerous feudal remnants\u201d. The article considers several aspects of female noble land ownership in the Nizhnii Novgorod province such as the size of land property, the marital status of female landowners, the line of inheritance, the entrepreneurial activity of noblewomen. The research focuses on the comparison of decades of the 1860s and 1890s as periods, mostly provided with primary archival data.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435; \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435","en":"entrepreneurship; nobility; 19th-century Russian history; Imperial Russia; women\u2019s history; factory history; marital property rights"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":387,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:58:20.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T01:58:20.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zapevalova Ekaterina Anatol'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d; \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u041a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0446\u00bb, \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434","en":"Ph.D candidate, IRI RAN, publishing house \"Quartz\", editor, Nizhny Novgorod"},"email":"il_za82@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":981,"author_id":387}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":982,"created_at":"2023-02-10T02:16:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:16:53.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"Soviet Economic Model and the Fate of the Union State (Materials of the Round Table)"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The centenary of education and the thirtieth anniversary of the collapse of the USSR actualize the search for the causes of what happened. In recent years, a number of monographs and collections of documents have been published (listed in the list for publication by L.N.Lazareva \u20131, 3, 4, 6), in which the economic theme occupies an important place. The idea of the round table, held on April 22, 2022 at the Center for Socio-Political History (to which the participants of the event express their sincere gratitude), was for the authors of these publications to present their vision of the connection of economic processes at all stages of the history of the Soviet Union with the collapse of the state. The initiative of the round table belongs to the State Public Historical Library, the Department of Modern History of Russia of Moscow State Regional Pedagogical University, the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art. The texts are published in the author's edition. Responsible for the publication D.V.Maslov, L.N.Lazareva.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430","en":"economic processes and the collapse of the state"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":26,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bespiatova Elena Borisovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant Professor, Deputy Head of the History Department, Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":982,"author_id":26}},{"id":83,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Zhuravlev Valeriy Vassil'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u00ab\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, the Head of Chair for the Modern Russian History, Moscow State Regional University, head specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History"},"email":"kaf-nnir@mgou.ru","pivot":{"article_id":982,"author_id":83}},{"id":146,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:25:05.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lazareva Lyubov\u2019 Nikolaevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041f\u0418, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d (\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423 \u0432 \u0433. \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e)","en":"Ph.D., historian, leading specialist of the \u201cCentre Documentary Publications\u201d, the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, assistant Professor, Chair of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines (Domodedovo branch of Russian State University for Humanities)"},"email":"laz_dom@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":982,"author_id":146}},{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Maslov Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. 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\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.<\/p>","en":"
The article examines the views of a prominent right-wing monarchist figure, Comrade Chairman of the Russian People's Union named after Mikhail Archangel N.D.Obleukhov about the current state and ideal of the state structure of Russia, set out in the program article \u00abTsarist Autocracy as a bulwark of people's freedom and equality\u00bb, published by him under the pseudonym P.Ukhtubuzhsky in three issues of the daily right-wing monarchical newspaper \u00abRussian Banner\u00bb in December 1915. As a key feature of N.D.Obleukhov's article is determined its target audience \u2013 the broad strata of the population, to whom the author seeks to convey the ideals of the monarchical state system. It is noted that the ideal way of government in Russia N.D.Obleukhov characterizes as \u00aba widely and harmoniously developed people's self-government with an autocratic Tsar at its head\u00bb. As a specific feature of N.D.Oblekhov's views stands out his use of the concepts of \u00abpeople's monarchy\u00bb and \u00abmonarchist populists\u00bb, which clearly demonstrate the desire among some Russian monarchists in the pre-revolutionary period for broad popular self-government, combined with unlimited sole power.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d.\u0414.\u041e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432; \u00ab\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u044f\u00bb; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0430; \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u044b; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b-\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u044f; \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435","en":"N.D.Obleukhov; \u201cRussian Banner\u201d; Russian People's Union named after Mikhail the Archangel; Union of the Russian People; The Right-Monarchist Movement; The Black Hundred; black-hundredists; Monarchists-Narodniks; People's Monarchy; Tsarist Autocracy"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":390,"created_at":"2023-02-10T02:31:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:32:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0428\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Shakhmatov Viktor Valerievych"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430","en":"the historian, Alumnus of the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Director of the Direction for Digital Initiatives of the Eurasian Development Bank"},"email":"vvshakhmatov@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":983,"author_id":390}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":984,"created_at":"2023-02-10T02:44:09.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:44:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u2026\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0442\u00bb. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u041d.\u0412.\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 (1935\u20131937)","en":"\u201c\u2026I Will Try to Write What They Command\u201d. Articles of the Publicist N.V.Ustryalov on the Pages of the Soviet Press (1935\u20131937)"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The article is devoted to the return of an eminent smenovekhovets Nikolai Ustryalov from Harbin to his homeland, to the conditions of his life in Moscow and its cooperation with the Soviet press. It mainly focuses on the articles of N.V.Ustryalov, written on request of the editorial offices \u201cPravda\u201d and \u201cIzvestia\u201d \u2013 about the constitution, Pushkin and Herzen. The author analyzes the subject matter of the publications, he reveals its\u2019 problems and connection with the era being experienced, and he also notes Ustryalov\u2019s desire to convey to the authorities and compatriots the ideas and values that he considered relevant. The conclusion is formulated about the importance of the last articles of N.V.Ustryalov as journalistic documents reflecting the lines of the era and the personality of the author.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d.\u0412.\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430; 1935\u20131937 \u0433\u0433.; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u00bb; \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb; \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043d","en":"N.V.Ustryalov; Moscow; 1935\u20131937; newspapers; \u00abPravda\u00bb; \u00abIzvestia\u00bb; publications; constitution; Pushkin; Herzen"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":142,"authors":[{"id":391,"created_at":"2023-02-10T02:41:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-10T02:41:57.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Romanovskii Viacheslav Khonstantinovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor in the Department of History and Social Sciences in the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of the Development of Education Nizhny Novgorod"},"email":"vkroman@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":984,"author_id":391}}],"issue":{"id":142,"created_at":"2023-02-10T01:05:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-17T15:03:13.000000Z","year":2022,"number":6,"active":1}},{"id":985,"created_at":"2023-04-28T14:30:34.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T14:50:58.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1996 \u2013 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 1999 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Relations Between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic. September 1996 \u2013 September 1999"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0447\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 1996\u20131999 \u0433\u0433. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u044e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 1997 \u0433. \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432 1998 \u0433. \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1998\u20131999 \u0433\u0433. \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1999 \u0433. \u0432 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442.<\/p>","en":"
The article analyzes the relationship between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1996\u20131999. After the signing of the Khasavyurt Agreements, the federal center hoped to peacefully establish relations with the Chechen authorities and promote the economic and political integration of Chechnya into the Russian constitutional space. In the first half of 1997, the relations between the official Moscow and Grozny were quite constructive. However, then the Chechen authorities began to rigidly insist on granting the republic full independence, sabotaged all the agreements reached on economic issues, and indulged religious extremists. As a result, in 1998 the negotiation process reached an impasse. Attempts to resuscitate him at the end of 1998\u20131999 were unsuccessful, and in the autumn of 1999 an armed conflict began again in Chechnya.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u0447\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0411. \u041d. \u0415\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d; \u0410. \u0410. \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Russian Federation; Chechen Republic of Ichkeria; separatism; federalism; Chechen conflict; regional policy; B. N. Yeltsin; A. A. Maskhadov"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":985,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":986,"created_at":"2023-04-28T14:36:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T14:50:31.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb: \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411.\u0414.\u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442 \u0432 1948 \u0433.","en":"\u00abThe people with whom I had to meet showed a lot of attention to the Soviet scientist\u00bb: the visit of Academician B.D.Grekov to Budapest in 1948"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411.\u0414.\u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1948 \u0433., \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
This article is devoted to the study of the journey of Academician B.D.Grekov to Hungary in November 1948, where he lectured on Ancient Russia history in the University of Budapest. The circumstances of the invitation of the Soviet scientist, the preparation and organization of his visit are studied; the content of his lectures is analyzed. A great place is given to Grekov\u2019s direct contacts with Hungarian scientific and political figures, the image of the Soviet scientist in the Hungarian press. Grekov\u2019s report on his trip was published in the appendix.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0411. \u0414. \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f","en":"B. D. Grekov; Soviet-Hungarian Scientific Relations; University of Budapest; historiography"},"column_id":9,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":121,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kovalev Mikhail Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u042e.\u0410.\u0413\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435","en":"Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher in the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor in the Yu.A.Gagarin Saratov State Technical University, Visiting Professor in the Higher School of Economics in The University of Economics, Prague"},"email":"kovalevmv@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":986,"author_id":121}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":987,"created_at":"2023-04-28T14:50:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T14:50:14.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0410\u041c\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0421\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0412\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0438 (1897\u20131960) \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0412\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u043b (1897\u20131971), \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b (2-\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430)","en":"Academicians of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Miron Semenovich Vovsi (1897\u20131960) and Boris Evgenievich Votchal (1897\u20131971), or on the Moral Criteria of the Moscow Therapeutic Elite (2nd Half of the 20th Century)"},"desc":{"ru":"
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A virtuoso of medical diagnostics and therapeutic skill, Vovsi was one of the most popular doctors in Moscow, he was also considered the best lecturer in internal medicine. Votchal was an internationally recognized naturalist, as well as an inventor and leading specialist in medical technology, the founder of pulmonology and clinical pharmacology in the USSR. They were brought together by the Great Patriotic War: Major General Vovsi created the military therapeutic service of the Red ( Soviet) Army, Colonel Votchal, as the chief therapist of the Volkhov Front, was one of his assistants. From 1944 Vovsi headed the Department of Clinical and Military Field Therapy of the CIU of Physicians; Votchal was the deputy head of the department. The authors of the article consistently demonstrate the common features and differences between Vovsi and Votchal on the winding path of life and reveal the reasons for the breakup of their long-term relationship.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c. \u0421. \u0412\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0438; \u0411. \u0415. \u0412\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0430\u043b; \u0414. \u0414. \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0432; \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0432\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430; \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"M. S. Vovsi; B. E. Votchal; D. D. Pletnev; therapeutic elite; moral criteria"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":31,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:11.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Borodulin Vladimir Iosifovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c.\u0418.\u041c.\u0421\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"D. Sci. in medicine, Professor of I.Sechenov Moscow Medical Acade-my, principal researcher of the Institute for history of medicine, RAMN"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":987,"author_id":31}},{"id":269,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:16.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Topolyansky Aleksey Victorovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041c\u041d","en":"Ph.D. in medicine, assistant Professor, Institute for history of medicine, RAMS"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":987,"author_id":269}},{"id":392,"created_at":"2023-04-28T14:56:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T14:56:38.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044e\u043a \u0415\u0433\u043e\u0440 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Banzeluk Egor Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0424\u0413\u0411\u041e\u0423 \u0412\u041e \u00ab\u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c. \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in Honey Sciences, Associate Professor, Therapy Faculty of Fundamental Medicine FSBEI HE \u201cMoscow State University. M.V.Lomonosov\u201d"},"email":"banzeluk@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":987,"author_id":392}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":988,"created_at":"2023-04-28T15:06:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T15:06:13.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448 \u0432\u0430\u0448 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439\u2026\u00bb \u0427\u0430\u0441\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0410\u042d (\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430) \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"\u201cHow strong and good is your open mechanism\u2026\u201d Clock with Windows for Monitoring the Operation of the Mechanism in the Collection of the Lomonosov Museum MAE (Kunstkamera) RAS"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 XVII\u2212\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XVIII \u0432. \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u041c\u0410\u042d (\u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430) \u0420\u0410\u041d. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.<\/p>","en":"
Modern market presents a wide choice of watches and clocks with clear back lid and front cover (\u201cskeletons\u201d). There are quite numerous examples of clocks of the 17\u221218th centuries with special windows for observing the work of mechanism. Five clocks of this type from the Lomonosov\u2019s museum MAE (Kunstkamera) RAS are under consideration in the article. Exhibiting them with reliable historical information can be successful in modern complicated conditions of competition for visitors\u2019 attention.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b; \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0430; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442; \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"clock; watch; watching work of mechanism; promotion; status object; museum marketing; history and modernity"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":155,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Lupanova Evgeniya Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043d\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 XVIII \u0432., \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e","en":"Ph.D, historian, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"lupanova@kunstkamera.ru","pivot":{"article_id":988,"author_id":155}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":989,"created_at":"2023-04-28T15:12:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T15:12:30.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438: \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e XX \u0432\u0432.","en":"The Attitude of the Romanovs to Marriages in the Imperial Family: the End of the 19th \u2013 the Beginning of the 20th Centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0432. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The article examines the attitude of members of the Russian Imperial family in the matrimonial policy of the dynasty in the late 19th \u2013 early 20th centuries. During this period, the most acute questions arose about morganatic marriages and intra-dynastic unions. The article assesses both the individual perception of the Romanovs processes in the field of matrimonial politics, and the established views on the problems of marriages. The sources of the article are correspondence, diaries and memoirs of representatives of the Imperial family.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u0414\u043e\u043c \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445; \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438; \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a","en":"genealogy; House of Romanov; sources of personal origin matrimonial ties; morganatic marriage"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":371,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:40:09.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Sokolov Aleksander Sergeevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\r\n\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 (\u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423)","en":"bachelor student, Faculty of History, Political Science and Law, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"al.s.sokolov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":989,"author_id":371}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":990,"created_at":"2023-04-28T15:15:31.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T15:16:31.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430 \u2013 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430. \u0410\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. 1960\u20131965","en":"Alupka \u2013 Moscow. Postgraduate. 1960\u20131965"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u00ab\u0428\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u00bb \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0412.\u0424.\u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443, \u0410.\u0412.\u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/p>","en":"
In the center of the narrative are the author's memoirs of participation in the competition of history textbooks for schools of working youth and subsequent postgraduate studies at the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. All events are given in the context of the target orientation and creative activity of the author, his scientific development and personal introspection. In the section \u201cStrokes to portraits\u201d, V.F.Antonov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, supervisor of the applicant, as well as A.V.Shestakov, co-author of an art-historical reader dedicated to the ancient world, are characterized.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438; \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442; \u0421. \u0410. \u0421\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u0412. \u0424. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0410. \u0412. \u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u0412. \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0433","en":"graduate school; history teaching methodology; textbooks; dissertation; Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute; S.A.Sekirinsky; V.F.Antonov; A.V.Shestakov; V.Messing"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":990,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":991,"created_at":"2023-04-28T15:21:29.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-28T15:21:29.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b (\u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041b\u041d\u0420)","en":"Occupation Authorities in the Donbass During the Great Patriotic War (Based on the Materials of the Archival Institutions of the LPR)"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p>","en":"
In the article, the author touches a number of issues related to the functioning of the occupation authorities in the Donbass during the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on unknown documents to the scientific community, stored in archival institutions of the Lugansk People's Republic, which are introduced into scientific circulation at the first time. The author emphasizes that the Nazi invaders formed a wide structure of the occupation authorities and administration. The author focuses on the fact that the main goal of the occupation policy of the enemy was the systematic destruction of the population and the robbery of the natural and material resources of Donbass.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0423\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420; \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0445; \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430; \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b","en":"Ukrainian SSR; USSR; Third Reich; Donbass; The Great Patriotic War; occupation, punishers; military commandant's office; collaborators"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":143,"authors":[{"id":345,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0418\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Tatarinov Igor' Evgen'evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u041e\u0423\u0412\u041f\u041e \u041b\u041d\u0420, \u00ab\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044f\u00bb, \u0433.\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a, \u041b\u041d\u0420\/\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"Ph.D in history, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations of the Ukrainian National University of Lugansk \u201cLugansk Vladimir Dal University\u201d, Lugansk, Lugansk People\u2019s Republic of Ukraine \/ Ukraine"},"email":"igortatarinov76@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":991,"author_id":345}}],"issue":{"id":143,"created_at":"2023-04-28T08:35:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-30T14:38:02.000000Z","year":2023,"number":1,"active":1}},{"id":992,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:13:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:13:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u00bb. \u041a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041c.\u041f.\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0420\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432","en":"\u201cThe Demon of Propaganda\u201d. To the History of M.P.Bestuzhev-Ryumin's Activities in the Southern Decembrists Society"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u041c.\u041f.\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u0420\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0425.\u0411\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u00ab\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u00bb. \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0411\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the analysis of conspiratorial activity of the Decembrist M.P.Bestuzhev-Rjumin. The author describes the moment when the Decembrist joined the conspiracy, his relations with the main members of the Southern Society. In the opinion of A.H.Benckendorff, an investigator in the Decembrists' case, the young revolutionary was \u201cthe demon of propaganda\u201d. The author believes that this characterization is correct. The article refers to the negotiations of Bestuzhev-Rumin with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041c.\u041f.\u0411\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0432-\u0420\u044e\u043c\u0438\u043d; \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d; \u041c.\u041c.\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432.","en":"M.P.Bestuzhev-Ryumin; Southern Society; Society of United Slavs; M.M.Spiridov"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":118,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Kiyanskaya Oksana Ivanovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0420\u0410\u041d (\u0418\u041d\u0418\u041e\u041d \u0420\u0410\u041d)","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Literary Criticism, Faculty of Journalism, Russian State University for the Humanities, leading researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"kianoks@inbox.ru","pivot":{"article_id":992,"author_id":118}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":993,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:17:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:17:10.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb: \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f","en":"Dostoevsky and \u201cLes Mis\u00e9rables\u201d: Experience Intercultural Interaction"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u044e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0424.\u041c.\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u2013 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439) \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430.<\/p>","en":"
The article deals with the situation of intercultural interaction, which is defined through the need of world development to gather into a single humanity not by joining in one cultural tradition, but in recognition of the unity of different traditions, which, as it turns out, need each other on the principle of complementarity. This is how two great writers, Victor Hugo with his novel Les Mis\u00e9rables and the great Russian writer F.M. Dostoyevsky, who liked the novel that expressed the national spirit of France, but touched Dostoyevsky with the theme of the \"restoration\" of human dignity \u2013 not only in the strictly legal (formal) plane, but also through the realization that any formal law always needs also justice of moral order.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u044e\u0433\u043e; \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u00ab\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435\u00bb; \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u00ab\u0418\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u00bb; \u0424.\u041c.\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.","en":"Victor Hugo; novel Les Miserables; novel The Idiot; F.M.Dostoevsky"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":993,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":994,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:21:25.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:21:25.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"The Ideological Search for the Times of the Counter-Revolution"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1870 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1880-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 II, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 III. \u0412 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the intellectual search of Russian conservatives in the late 1870s \u2013 early 1880s. It is about the understanding the nature of the political crisis at the end of the reign of Alexander II, as well as the prospects for overcoming it. In essence, this refers to the folding system of ideas that formed the intellectual basis of the government policy of the times of Alexander III. Disputes continue in historiography whether the transformations carried out in those years can be interpreted as counter-reforms. The author disputes this point of view. If we keep in mind the goal-setting of the authors of that time, their mood, then it would be more accurate to talk about the ideology of counter-revolution, which was shared by many representatives of bureaucratic spheres.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 III; \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c","en":"Alexander III; reforms; government; ideology; conservatism"},"column_id":7,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":339,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-19T16:44:23.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Solov'ev Kirill Andreevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c-\r\n\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041d\u0418\u0423 \u0412\u0428\u042d)\u00bb","en":"Doctor of History, Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the School of Historical Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE)."},"email":"nkirillsol22@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":994,"author_id":339}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":995,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:24:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:24:18.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b. 1643\u20131701 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Interaction Between Central Government and Local Administration. According to the Materials of the Korochansky Order Hut. 1643\u20131701"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b (\u043e\u043a. 300 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434) \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432: 1) \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438; 2) \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439; 3) \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XVII \u0432. \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430; 4) \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XVII \u0432. \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>","en":"
The study of the documents of the orderly hut of the city of Koroch of the Belgorod zasechnaya line (about 300 certificates and unsubscriptions of the voivodes) allows us to draw a number of conclusions: 1) the Moscow government carried out close cooperation with local rulers; 2) the letters regulated the activity of the voivodes, depriving them of full independence in decision-making; 3) the letters of the second half of the XVII century threaten the voivodes with severe punishments for non-compliance with the instructions of the center; 4) in the second half of the XVII century. service discipline in the field noticeably weakened, which was a consequence of the difficult situation that developed in the ruling circles after the death of Alexei Mikhailovich. However, this was not the basis for the destruction of the organization of the command management system.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430; \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430; \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438; \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"royal charter; Razryadnyy prikaz; governor; orderly hut; unsubscribe; army people; punishment for abuse of power."},"column_id":11,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":358,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0440\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Pisar'kova Lyubov' Fedorovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, senior researcher of Institute of Russian history of Russian Academy of Sciences"},"email":"afanasiev44@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":995,"author_id":358}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":996,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:30:30.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:30:30.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"The role and place of salon dance in the education of children and adults in pre-revolutionary Russia"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u041a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e (\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443, \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0412 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443. \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e\u00bb \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u044c \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
By the middle of the XIX century, the culture of teaching salon (ballroom) dance in Russia had reached a high level of development. There was a real system of dance training, in which the teacher played a key role. His functions included not only the duty to learn dance moves, but also to educate students in the rules of etiquette inherent in secular society. \u201cDancing\u201d was taught to young children at home, in primary, secondary and higher educational institutions according to programs adopted by the Ministry of Public Education. Young people and adults were trained in fashionable novelties in dance classes opened by professional dancers.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430; \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c","en":"teacher; dance class; curriculum; education; morality"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":81,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0416\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Zhbankova Elena Vasiljevna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u0413\u0423 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University"},"email":"evzhbankova@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":996,"author_id":81}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":997,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:35:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:35:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u044b: \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c. \u0421\u0438\u043c\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c. 1965\u20131972","en":"People and Destinies: Strokes for Portraits. Simferopol. 1965\u20131972"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0444\u043e\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0412.\u041c.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u041e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u00ab\u0421\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u042f\u043b\u0442\u044b\u00bb). \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0443 \u041c.\u041b.\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433 \u0421.\u0424.\u0421\u043a\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e. \u0415\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b.<\/p>","en":"
The focus of these essays-memoirs are three extraordinary personalities with whom fate brought the author together during his work as a teacher at the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. The second essay deals with the joint creative work of the author of the essay with V.M.Cherny over the theme of the revolutionary, writer and orientalist Oscar Tarkhanov and over historical short stories (the book \u201cWith the Stamp of Yalta\u201d). The second essay is dedicated to the poet M.L.Grunin, head of the youth literary association at the Crimean organization of the Writers' Union. The character of the third essay is a talented teacher S.F.Sklyarenko. His letters from Sevastopol testify to the rejection by the disabled and war veteran of the nationalist policies of the Ukrainian ruling elite<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0412.\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u041e.\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432; \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u00bb; \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a, \u041c.\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043d; \u0421.\u0421\u043a\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e; \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430","en":"co-authors V.Cherny and O.Volobuev; \u201cliterature of fact\u201d; literary circle; M.Grunin; S.Sklyarenko; pedagogical drawing; veteran and independent Ukraine"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":997,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":998,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:40:02.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:40:02.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041c\u044b, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438\u2026\u00bb: \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0434 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c","en":"\u201cWe, the Democracy of the Muslim Peoples of Russia\u2026\u201d: Zahid Shamil"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0417. \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b 1917\u20131920 \u0433\u0433.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the social and political activities of one of the North Caucasian leaders of the early twentieth century Z. Shamil, the grandson of Imam Shamil, previously unknown facts from his biography in the conditions of the Russian revolution and civil war of 1917\u20131920 are given<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u0418. \u0412. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u041c. \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d-\u0413\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432; \u0417. \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c; \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442","en":"North Caucasus; I. V. Stalin; M. Sultan-Galiev; Z. Shamil; national policy; All-Russian Muslim Council"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":100,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:12.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u041c\u0438\u0434\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Iskhakov Salavat Midkhatovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"rusrevref@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":998,"author_id":100}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":999,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:43:11.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T10:43:11.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Public Councils and Labour Relations"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438) \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u0424. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f). \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The quick development of deliberative democracy led to the formation of numerous state-public institutions. Such institutions are public councils under state authorities and digital participation platforms. Democracy and digital technologies have increasingly begun to push out outdated civil and public institutions and promote the emergence of new ones based on electronic participation (participation). The author believes that the outgoing institutions of power have not been replaced by others. Public councils and electronic participatory platforms have not become engines of social development. The reason for this, according to the author, is due to the fact that these institutions are focused exclusively on the activities of public authorities<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b; \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442","en":"Deliberative democracy; Information and technologies; public councils; archaization; Internet"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":144,"authors":[{"id":374,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044d\u043b\u044c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kamari Daniel"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Member of the Free Economic Society"},"email":"danikamari@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":999,"author_id":374}}],"issue":{"id":144,"created_at":"2023-07-07T10:08:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-07-07T14:54:57.000000Z","year":2023,"number":2,"active":1}},{"id":1000,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:41:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T08:41:27.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 56 \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0435 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430","en":"Hungary \u2013 56 in the life of Yuri Andropov and in view of the Jewish question"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1956 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435, \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u043a \u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0435 \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
Anti-communist public activity in Hungary, fueled by the Jewish problem and escalated in the fall of 1956 into a massive uprising marked by bloody events, not only extremely aggravated the situation in this country, but also posed a serious threat to global geopolitical stability. However, this catastrophic and fraught with a global nuclear cataclysm scenario, fortunately, was not realized, and thanks to both the decisive measures taken by the leadership of the USSR and the proactive actions of individual responsible persons, including the Soviet ambassador in Budapest Yuri Andropov.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1956 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443; \u0425\u0440\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0432; \u042e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432; \u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441","en":"the uprising in Hungary in 1956; Khrushchev; Yuri Andropov; the Jewish question"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":131,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kostyrchenko Gennadii Vasil\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"D.Sci., historian, leading specialist, Institute of Russian History, RAS"},"email":"genkost@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1000,"author_id":131}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1001,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:55:24.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T08:55:24.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442, \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430: \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0418.\u041c.\u0413\u0435\u0439\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430","en":"Anarchist, Diplomat, Archive director: Life and Socio-Political Activities of I.M.Geytsman"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0418\u043b\u044c\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0439\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 (1879\u20131938) \u2013 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0413\u0435\u0439\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0445\u043b\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b \u0432 1905\u20131907 \u0433\u0433., \u0432 1914\u20131918 \u0433\u0433. \u2013 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u043e\u043d \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430. \u0412 1921\u20131923 \u0433\u0433. \u0413\u0435\u0439\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u041a\u041f(\u0431), \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u00bb.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the socio-political activities of Ilya Moiseevich Geitsman (1879\u20131938), a revolutionary, leader of the anarchist movement in Russia, and a soviet diplomat. Geitsman was one of the organizers of the anarcho-communist movement \u201ckhlebovoltsev\u201d on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania in 1905\u20131907. In 1914\u20131918, he became the leader of the anarchist movement in Siberia. At the same time, he becomes one of the influential figures of the Centr\u043esibir\u2019, had an impact on the formation of its political course. In 1921\u20131923, he became one of the ideologists of the \u201canarcho-Bolsheviks\u201d, pursued a course for the integration of the anarchist movements of Russia and Europe into the orbit of the influence of the RCP(b).<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b-\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0413\u0435\u0439\u0446\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u00ab\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u00bb; \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438 (\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u044c)","en":"anarchists; anarchist communists; Geitsman Ilya Moiseevich; \u00abThe Nikolaev incident\u00bb; Central Executive Committee of Siberian Soviets (Tsentrosibir)"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":373,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rublev Dmitrii Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University,\r\nLeading Specialist of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History"},"email":"rublev773@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":1001,"author_id":373}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1002,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:11:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:11:27.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438... \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb: \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 (1793\u20131855)","en":"Outstanding Agrarian Innovators of Russia in the 19th \u2013 Early 20th Centuries. \u201cEvery Success in Industry\u2026 is a Precious Acquisition for Society\u201d: Efim Stepanovich Karnovich (1793\u20131855)"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c-\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0425IX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0415.\u0421.\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430.<\/p>","en":"
The article opens a series of historical and biographical publications dedicated to the agrarian innovators of Russia in the 19th \u2013 early 20th centuries. The article comprehensively analyzes the economic views and long-term economic and educational activities of the outstanding landowner-innovator of pre-reform Russia, E.S.Karnovic.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0415.\u0421.\u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"pre-reform Russia; agrarian rationalization; enlightenment; E.S.Karnovich"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":393,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozlov Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci, historian"},"email":"sa-kozlov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1002,"author_id":393}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1003,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:18:05.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:18:05.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413.\u0410.\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432.","en":"Warsaw Governor-General G.A.Skalon and Government Policy in the Kingdom of Poland in the Early 20th Century"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0413.\u0410.\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 1905\u20131914 \u0433\u0433. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0425\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432.<\/p>","en":"
The role of the Warsaw Governor-General G.A.Scalon in the development of government policy in the Kingdom of Poland in 1905\u20131914 is considered. Skalon's projects and proposals on changing the status of the Polish language in teaching, city self-government, the introduction of zemstvo self-government and the creation of the Kholm province are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the declining role of the Governor-General's power in making decisions on the administration of the Kingdom of Poland in the early twentieth century and the growing influence of the Council of Ministers and Ministries.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435; \u0413.\u0410.\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d; \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u041f.\u0410.\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044b\u043f\u0438\u043d; \u0421.\u042e.\u0412\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0435","en":"Kingdom of Poland; G.A.Skalon; Warsaw Governor-General; P.A.Stolypin; S.Yu.Witte"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":394,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:17:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:17:41.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Bakhturina Aleksandra Yur'evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a (\u0413\u0410\u0423\u0413\u041d), \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci, historian, State Academic University for the Humanities (GAUGN), Moscow"},"email":"b-a-t13@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1003,"author_id":394}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1004,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:33:34.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:33:34.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435 I","en":"Features of the Formation of the Departments of Russian History in the Capital's Universities Under Nicholas I"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The article examines the formation of the departments of national history at Moscow and St. Petersburg Universities. Two factors influenced this process: the internal development of the history of Russia as a scientific discipline and the triad \u201cOrthodoxy, Autocracy, nationality\u201d proposed by the Minister of Public Education S.\u200aS.\u200aUvarov. The initial stage of the formation of the national history departments was closely connected with the views and activities of two the most famous historians of this era \u2013 M.\u200aP.\u200aPogodin and N.\u200aG.\u200aUstryalov. Important results of their scientific and pedagogical work were the introduction of a large number of sources into science, the identification of significant problems of Russian history and its features, as well as the desire to teach students independent scientific research.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421.\u0421.\u0423\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0422\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u00bb; \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442; \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"S.S.Uvarov; Historical education; The Triad \u201cOrthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality\u201d; Saint Petersburg University; Moscow University; Department of Russian History"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":395,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:31:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:31:01.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0421\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u0440\u044c\u044f \u042e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Sazonova Dar\u2019ya Yur\u2019evna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0410\u0441\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 3 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0418\u0420\u0418 \u0420\u0410\u041d","en":"postgraduate student of IRI RAS"},"email":"s.daffna@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1004,"author_id":395}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1005,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:42:55.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:42:55.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432.: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f","en":"Food Policy of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Problems and Solutions"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current historiographical situation in the context of studying the state food policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The main directions of studying the problem of food security, hunger, as well as the participation of state authorities and local self-government in the implementation of measures to prevent a food crisis in the Russian post-reform village, which have become widespread in the national historiographic tradition, are investigated. The conclusion is made about the fragmentary nature of the study of the designated problem and the absence of special scientific research devoted to the subject under study.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f","en":"state food policy; contemporary historiography"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":396,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:42:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:42:33.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Rogozhina Angelina Sergeivna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0424\u0413\u0411\u041e\u0423 \u0412\u041e \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0418.\u0421.\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u00bb, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, assistant professor Orel State University"},"email":"rogozhinaas@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1005,"author_id":396}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1006,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:50:22.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:50:22.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435: \u041d.\u200a\u0412.\u200a\u0427\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Diplomat at War: N.V.Charykov and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877\u20131878. People from Notes"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u2013 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u044d\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0413\u0418\u0410, \u0420\u0413\u0412\u0418\u0410, \u0420\u0413\u0410\u0414\u0410 \u0438 \u0426\u0413\u0410\u0421\u041e, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041d.\u0412.\u0427\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d.\u0412.\u0427\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0438 \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.<\/p>","en":"
The article is devoted to the study of the participation of a career diplomat, an employee of the central office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, Nikolai Valeryevich Charykov, in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877\u20131878. Based on the archival materials of the RGIA, RGVIA, RGADA and TsGASO, as well as a set of memoirs by N.V.Charykov, the elements of his worldview, the motives for participation in the war, the events and results of the war in the representation and interpretation of N.V.Charykov, the system of interaction between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Ministry.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u041d.\u0412.\u0427\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432; \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b; \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f; \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 1877\u20131878 \u0433\u0433.","en":"Tcharykow N.V.; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire; Russian diplomacy; foreign policy; documents of personal origin; Russo-Turkish War 1877\u20131878"},"column_id":12,"issue_id":145,"authors":[{"id":397,"created_at":"2023-08-17T09:50:10.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T09:50:10.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Chernov Oleg Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438; \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 (\u0433. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f)","en":"D.Sci, historian, Professor of Domestic History and Archeology Department; Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education (Samara, Russian Federation)"},"email":"chernov@list.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1006,"author_id":397}}],"issue":{"id":145,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:23:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-10T11:50:35.000000Z","year":2023,"number":3,"active":1}},{"id":1007,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:23:28.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:25:08.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 2000\u20132004 \u0433\u0433.\b","en":"Political Development of the Chechen Republic in 2000\u20132004"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The article reviews the political development of the Chechen Republic while A.-Kh. A. Kadyrov was in power. The author analyzes the internal political situation in the republic, the process of forming state authorities, the relationship between the military and civilian authorities in Chechnya. The political process in Chechnya took place in extremely difficult conditions due to the acute socio-economic crisis and the ongoing armed confrontation between the federal center and the separatists. A.-X. Kadyrov pursued a course towards building constructive relations with the federal center. A key event was the referendum in March 2003, which consolidated Chechnya's status as a subject of Russia and the presidential elections in October 2003. The death of the Chechen president in May 2004 was a resonant event, but could not change the vector of political development of the republic.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0441\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442; \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0427\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430; \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0430; \u0412. \u0412. \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d; \u0410. \u0410. \u041a\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0410. \u0410. \u041c\u0430\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432","en":"Russian Federation; Chechen Republic; separatism; Chechen conflict; Second Chechen War; state construction; political struggles; V. V. Putin; A. A. Kadyrov, A. A. Maskhadov"},"column_id":2,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":334,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041e\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Oreshin Sergei Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb","en":"Ph.D. in History, leading expert of a state budget institution \u00abThe Moscow House of Nationalities\u00bb"},"email":"Oreshin12345@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1007,"author_id":334}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1008,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:29:52.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:29:52.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab...\u0412\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044e: \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f","en":"\u201c...Every Right-thinking and Truly Decent Person Should Be a Revolutionary\u201d. What Brought Vladimir Ulyanov into the Revolution: Discussions Continue"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The article examines the factors that contributed to the transformation of V.I.Ulyanov (Lenin) into a revolutionary. It is shown that even well-known sources (first of all, the memories of the leader's relatives) are fraught with certain riddles and omissions. Modern historiography has freed itself from the cliches of the Soviet era with its rather straightforward interpretation of Lenin's path to revolution, but sometimes suffers from arbitrary treatment of facts. The use of methods of psychological analysis, comparison of sources, identification of the political position of their authors, the time in which memories were created, and other methods are aimed at clarifying the conditions and circumstances associated with Vladimir Ulyanov's departure into the revolution.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432 (\u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d); \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440; \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0418.\u041d.\u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u0410.\u0418.\u0423\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u0415\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430; \u041d.\u0413\u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439; \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f; \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0430","en":"Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin); revolutionary; Alexander Ulyanov; I.N.Ulyanov; A.I.Ulyanova-Elizarova; N.G.Chernyshevsky; Marxism; biography; Leniniana"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":171,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:14.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Maslov Dmitriy Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D. Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Modern History, Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":1008,"author_id":171}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1009,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:33:37.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:33:37.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"The Hidden Personal Life of Stalinist Playwright Alexander Afinogenov"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0410.\u041d. \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1960, 1977) \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c: \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u044b \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0436\u044c\u00bb. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439\u00bb. \u041f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430\u00bb.<\/p>","en":"
The article deals with the relationship between playwright A.N.Afinogenov and his second wife, American ballerina Jenny Marling. During the publication of Afinogenov's diaries and letters (1960, 1977) these relations were kept silent: those fragments that demonstrated the complexity of the situation in the family were removed from the published documents. These difficulties began during the foreign tour of Afinogenov and Marling in Europe, and as a consequence, they became the ground for the playwright's thoughtful attitude to family problems in general and to the psychology of people's behavior in marriage, in particular. The article studies the phenomenon of \u201cpersonal life\u201d in the life of Stalin's playwright - how this mood was reflected in the writing of the play \u201cLies\u201d. It was rejected by Stalin personally, yet the basic idea of the play seemed \u201crich\u201d to him. Psychology and ideology in Afinogenov's life turned out to be incompatible moduses of the biography of \u201cStalin's playwright\u201d.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041d.\u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432; \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0436\u044c\u00bb; \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d; \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433; \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0411\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0434\u043e\u043d; \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"A.N.Afinogenov; the play \u201cLies\u201d; Stalin, Jenny Marling; John Bovingdon; Soviet dramaturgy"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1009,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1010,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:43:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:43:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438: \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f","en":"Suvorov in Finland: Mythology and History"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0416\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435. \u041a \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0446 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043f\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0432 1791\u20121792 \u0433\u0433., \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u0444\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The life, works and, thoughts of great people are mythologized, not only in the mass consciousness, but also in scientific literature. This applies to Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov in full measure. The commander can be considered a model of both ridiculous attacks and slander, and delusions into which his sincere well-wishers and diligent researchers introduce the reader. This is especially true of the motives of his activity, formed by moral attitudes, life experience and reflections. Using the example of Suvorov's short but fruitful stay in Finland in 1791\u20121792, we will acquaint the reader with the course of understanding the works and ideas of the commander, which are very different from the mythology about him. The article analyzes the military ideas of Suvorov, formulated by him during a year and a half of service as a builder, then commander of troops in Finland.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u0412.\u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430; \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0438\u044f; \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438; \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b; \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 II; \u0413.\u0410.\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043d; \u0420\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442; \u0421\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f","en":"A.V.Suvorov; military art; strategic defense; Finland; fortresses; canals; Catherine II; G.A.Potemkin; Port of Rochensalm; Saimaa flotilla"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":398,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:41:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:41:33.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0411\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Bogdanov Andrey Petrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Leading Researcher at the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow"},"email":"bogdanovap@mail.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1010,"author_id":398}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1011,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:50:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:50:33.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 (1918\u20131919 \u0433\u0433.): \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440","en":"All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth (1918\u20131919): Ideology and Evolution of Organizational Structures"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 (\u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0415\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/p>
\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>","en":"
The All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth (WFAM) is a unique historical phenomenon. This is the only anarchist youth organization of All-Russian scale that operated during the Great Russian Revolution and received a fairly wide response in the regions. Within the framework of the WFAM, an attempt was made to ideologically update Russian anarchism based on the concept of \u201cunified anarchism\u201d. In addition, the leaders of the WFAM attempted an organizational unification of the anarchist movement.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438; \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438","en":"anarchists; All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth; Karelin Apollon Andreevich; Kropotkin Pyotr Alekseevich; the First All-Russian Congress of Anarchist Youth"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":373,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rublev Dmitrii Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University,\r\nLeading Specialist of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History"},"email":"rublev773@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":1011,"author_id":373}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1012,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:55:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:55:48.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438: \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d \u2013 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430","en":"Nobleman in the Interior of the Soviet Era: Grigory Alexandrovich Pushkin \u2013 Grandson of the Poet"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 (\u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0415\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/p>
\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>","en":"
The All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth (WFAM) is a unique historical phenomenon. This is the only anarchist youth organization of All-Russian scale that operated during the Great Russian Revolution and received a fairly wide response in the regions. Within the framework of the WFAM, an attempt was made to ideologically update Russian anarchism based on the concept of \u201cunified anarchism\u201d. In addition, the leaders of the WFAM attempted an organizational unification of the anarchist movement.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438; \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438","en":"anarchists; All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth; Karelin Apollon Andreevich; Kropotkin Pyotr Alekseevich; the First All-Russian Congress of Anarchist Youth"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":194,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:15.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Naumov Oleg Nikolaevich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Moscow State Regional University, Member of the International Academy of Genealogy in France"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":1012,"author_id":194}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1013,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:58:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T21:58:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u00ab\u0412\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438-\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432.\u00bb \u041e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a 2. \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb: \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041c\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0440 (1783\u20131860)","en":"\u201cOutstanding Agricultural Innovators Russia in the 19th \u2013 Early 20th Centuries\u201d Essay 2. \u201cThe Real Path to Improvement Our Farm\u201d: Franz Christianovich Mayer (1783\u20131860)"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0424.\u0425.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435 \u0424.\u0425.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u00bb (\u041c., 1835), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>","en":"
The article examines the economic views and long-term economic and cultural management activities of the outstanding forester of pre-reform Russia F.H.Mayer. Special attention is paid to the book by F.H.Mayer's \u201cThe Experience of rural improvement, or the police\u201d (Moscow, 1835), which has earned wide national fame, however, still has not become the object of a comprehensive analysis by modern scientists.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0424.\u0425.\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0435\u0440","en":"pre-reform Russia; rational forestry; enlightenment; F.H.Mayer"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":146,"authors":[{"id":393,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozlov Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci, historian"},"email":"sa-kozlov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1013,"author_id":393}}],"issue":{"id":146,"created_at":"2024-02-18T21:19:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-02-18T22:00:33.000000Z","year":2023,"number":4,"active":1}},{"id":1014,"created_at":"2024-03-05T14:40:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T14:40:13.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c?","en":"Speech at the program \u201cRight to Know\u201d"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0438\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044c\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044f\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f: \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
The U.S. pays lip service to Israel, but in reality it is setting the Middle East on fire, contributing to the formation of a radical Islamist entity that will eventually sweep Israel away. There is a clear strategy in these seemingly contradictory actions: America has declared war on development in order to preserve its hegemony and destroy its geopolitical rivals. Today it needs to barbarize and archaize the global periphery. For Russia to be able to withstand, for it to be able to exist not in the logic of situational response, it must realize what it is facing and what it can counter the civilization of death.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044c; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430; \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435; \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043c; \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0425\u0410\u041c\u0410\u0421; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d","en":"USA; Israel; Russia and Ukraine; development; radical Islamism; global periphery; Hamas; postmodernism"},"column_id":1,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":143,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kurguinjan Serguey Ervandovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f XXI\u00bb, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0445\u00bb","en":"Ph. D. in physics and mathematics, specialist in political sciences, President of the International Public Foundation \u00abExperimental Creative Center\u00bb, editor-in-chief of \u00abRussia XXI\u00bb, Chief producer of the Theatre \u00abOn the Boards\u00bb"},"email":"ecc@ecc.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1014,"author_id":143}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1015,"created_at":"2024-03-05T14:45:33.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T14:45:33.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0421\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430","en":"The Hidden Personal Life of Stalinist Playwright Alexander Afinogenov"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0410.\u041d.\u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 (1960, 1977) \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c: \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437\u044b\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u2013 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d \u00ab\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438\u00bb \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u0442\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u044b \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0436\u044c\u00bb. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u044f \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439\u00bb. \u041f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430\u00bb.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
The article deals with the relationship between playwright A.N.Afinogenov and his second wife, American ballerina Jenny Marling. During the publication of Afinogenov's diaries and letters (1960, 1977) these relations were kept silent: those fragments that demonstrated the complexity of the situation in the family were removed from the published documents. These difficulties began during the foreign tour of Afinogenov and Marling in Europe, and as a consequence, they became the ground for the playwright's thoughtful attitude to family problems in general and to the psychology of people's behavior in marriage, in particular. The article studies the phenomenon of \u201cpersonal life\u201d in the life of Stalin's playwright - how this mood was reflected in the writing of the play \u201cLies\u201d. It was rejected by Stalin personally, yet the basic idea of the play seemed \u201crich\u201d to him. Psychology and ideology in Afinogenov's life turned out to be incompatible moduses of the biography of \u201cStalin's playwright\u201d.<\/p>
<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0410.\u041d.\u0410\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0436\u044c\u00bb, \u0418.\u0412.\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433, \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0411\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0434\u043e\u043d, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f","en":"A.N.Afinogenov, the play \u201cLies\u201d, Stalin, Jenny Marling, John Bovingdon, Soviet dramaturgy"},"column_id":6,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":322,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:18.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u042e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Yourganov Andrey L'vovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chair of Early and Early Modern Russian History, Russian State University for Humanities"},"email":"Iurganov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1015,"author_id":322}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1016,"created_at":"2024-03-05T14:54:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T14:55:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b. \u0421\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0435\u044f \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438","en":"Kiranovs: the Fate of Archpriest Dimitri and his Family"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u044f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0435\u044f \u0441\u0432. \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f (\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430), \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0410\u043d\u043d\u044b \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u0421\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0417\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438, \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 (\u0420\u041f\u0426). \u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0446\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a. \u0412 1937 \u0433. \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0430\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0438 4 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1938 \u0433. \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043d. \u0412 1997 \u0433. \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043a \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0430 \u0432 2000 \u0433. \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0420\u041f\u0426 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a.<\/p>
<\/p>","en":"
The essay tells about the fate of the Yalta archpriest of St. Dimitri (Kiranov), his wife Anna Lvovna and son Lev Dmitrievich. The couple are godparents of the author of the essay, who spent his childhood near the church of St. John Chrysostom and put his memories and impressions into the essay. The participation of Father Dimitri, together with other Crimean clergy, in resisting the onslaught of the Bolshevik government and the Renovationist Church, in defending the constitutional rights of the Russian Orthodox Church is presented. A faithful and worthy companion in his life was Mother Anna. Together they experienced persecution of the church, persecution, slanderous accusations, the exile of Father Dimitri to Kazakhstan, the expulsion of his son to Arkhangelsk. In 1937, Father Dimitri was arrested and shot on January 4, 1938. In 1997, he was canonized as a locally venerated saint, and in 2000, at the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, he was glorified for church-wide veneration as a new martyr.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u044f\u043b\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0438 1920\u20131930 \u0433\u0433.; \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0420\u041f\u0426","en":"clergy; Yalta churches of 1920\u20131930; renovationism; anti-religious policy; repression against the Russian Orthodox Church"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":370,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Volobuev Oleg Vladimirovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Moscow State Regional University"},"email":"volobuevov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1016,"author_id":370}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1017,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:01:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:01:41.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 (1918\u20131919 \u0433\u0433.): \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440","en":"All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth (1918\u20131919): Ideology and Evolution of Organizational Structures"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 (\u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u0424\u0410\u041c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445. \u0415\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>","en":"
The All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth (WFAM) is a unique historical phenomenon. This is the only anarchist youth organization of All-Russian scale that operated during the Great Russian Revolution and received a fairly wide response in the regions. Within the framework of the WFAM, an attempt was made to ideologically update Russian anarchism based on the concept of \u201cunified anarchism\u201d. In addition, the leaders of the WFAM attempted an organizational unification of the anarchist movement.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b; \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438; \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447; \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438","en":"anarchists; All-Russian Federation of Anarchist Youth; Karelin Apollon Andreevich; Kropotkin Pyotr Alekseevich; the First All-Russian Congress of Anarchist Youth"},"column_id":11,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":373,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:19.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0420\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Rublev Dmitrii Ivanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412.\u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438","en":"Ph.D., historian, Associate Professor, Faculty of Public Administration, Lomonosov Moscow State University,\r\nLeading Specialist of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History"},"email":"rublev773@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":1017,"author_id":373}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1018,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:05:49.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:05:49.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u0412\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438-\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0425\u0425 \u0432\u0432. \u00ab\u0415\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c...\u00bb: \u0410\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0424\u0435\u0442 (1820\u20131892)","en":"Outstanding Agricultural Innovators of Russia in the 19th \u2013 early 20th Centuries. \u201cHe always needed activity...\u201d: Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820\u20131892)"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430 XIX \u0432. \u0410.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0410.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430; \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/p>","en":"
The article examines the socio-cultural views and economic activities of the outstanding Russian poet of the XIX century A.A.Fet. The innovative nature of the economic undertakings of A.A.Fet as a prominent landowner-innovator is noted; the relationship of his long-term work to improve the economy of his own estate with the important conclusions he made concerning the agrarian and socio-cultural evolution of the entire post-reform Russia.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435; \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0410.\u0410.\u0424\u0435\u0442","en":"post-reform Russia; agrarian rationalization; enlightenment; traditional Russian mentality; A.A.Fet"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":393,"created_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-08-17T08:58:38.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u043e\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kozlov Sergey Aleksandrovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a","en":"D.Sci, historian"},"email":"sa-kozlov@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1018,"author_id":393}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1019,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:18:15.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:18:15.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 (2000-\u0435 \u0433\u0433.)","en":"The Latest Trends in the Demographic Development of the Rural Population of the Urals (2000s)"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435: \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 2000-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438).<\/p>","en":"
The focus is on the demographic situation in the Ural village: the share of its population is in the total number of rural residents of Russia and in comparison with other regions; common and specific features inherent only to rural residents of the Urals are traced. Conclusion: in the conditions of the economic revival of the 2000s, healthy trends were already operating in the rural population of the Urals (in fertility, natural population growth and the volume of rural migration).<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0420\u0424; \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c; \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f; \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 (\u0443\u0431\u044b\u043b\u044c); \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u043a","en":"federal districts of the Russian Federation, the number and share of rural population, fertility, mortality, natural increase (decrease), migration outflow"},"column_id":4,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":399,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:13:31.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:13:31.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430","en":"Verbitskaya Olga Mikhailovna"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"D.Sci., historian, Chief Researcher, Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow"},"email":"Verb-olga@yandex.ru","pivot":{"article_id":1019,"author_id":399}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1020,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:22:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:22:44.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u0430\u043c? \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. XIX\u2013\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e XX \u0432\u0432.","en":"How to Serve Foreigners? The authorities' Ideas about the Peoples of the Russian Empire in the Context of Military Service. XIX\u2013early XX Centuries"},"desc":{"ru":"
\u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435). \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u0412 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p>","en":"
In the Russian Empire, refusal to officially recognize the national (ethnic) identity of subjects was one of the pillars of national and religious policy (religion was indicated in documents). In the second half of the 19th century, in the context of the transition to all-class conscription, the conscription contingent expanded to include the non-Russian population, which raised the question of its suitability for service in the armed forces. As part of the discussion of this issue, there was actual recognition of the country\u2019s \u201cmultinationality\u201d in the works of General Staff officers and in special interdepartmental committees.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f; \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f; \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0446\u044b; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432","en":"Russian empire; army; foreigners; military conscription"},"column_id":3,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":147,"created_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-12-10T19:36:13.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041b\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Lapin Vladimir Vikent\u2019evich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435","en":"D.Sci, historian, the head of department for New history of Saint-Petersburg Institute of History (RAS), Professor of European University (Saint-Petersburg)"},"email":"","pivot":{"article_id":1020,"author_id":147}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}},{"id":1021,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:27:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:27:38.000000Z","title":{"ru":"\u041f\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435 XXI \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f?","en":"Will American Stars Go Out in the 21st Century Sky?"},"desc":{"ru":"
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The United States of America has been playing a key role in the geopolitical space for more than a dozen years. Today, it is almost impossible to imagine the political, economic and any other global picture without mentioning the US. However, it is common for any state to face difficulties, and today Washington is facing a serious series of the latter, which suggests the prospects for an American future as a world superpower.<\/p>"},"keywords":{"ru":"\u0421\u0428\u0410; \u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e; \u0415\u0421; \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430; \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043d\u0430; \r\n\u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f","en":"USA; NATO; EU; American Foreign Policy; Russia; Ukraine; Asia"},"column_id":13,"issue_id":147,"authors":[{"id":400,"created_at":"2024-03-05T15:24:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:24:39.000000Z","name":{"ru":"\u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0431\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0434\u0438\u044f\u0440 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","en":"Kanatbekov Aldiyar Galymzhanovich"},"desc":{"ru":"\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u041c\u0413\u0418\u041c\u041e (\u0423) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430","en":"independent researcher, MGIMO (U) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of \r\nRussia, Moscow"},"email":"k.aldiyar03@gmail.com","pivot":{"article_id":1021,"author_id":400}}],"issue":{"id":147,"created_at":"2024-02-20T10:33:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-03-05T15:35:21.000000Z","year":2023,"number":5,"active":1}}]